Ana ganin salamander, ko wutar salamander (Salamandra salamandra ta Latin) ta kasance daga dangin salamander na hakika (Salamandridae) daga umarnin Amfiliyanci Turanci (Urodela). Dabba tana jagorantar wani ɓoyayyen salon rayuwa, wanda ke rikitar da bincike game da ɗabi'unsa a yanayin al'adu.

Duk da wannan rarrabewar, ambaton sa ana iya samunsa a cikin tsoffin rubuce rubucen. An fassara sunan su daga Farisanci zuwa Rashanci "suna rayuwa cikin wuta." A zamanin da, mutane sun ga halittu suna gudu daga harshen wuta.

Jefar bishiyoyi a cikin wuta, mutane sun rusa gidauniyar masar, abin da ya sa suka gudu cikin tsoro daga wutar. Ta haka ne almara ta bayyana, kamar an haifesu cikin wuta. Da yawa da gaske sun yi imani da cewa tare da guba waɗannan amintattun mutanen suna iya kashe wutar.

An yi amfani da gubobirsu ta hanyar mabiya da dama daga cikin mazaunan gabas don yin bimbini don su iya samun cikar mafarkansu kuma su sami cikakkun abubuwan hangen nesa.

Yaɗa

Wurin zama a cikin Turai, Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya. Ya tashi daga yankin Iberian Peninsula a yamma zuwa arewa maso yammacin Turkiya a gabas. Salamanders Fiery suna zaune a Portugal, Faransa, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Girka Italiya, Spain ta kudu maso yamma da Ukraine. Su ma sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a yankin Balkan.

Yawan kewayen suna cikin Slovakia, Jamhuriyar Czech, Poland, Hungary, Isra'ila, Syria da Iran.

Wurin da aka fi so don sasantawa da salamanders yana gauraye da gandun daji mai ɗorewa tare da tsayayyun beech. Suna da yardar ransu suna mamaye kwari, rami da kuma zurfin zuriyar dabbobi.

Da wuya ka iya ganinsu a cikin dazuzzukan daji da wuraren bude su. Kusa da tabo na salamander, rafi mai saurin gudana da ruwa mai tsabta mai zurfi ya kamata ya gudana. Yawancin lokaci ana lura dashi a cikin ƙafafun tsayi daga 600 zuwa 1200 m sama da matakin teku.

15 sanannun jari an san su. Minungiyar masu zaɓi suna zama ne a Penasar Balkan, a wasu lokutan ana samun su a kudancin Jamus da Poland.

Halayyar

Salamander da aka zana yana daya daga cikin dabbobin da basu dace ba, ana iya ganin sa da rana bayan saukar ruwan sama. Tana amfani da ranar gaba ɗaya a cikin wani rami da ɓoyayyuna, leɓɓa daga tsakanin duwatsun, ƙarƙashin tsohuwar bishiyar da ta faɗi ko a cikin rami.

Idan ya cancanta, za ta iya hako kan kanta a cikin ƙasa mai laushi kusan 40 cm tsawo da faɗin cm 6.

Yayin da yanayin sanyi yake, wannan halittar ta zama mara mutunci, bayan da aka zaɓi wurin da babu kowa a ciki sai an kiyaye shi da sanyi. Gidajen ƙasa, rijiyoyi, kofofin caji ko grottos sun dace don hutawa.

Kyakkyawan tsaro ga 'yan amphibians shine gubar dake dauke da ita daga gutsurar kunne (parotids) da ƙarin layuka biyu na glandar guba wadanda suke a baya zuwa wutsiya. Sun sami damar asirce ƙwayawar launin shuɗi ko fari a launi, wanda, lokacin da aka bushe a rana, ya sami dandano mai ɗaci. Sinadaran da ke tattare da shi suna iya haifar da kumburi cikin mucous membrane a cikin masu farauta.

Salamander na wuta yana fitar da gubobi a matakin reflex yayin matsawa ko kan tasiri.

Thearfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, ƙarin amintaccen guba na iya saki. Saboda wannan dalili, wasu macizai kawai suka yanke shawarar kai hari ga manya.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Yayin farauta, salamander da aka gani ya kusanci abinsa kuma a hankali ya kama shi da bakinsa. Yawancin mafarauci yakanyi saurin cewa mai yiwuwa ganima ya sami damar tserewa, amma amintaccen ɗan amshi yana ɗaukar shi ƙasa da darajar sa don neman sa.

Yawancin abincin ya ƙunshi yawancin dabbobi masu invertebrate. Amphibians suna cin tsire-tsire na ƙasa, gizo-gizo, kwari da kwari. Tare da madaidaitan salo na yanayi, suna kai farmaki kan ƙananan kwaɗi da sababbi.

Kiwo

A ƙarshen bazara, lokacin da ƙasa ta sami damar yin dumama da kyau, salamander mai haɓaka yana farawa lokacin farawar dabbar. Namiji mai jin daɗi, yana ɗaga kansa sama, yana tashi don neman wata mace mai zuciyar. Ganin danginsa, sai ya matso kusa da shi don tantance jinsi.

Idan mace ce, to namiji zaiyi jan kafa a karkashinta ya sanya maniyyin a kasa. Matar ta kama shi da cesspool.

Spermatozoa ana adana shi a cikin jikin mace har sai ƙwai ya girma. Qwai da ya girma ya shiga cikin mahaifa, inda hadi ke faruwa.

Mace na ciyar da yanayin rashin walwala duk lokacin hunturu, kuma da zuwan bazara, tana neman rafin tare da bankunan lebur da jinkiri. A can ta aza ƙwai, daga abin da larvae ƙyanƙyashe kusan nan da nan.

Salamander ɗin da ya girma bai iya yin iyo ba. Idan yayin haihuwar mahaifiyar ta dauki halin yanzu, to tana iya mutuwa.

A matsayinka na mai mulkin, mace ɗaya ta sami damar haɓaka daga lardin 20 zuwa 40, tsawonsu ya kai 22-37 mm. Suna da ingantattun kwayoyi na waje, akwai nau'i biyu na kafafu da fin fin ka. Launi ya bambanta daga launin toka mai haske zuwa zaitun tare da wurare masu yawa. Tsawon watanni 3 suna cikin ruwa, suna ciyar da tsutsa kwari da huɗar amphipod crustaceans.

Daga Yuli zuwa Agusta, metamorphosis yana faruwa. A karshen sa, wani matashi salamander da aka hango ya tafi kasa. Tsawonsa kusan 6 cm.

Larvae da aka haife su a cikin kaka suna ciyar da dukkan hunturu a cikin wani kandami, kuma sun zama manya tare da farkon bazara mai zuwa. Ya danganta da yanayin yanayin yanayin zafi, balaga a cikinsu yana faruwa a cikin shekaru 3-4.

Bayanin

Tsawon Jiki ya kai 10-24 cm, matsakaicin 32 cm .. Mace sun fi maza girma kuma suna da yawancin ƙwayar tsoka. Dimorphism na jima'i a cikin launi ba ya nan.

Kyakkyawan kai tare da idanu masu fashewa sun ƙare tare da maƙallan zagaye. Ta bakin bakunan guba a bayyane suke bayyane. Fata yana da laushi, mai sheki da yaushi.

An rufe bakar baya da launin rawaya mai haske, lemo mai haske ko ja. A kan babban akwati a gefen baya akwai gland mai guba. Yatsun yatsu hudu a kan goshin hannun kuma biyar a kan gwiyoyin mahaifa. Round m wutsiya ya fi jiki girma.

An rufe ƙananan jikin ta launin toka-baki ko launin toka-launin ruwan kasa.

Shekarun salamander mai zafin wuta a cikin daji da wuya ya wuce shekaru 10. A cikin bauta, ta rayu har zuwa shekaru 20-24.

Tsarin rayuwa

Ba a fahimci aikin yaduwar masu biyan wuta ba. Bugu da kari, mahimman bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin hawan salamander na wannan nau'in ya danganta da mazauninsu da tsayinsa sama da matakin teku.

Lokacin kiwo shine yakan fara a farkon bazara. A wannan lokacin, namiji a cikin yankin na Cloaca ya zama mafi girman yanayin haila, yana haifar da maniyyi.

Ma'aikata biyu na masu kashe wuta - S. s. fastuosa da S. s. bernardezi - Dabbobin masu rayuwa, mace ba ta sa ƙwai, amma tana fitar da larva. Sauran hanyoyin suna yin kwai.

Wakilan nau'ikan sun isa lokacin balaga tun suna shekaru 3. Matsayin rayuwa a cikin yanayin halitta ya kasance har zuwa shekaru 14; wasu samfurori sun rayu har zuwa shekaru 50 a fursuna.

Tarihi Mythology

Salamander - a cikin alchemy, ruhun wuta azaman farkon shine - ainihin wuta. Sau da yawa ana nuna shi azaman ƙaramin salamander, wanda, bisa ga sanannen imani, zai iya rayuwa akan wuta, tunda yana da jikin mai sanyi, kuma yana iya fitowa a cikin wuta ya fashe daga ciki, yana ɓoyewa a cikin itacen katako da aka jefa a wurin. An yi imanin cewa idan ka jefa shi cikin wuta, zai fita.

An gano Salamanders a cikin wakilcin masu sihiri na tsafe-tsafe da kuma masu ilimin kimiyya tare da kayan wuta. Siffar halayyar salamander shine sanyi sabon abu na jiki, ƙyale shi ya kasance akan wuta ba tare da ƙonewa ba, haka kuma kashe kowane harshen wuta. Salamander alama ce ta jan jikin mutum zuwa dutse na falsafa. An yi imani da cewa ta hanyar taimakon madubi yana yiwuwa a “kirji” da hasken rana a cikin gilashin jirgin ruwa don haka kira da kuma rage salamander ɗin zuwa ga nufinsa.

Tsarin tarihi na zamani yana amfani da hoton salamander a matsayin alama ce ta adali - mai kiyaye imani a cikin nasarar rayuwar mutane. Sanya salamander a cikin suturar sa, maigidan nata, a zahiri, ya baiyana cewa yana da ƙwarin gwiwa, kuma baya tsoron tsoron haɗari.

Pliny Dattijo (29-79 AD) shi ne farkon ayyukan tsoffin marubutan da suka rayu don bayyana bayyanar wannan halitta. A cewarsa, salamander tabo ce mai tabo, hakika, kamar salamander na zamani. Koyaya, game da yanayin zafi ko sanyi na yanayin salamander, Pliny ya kasance kamannu: halittar tayi sanyi kamar kankara. Kamar sauran marubutan da suka gabace shi, Pliny bai tabbata ba yadda aka haife salamanders. A cewarsa, wadannan halittun ana iya ganin su ne kawai a yanayin yanayi wanda kuma ya taso daga inda ba a san inda yake ba. Wannan, a fili, ya tilasta wa Pliny ya yi la’akari da wa annan dabbobin da aure kuma don haka ba su haifar zuriya ba. Bugu da kari, Pliny ya bayyana wannan dabba a matsayin daya daga cikin halittun masu guba.

Duka wurin da marubucin ya nuna rashin isasshen abu da ɓarna na wannan halitta ya keɓance ga aikin guba na salamander a Pliny. Bugu da kari, dangane da wani Sextius, ya fi mai da hankali game da ra'ayin cewa salamanin suna kashe wutar, yana mai cewa a Rome da tuni sun gano ta hanyar gwaninta, suna hanawa a gobarar akai-akai da lalata a garin.

A cikin al'adun Kirista, kayan ban mamaki na salamander ba don ƙone wuta ba sun haɗa kai tsaye cikin mahallin sabuwar al'ada. Aurelian Augustine ya tuno da salamander a cikin mahallin shaida cewa jikin mutane na iya ƙonewa, azaba, har abada, cewa masanan falsafa na wancan lokacin suna dariya. Idan zamuyi magana game da yanayin gabaɗaya, to Augustine yayi magana game da al'ajibai kamar wannan. Mu'ujiza, da samun kalmomi da yawa don bayyanawa cikin yaren Latin, an fahimta da sufanci a zaman wani abu da ke faruwa "da dabi'a." Augustine, yana maganar ikon allahn Kirista, a zahiri yace babu wata mu'ujiza, tunda duk abin da ya faru yana faruwa da nufin Allah. A ɗan nisantar da hankali, zamu iya cewa wannan ra'ayin ya haifar da sabani mai yawa a cikin al'adar Kirista na gaba. Idan "mafi", al'adun da aka koya har yanzu sun musanta mu'ujiza, tunda babu abin da zai iya faruwa da nufin Allah, har ma da abin da ya zama abin al'ajabi a gare mu, to, ƙungiyar musamman, da aka bayyana a rayuwar tsarkaka, koyaushe suna buƙatar mu'ujiza daga tsarkaka, wanda ya nuna, da haka suna mayar da kafirai zuwa Kiristanci. Koyaya, don nuna cewa ana iya azabtar da mutanen da aka la'ana har abada a cikin wutar jahannama, Augustine ya ba da tabbaci da yawa game da kasancewar ire-iren abubuwa da halittu a wuta, kamar yadda yake bada cikakkun jerin "mu'ujizai" wadanda ba a sansu ba. Kuma ga shi nan salamandan sun shigo hannu a gare shi.

An samo daidaituwa tsakanin salamander da abubuwan da suka faru a littafi ma tun farko. Tuni "Masanin ilimin lissafi", wanda aka rubuta a cikin karni na 2 AD, ya aza harsashin tushe wanda za'a iya fahimtar salamander a zahiri a tsakiyar zamanai. Dabbobi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi suma suna yawan zama ba alamu ba ne na kyawawan halaye, halayen littafi mai tsarki, allah, aljanun wuta ko zunubai. Ba a gabatar da labarin kan salamander ta wannan ma'ana ba, amma an zana misalan a bayyane.

A karni na XII, labarin salamander ya ɗauki yanayin ba tsammani. A karshen wannan karni, wata wasika ta bazu cikin Turai, wanda ake zargin Sarkin India Indo ya rubuta, wanda kuma malamin cocin ne. Wannan sanannen sanannun ƙage-ƙere na tarihi ya sa Turawa na ɗan lokaci suka yi imani da cewa nesa da Indiya akwai mai adalci da iko wanda tare da su a Turai har ma sun gwada ɗan lokaci don kafa dangantaka don jawo hankalin shi a cikin yaƙi da musulmai. A zahiri, babu wani John, kamar kasarsa, da ya kasance, amma wannan ya rinjayi ƙarfin siyasa a gabas da kotun Turai da kuma papacy. Harafin Dattijo John, ba shakka, ba za a iya rubuta shi a wajen Turai ba. A zahiri, wannan littafin tarihi ne na mu'ujizai da wayewar Turai ya yi wa Gabas, kuma ba a iya rubuta aikin a gabas na Byzantium ba. Hakanan akwai salamander a cikin bayanin lardin na Elder John.

Yankin

Carpathians, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia da Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Faransa, Jamus, Girka, Hungary, Italiya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, tsohon Yugoslav na Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain , Switzerland, Turkiya, Ukraine, Yugoslavia. Salamander mai zafin gaske ya tashi har zuwa 2,000 m zuwa cikin tsaunuka.

Bayyanar

Fata na wuta salamander na bakin ciki ne, mai santsi da laima. Allumai suna da ƙarfi, gajeru. Akwai yatsun gaban gaba huɗu da biyar a kafafu. Gudun iyo ba ya nan. Munzzle stupidly zagaye, manyan baki idanu. A saman idanu akwai gira mai rawaya. A bayan idanun sune glandon dafi - mumps. Hakoran suna da kaifi kuma zagaye. Jikin yana da fadi da girma. Wutsiya tana zagaye cikin giciye. Maza sun fi ƙanƙan da mace; Paarfin maza suna da tsayi, idan aka kusanci gaba da gaban ƙafafunsu sukan zo ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Leɓunansu na Cloacal sun fi kumburi fiye da na mace. Gabobin daga layin na gefe suna a cikin matakin tsufa ne.

Habitat

Hiwallan ƙafa da tsauni (har zuwa 2000 m). Guji bushewa da wuraren buɗe ido. Salamander mai zafin gaske yana zaune a dutsen dazuzzuka na koguna da rafuffuka, a tsohuwar gandun daji beech da aka mamaye tare da fashewar iska (ba ta guji haɗuwa ba, har ma da dazuzzukan daji). Yana son mosses masu laushi, inda yawan mutane suka kai 1-2 ga mutane 100 a kowace 2.

Ci gaba

A cikin ruwa, mata salamanders suna haihuwar kusan larvae cikakke (nauyi kimanin 0.2 g, tsawon 25-30 mm). Suna da nau'i uku na giyan waje, an gano isassun rawaya a gindin ƙarshen, wutsiya tana da tsawo, mai laushi, an yanke shi tare da manyan fayiloli, suna wucewa ta baya zuwa ga murfin. Shugaban yana da girma, zagaye, jiki yana da girma, yana matsawa a gefe. Larvae na wutar salamander sune mafarauta, galibi suna shiga cikin cin naman mutane. Tsawancin lardin yana kasancewa tsawon lokacin bazara, metamorphosis yana ƙare a watan Agusta-Satumba, tare da tsaka tsarar tsayi na 50-60 mm. Manaramin salati masu cikakken tsari suna fara numfashi a hankali kuma suna barin kandami. Kafin ƙarshen metamorphosis, larvae zai fara zama tare da gindin ƙasa, yawanci yakan hau zuwa saman ruwa a bayan iska.

Yawan jama'a / kiyayewa

Nau'in ya shiga Littafin Red na Ukraine.

Bayani: salamander na wuta yana haifar da guba - salamander, wanda shine alkaloid wanda ke aiki akan tsarin mai juyayi (yana haifar da tashin hankali, tashin zuciya, cututtukan zuciya da sashin jiki), yana lalata cibiyoyin medulla oblongata. Idan kare ya ci salamander, zai iya mutu daga guba. Kisa na salamandrin don linzamin kwamfuta yakai kimanin 70 mcg.