Otter mai bakin ciki (Otter Mai Ciki-Luƙun --asa - Lutra maculicollis) ya samo sunan ta ne saboda rabe-raben wurare ko a kan wuya da kuma kirji na sama. Wani mai dauke da bakin ciki yana zaune a Afirka ta kudu masu zurfin 10 a arewa, yayin da sashin farko na yankin yake a kudancin rabin Afirka. A yammacin Afirka, har ma a kudu maso gabas, arewa maso gabas, da gabas, waɗannan dabbobin ba su bane. Ana samunsa a Angola, Benin, arewa maso yammacin Botswana, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Kongo, Habasha, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, yammacin Zambia, Burundi, Afirka ta Kudu da Swaziland. Kasancewa na yiwuwa a kasashen Ghana, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Liberia, Togo, da Saliyo.
Ana samun ɓoyayyen otter a cikin tafkunan Victoria da Tanganyika, da kuma a cikin yankuna ciyaman da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara. Otter ɗin da ke cike da ruwa ya zauna kusa da matatun ruwa na dindindin ko mutuwa lokacin fari. Ta fi son tsaftataccen ruwa da rairayin bakin teku, wanda aka samu a cikin tabkuna, fadama, koguna, da kuma a cikin tsawan tsauni a tsaunin tudu. Ba ta shiga koguna tare da ƙaƙƙarfan lafuzzan ruwa mai zurfi na yanzu.
Jikin na da fadi da siriri, mayafin yayi santsi da haske. Gashin jikin yana da kauri da karammiski. Sashinsu na waje shine mm 13-16 a tsayi, tsubansu shine 7 mm. A baya shi ne tan ko cakulan mai ruwan kasa. Ragowar jikin an lullube su da gashi tun daga launin ja har zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Wasu dabbobin suna da fararen tabo a cikin yankin inguinal. Launin rigar tana da kyau sosai a tsakanin mutane, sau da yawa koda ana samun wasu zababbu ko kuma wasu ɓangarori na albinos.
Wutsiya tana da tsawo, tana matsawa zuwa ƙarshensa. Paudus ɗin suna da kyawawan ƙwayoyin membranes, yatsunsu suna dauke da kaifi, ƙarfe 10 mm mai ƙarfi, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kamun kifi. Hannun yatsun kafafu a kan kafafun hular sun yi gajere.
Shugaban yana da girma da faɗi, yana ƙare tare da ƙyalli mai faɗi. Matashin hanci ya zama tsirara, a siffar yayi kama da trapezoid tare da ƙananan ramuka a gefuna: hanci yana can. Gindi da na lebe na fari fari. Kunnuwa suna gajeru kuma masu zagaye. Dukkanin tsari da tsarin waje na otter suna nuna kyakkyawan yanayin haɓakar jinsi zuwa mazaunin ruwa na ruwa.
Matsakaicin tsayin jikin mutum 575 mm, wutsiya - daga 330 zuwa 445 mm a tsayi. Maza masu tsayi kimanin kilo 4 - 5 (a cikin bauta - har zuwa 9 kilogiram), mace kimanin 3.5 - 4 kg, yayin da mace tayi karami, wuta da karancin murfi fiye da maza. Tsawon kwanyar maza daga Afirka ta Kudu ya kai mm miliyan 107.1 (105-108.5), mace - 95.9 mm (94.2-97.5). Tsarin hakori - i 3/3, c 1/1, p 4/3, m 1/2, hakora 36 baki ɗaya. Thearan murfin 9 otters yana ɗaukar kimanin 49 ml 49, kuma ma'abutan encephalization (rabo daga ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa zuwa nauyin jikin mutum) shine 1.28.
Otwanna-mai gani-mai ƙusoshin ciki yana jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa, ban da lokacin da mace zata fito tare da theansu. Irin waɗannan gungun dangin, wanda yawansu yakai mutum 3-4, ana iya ganin su kawai lokacin zuriyar girma.
Maza suna da babban yanki na gida wanda mata fiye da ɗaya zasu iya rayuwa. Kowane otter yana amintar da yankin har zuwa kilomita 3.5 na gefen tekun. Ba su da kariya sosai a yankinsu, suna barin sauran masu farautar su yi farauta a ciki, musamman idan akwai isasshen kifi ko sauran abin da akeutowa anan.
Halin zamantakewa da zamantakewa na masu alaƙa da alama ya dogara ne da yankin da suke zaune. Don haka, a cikin manyan tafkuna na Afirka, ana iya kafa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka ƙunshi mutane 5 zuwa 20 waɗanda ke zaune tare a yanki ɗaya.
Masu sihiri sun goyi bayan juna da ihu iri iri. Don haka, wani abin farin ciki ya kasance yana taimakawa wajen saduwa da juna, da kuma sautin kuka mai bakin ciki, wanda aka kara shi ta hanyar kararrawa, yana gargadin hatsari. An bayyana sautunan da mace ta bayyana, wadanda suka yi kama da jerin tarkon "tarko" na tsuntsu wanda yake amfani da ita don saduwa da matasa.
Zaman farawar mai ƙwanƙolin ƙarancin ɗan lokaci ne kuma ana shi don lokacin tsakanin watan Satumba da Disamba, lokacin haihuwar jariran yana faruwa ne a watan Satumba. Mafiya yawan lambobin ruwa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu galibi suna kasancewa tare da bankunan kogi (40%) da kuma kusa da madatsun ruwa (45%); a cikin ruwa ana iya samun sa'a ɗaya (3%), har ma a kan tabkuna (2%).
Bayan kwanaki 60-65 na ciki, macen ta haihu da biyu ko biyu (mace tana da nau'i biyu kaciya kan nono), an lullube ta da kayataccen ulu. 'Yan kuya-maza sukan fara iyo a lokacin makonni 8, kuma sun daina cin nono a lokacin yana da shekaru 12 zuwa 16.
Matasa matasa suna wasa da yawa. Don haka akwai abubuwan lura yayin da masu maita suka jefa wani abu cikin ruwa sannan kuma suyi tsalle daga bayansa cikin ruwa, suna kokarin kama shi kafin ya kai gindin. An yi imanin wannan zai taimaka musu wajen kwarewar farauta daga ƙuruciya.
Mace tana kula da 'ya'yanta, ciyarwa da masu tsaronta na kusan shekara guda, yayin da suke tare da mahaifiyarta. Daga nan sai kananan dabbobi su zauna su kuma yi rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Lokacin balaga yana faruwa yana da shekara biyu. Tun da maza suna da babban yanki wanda mata da yawa suke rayuwa, namiji zai iya shiga aikin kiwon zuriya.
Sterted otter na iya zama mai aiki a kowane lokaci na rana, dare da rana. Lokacin mafi yawan aiki ga otter shine sa'o'i 2-3 kafin faɗuwar rana ko bayan fitowar rana, lokacin da suke farauta, kodayake zasu iya ciyar da kowane lokaci na rana. Otter yakan yi bacci galibi a cikin ramin sa, wanda mai ƙwanƙwasa mai ƙwanƙwasa yakan shirya a cikin kusa kusa da ruwa a cikin kwari da sauran ɓarna a bankunan kogin, ko a cikin ɓarna.
Suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masu iyo daɗaɗɗen tsabtataccen ruwa. Abubuwan da aka gani a cikin mahaifa suna da wasa kuma suna cin lokaci mai yawa suna wasa tare da sauran otters, amma zasu iya wasa kadai. Otter shine ɗayan fewan halittun da ke wasa tare da nishaɗi kuma suna wasa da yawa har ma da balagagge.
Duk inda suke zaune, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa sun fi son ruwa mai zurfi maimakon ruwa mai zurfi, tunda yawancin manyan abubuwan farautarsu, ƙananan cichlids, suna da alaƙa da ruwa mara zurfi. Yawancin lokaci, kusan dukkanin kifi ana yin su ba tare da 10 m daga bakin teku ba, tare da babbar nasara a cikin mita 2. Wasu lokuta otters suna ci gaba da kamun kifi ko da bayan sun cika: kawai suna wasa da shi. Kaifin yatsunsu ya zama muhimmi ga kama kifin da suke ci tun daga wutsiyar, wasu lokuta suna jefa kawuna. Suna kuma jin daɗin cinye katako da kwaɗi, amma sabanin bezkotny otter, kifi sun cika yawancin abincinsu.
Abubuwan da aka lura da su sun nuna cewa otter yawanci yakan kamo minti 10-20, amma wani lokacin har zuwa awa 3. A cikin mintina 468 na kamun kifi (a cikin haɗuwa da yawa), kifaye da masu otari sun yi nasarar kama 412 daga ganima, galibin ƙananan kifayen, wanda adadinsu ya kai 1 kama ganima cikin mintina 1.1. Matsakaicin adadin ruwan dabbar da aka kama don kamun kifi ya kasance 2.0 (daga 1 zuwa 11). Idan kowane kifin da aka kama yana da matsakaicin nauyin 5.7 g, to kowane otter dole ne ya zama kifi kowace rana na tsawon mintuna 97 na farauta (matsakaicin lokaci) kimanin 500 g na kifi.
Abincinsu na yau da kullun shine kifi (Barbus, Clarias, Haplochromis, salula na micropterus, Salmo trutta, da Tilapia), invertebrates da vertebrates: frogs (galibi Xenopus laevis da Rana), daskararru (Potomonautes), mollusks, kwari na ruwa da larvae - abun da ke ciki ya dogara da kakar.
A kan tafkin Victoria (Tanzania), 61% na ganimar sun kasance Haplochromis, 46% Tilapia, 14% bakin kifi (Bagrus ko Clarias), da kuma 1% karnuka (Potamon niloticusв). A kan tafkin Muhazi, a Ruwanda, bincike na abinci ya nuna cewa kifaye suna da 80%, kwari 10%, mollusks 3% da 2% tsuntsaye da kwaɗi. A Afirka ta Kudu, abincin otter galibi kifi ne (47%), dunƙule ya lissafin 38% da kwaɗi - 8%.
Baƙon abu ba zai yi nisa da ruwa ba, a kan ƙasa yana da matukar muni, ƙari, a nan yana fama da yawan zafi. Sabili da haka, ta bar ruwan kawai don ta murmure, kwandon da rana kadan ko kuma tsaftace mayafin Jawo a kan dutsen makwabta.
Thickanƙanin ɓoyayyen dusar ƙanƙan da ke sanya jikinsu dumin jiki a bushe a cikin ruwa, godiya ga riƙewar adadin iskar iska a cikin gashinsu, saboda wannan fatar jikinsu baya taɓa yin danshi.
Tsawon rayuwa a yanayi, ga alama, ya kai shekara 8, a cikin bauta suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20. Yawan masu fama da talauci-otter suna taɓarɓarewa sakamakon yanayin mazaunin bijiro, ƙazamar ƙazantawa, da sa hannun mutane. A cikin ruwa, abokin gaba na otter shine kada, a cikin ƙasa babban maƙiyanta sune Python da mutum, saboda karuwar buƙata mai yawa, mai taushi mai kyau.
Rigar, ƙasa mai ruwa kuma ana malalowa saboda hauhawar yawan jama'a da haɓaka masana'antu, rage yanki don otter da nau'ikan halittu da zasu zauna. Har ila yau, guguwar ƙasa tare da bankunan kogi ma barazana ce. Foreonewar daji a cikin mazaunin otter yana haifar da gurbatawa da girgijewar ruwa a jikin ruwa, hakan yana rage ganuwa a cikin ruwa. Duk wannan ya cutar da nasarar farauta ta otter. Ruwan magudanar ruwa da kuma sharar ruwa mai guba duka biyu ne da ganima.
Jawo bakin otter yana da ƙima da daraja ga jama'ar yankin, saboda ana amfani dashi azaman magani don cututtukan ido da / ko hanci. A cikin 1997, an jera jinsunan cikin Shafi na II na CITES Convention. Kodayake doka tana kare doka a yawancin ƙasashe, har yanzu ana kashe su ba kawai saboda fur mai mahimmanci ba, har ma kamar kwari yayin da masussukan masunta ke damun su, ko kuma saboda masu gasa wa masunta.
Bayanin Otter ɗin Mai Zama
Jikin wannan otter na siriri da siriri. Tsawon jikin ya kai santimita 57.5, amma yin la'akari da wutsiya shine santimita 95-117. Mata sun kasance karami idan aka kwatanta da maza. Matan sun yi awo kilogram 3.5-4, maza kuma sunkai kilo 4-5. Shugaban yana da girma da girma. Mucks din yana da fadi, kuma hancin hanci ya ke. Kunnuwa suna zagaye, karama ne.
Tsawon wutsiya shine santimita 33-44.5, zuwa karshen tsutsar wutsiyar. Yatsun yatsun da aka gani na otter suna shiga yanar gizo, suna dauke da makamai da kaifi mai kaifi, tsawon sa ya kai milimita 10. A kan kafafu biyu na baya, yatsun ya fi guntu fiye da kan goshin.
A gashin da tabo na otter ne m kuma m. Gashi yana da karammiski da kauri. Tsawon gashin gashi shine milimita 13-16, kuma tsawon murfin shine milimita 7. Launi na baya shine launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa ja. Akwai farin fari da launin ruwan kasa a kirji da makogwaro. Wasu mutane suna da farar fata a cikin makwancin gwaiwa. Gindi da na lebe na fari fari. Sau da yawa a cikin wuraren da aka gano abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayar zarra ke samu.
Otter Mai Rufi (Hydrictis maculicollis).
Otter Habitat mai ban tsoro
Wadannan maharbi suna zaune a cikin tabkuna Tanganyika da Victoria, kuma sunada yawa a cikin yankuna masu bushewa da ke kan kudu maso hamadar Sahara.
Itatuwa na fifita tafkunan ruwa ko maɓuɓɓuga waɗanda suke bushewa yayin fari. Sun zauna a gefen dutse da tsaftataccen ruwa. Abubuwan da ke bakin ruwa suna zaune a cikin koguna, tafkuna, fadama da koguna na tsauni mai girma. Tabkuna masu ƙarfi da koguna masu ƙarfi a halin yanzu, suna gujewa. Wadannan masu maye suna fifita ruwa mara zurfi maimakon zurfin ruwa.
Takaita rayuwar Otter
Alamar da ke cike da hannu tana yin aiki a kowane lokaci na rana, amma ana ganin ganuwar aiki bayan fitowar rana da sa'o'i 2-3 kafin faduwar rana. Otters suna hutawa cikin nasu burukan, wanda suke yin kusa da ruwa.
Launin launin fari-ja-fure fur ya bambanta daga cakulan zuwa ja-ruwan kasa.
Otwararren otter ɗin da ke cike da ruwa yana iyo kyau fiye da sauran brethrenan uwan ruwa. Waɗannan dabbobi ne masu tsufa waɗanda suke ciyar da lokaci mai yawa suna wasa da irin nasu, amma kuma suna iya wasa su kaɗai.
Lokacin da masu balaguro zasu fita zuwa ƙasa, sukan shiga cikin rana kuma suna tsabtace gashin gashi. A cikin ruwa, jikin otter ya bushe saboda ƙaƙƙarfan furcin sa, wanda ke riƙe da adadin kuzarin iska. Saboda wannan iska, fatar mai za ta taɓa yin danshi.
Abokan gaba dayan da ba a san su ba sune macizai, dabbobi da mutane. Tsammar rayuwarsu kusan shekaru 8 ne a yanayin, kuma a cikin bauta zasu iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20.
Abincin Otter
Babban abincin waɗannan masu maganin shine kifi: clariasis, barbs, tilapia, per-mouthed perches, haplochromis, trout. Har ila yau, suna ciyar da kwaro, bishiyoyi, dunƙule, mollusks, kwari na ruwa da larvae.
A kan tafkin Victoria, a Tanzaniya, ana yin lalura a watan Yuli, kuma ana haifasu a watan Satumba.
An fi son farauta a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, tunda yawancin cichlids suna iyo a ciki, wanda shine babban abin farauta. Otters suna kama kifi bai wuce mita 10 daga bakin ruwa ba. Yayin farauta, kaifi ya taimaka musu. Mai gidan yana cin kifi daga wutsiya, kuma sau da yawa yana jefa kansa. Dangane da abubuwan lura, otter ɗaya yakan ɗauki minti 10-20 don kama kifi ɗaya.
Tsarin zamantakewar al'umma da ke haɓaka otter
Wadannan mahangar suna rayuwa rayuwa kadai, matan ne kawai a lokacin haihuwar zuriya ana samun su cikin rukunin dangi wanda ya kunshi mutum 3-4.
Maza suna rayuwa a cikin yankuna da yawa inda mata da yawa zasu iya rayuwa. Kowane mutum yana da tsawon nisan gabar teku mai nisan mil 3.5. Abunda masu alaƙa basu kare yankunansu da ƙarfi kuma suna bawa wasu mutane damar farauta a shafukansu.
Maza fararen-korar fata ba sa shiga cikin ɗaukar karnuka.
Otters suna ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna da taimakon kururuwa mai kama da ƙaraira mara nauyi. Idan suna cikin haɗari, sukan yi amfani da tsawa, tare da sautuna masu amo.
Itatattun Abubuwan Tayoyi
Lokacin kiwo ya wuce daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. Mace na yin ramuka a bakin gabar koguna, a cikin fadama, kusa da madatsun ruwa da kan tabkuna. Ciki yakan kai kwanaki 60-65, bayan wannan kuma 'ya' yan tare da wando mai laushi ya bayyana. Matar tana ciyar da su da madara tsawon makonni 12 zuwa 16. A mako na 8 sun riga sun fara iyo.
Mace na kula da jariran a duk shekara. Tun da namiji yana da babban yanki wanda mata da yawa suke rayuwa, zai iya taimaka wa mace ta haihuwar.
Matasa na yin wasa da yawa, saboda haka suna koyar da illolin farauta. Yayinda suka girma, sun zauna kuma sun fara rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Balagagge a cikin mace yana faruwa a cikin shekaru 2.
A cikin daji, otter na iya fadawa da karnukan daji.
Otter Otter da Man
An gama lalata ɓoyayyen bututun mai har zuwa 1973, saboda babban farashin fur ɗin. Don fata na otter sun biya kusan $ 40. Masunta galibi suna kashe otters a matsayin kwari na raga na kamun kifi.
A cikin 1997, an jera waɗannan maganganu a Rataye na II na CITES Convention. Babban matsala ga dabbobin nan shine amfani da amfani da raga nailan, wanda tsintsaye suke birgima su mutu.
Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.
Yaɗa
Fararen-mai-fararen fata mai yaduwa yana yaduwa a yankin Saharar Afirka. Yankin da aka rarraba ya tashi daga Guinea-Bissau a Yammacin Afirka zuwa kudu maso yamma na Habasha, har zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa iyakar Namibia, arewa maso yamma Botswana da Zimbabwe da gabas ta hanyar Kenya da Tanzania, Malawi da wasu sassan Mozambique har zuwa gabashin Afirka ta Kudu.
Abinci mai gina jiki
The otter ciyar a kan kifi (Barbus, Clarias, Haplochromis, Micropterus salmoides, Salmo trutta, Tilapia) da kwaɗi (mafi yawa Xenopus laevis, Rana) A cikin daji, otter na iya fadawa da karnukan daji. Gaggafa masu amo suna iya farautar cuban sandar.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Wani mummunan dabbobi ne dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin Marten. Gaba ɗaya, akwai nau'ikan 12 daban-daban a cikin gidan otter, kodayake sanannu ne 13.. Jinsin Jafan na waɗannan dabbobi masu ban sha'awa sun ɓace daga duniyarmu.
Akwai ire-irensu da yawa, amma shahararrun cikinsu sune:
- otter kogin (na kowa),
- Otter na Brazil (giant),
- otter teku, teku,
- Sumatran otter,
- Asiatic otter (babu-irin ƙwaro).
Otter kogin ya fi yadu sosai, zamu fahimci fasalinsa nan gaba, amma zamu koyi wasu alamomin halayyar kowane nau'in halittun da ke sama.Babban gizon otter ya zauna a cikin Amazon, kawai yana ado da tsaunuka. Tare da wutsiya, girmanta yakai mita biyu, kuma irin wannan maharbin yana da nauyin kilo 20. Fure yana da iko, taɓo, fur na inuwa mai duhu. Saboda shi, yawan otters ya ragu sosai.
Abubuwan bakin teku, ko maɓarnatar teku, ana kuma kiran su beavers. Abubuwan teku suna zaune a Kamchatka, a Arewacin Amurka, a tsibirin Aleutian. Suna da girma sosai, nauyin maza ya kai kilogiram 35. Waɗannan dabbobin suna da wayo da wadata. Sun sanya abincinsu a cikin aljihu na musamman wanda ke ƙarƙashin motsin hannun hagu na gaba. Don cin abincin mollusks, sai suka raba kullensu da duwatsu. Itace ruwan teku ma tana karkashin kariya, yanzu adadin nata ya karu kadan, amma neman sa ya kasance karkashin dokar hana fita.
Bidiyo: Otter
Sumatran otter mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Asiya ne. Tana zaune a cikin gandun daji na Mango, marshes, a gefen rafin kogi. Wani fasali na wannan otter shine hanci, yayi kyau kamar sauran jiki. In ba haka ba, yana kama da otter na yau da kullun. Girmanta matsakaita ne. Girman nauyin kilogram 7, dyne - kadan fiye da mita ɗaya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Asiatic otter yana zaune a Indonesia da Indochina. Tana son a same ta a gonakin shinkafa da ambaliya. Ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan daidaituwa. Yana girma kawai zuwa 45 cm a tsawon.
Hannun yatsun hannayenta an kafa su ne sosai, kadan ne kuma membranes ba su bunkasa ba. Bambancin halayyar tsakanin nau'ikan otters sun dogara da yanayin da suke zama. Duk da wasu bambance-bambance, duk da haka, duk otters suna da takamaiman kamanceceniya a yawancin sigogi, wanda zamuyi la'akari da amfani da misalin ruwan otter na kowa.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Dabbobin dabbobi
Jikin kogin otter yana da tsawo da kuma gudana. Tsawon ba tare da wutsiya ya bambanta daga rabin mit zuwa mita ba. Wutsiyar da kanta na iya zama daga cm 25 zuwa 50. Matsakaicin matsakaici shine 6 - 13 kg. Cutan wasa mai ban dariya mai ban sha'awa yana da ɗan ƙaramin abu mai sauƙi, yadudduka, mummunan rauni. Kunnuwa da idanu ƙanana da zagaye. Kafafuwan otter, kamar na masu tsananin iyo, mai ƙarfi, gajeru kuma suna da dogayen fuka da membranes. Wutsiyar tana da tsayi, conical. Tana buƙatar wannan duka don iyo. Maƙaddara da kanta kyakkyawa ce da sassauƙa.
Jawo bakin otter shine chic, wannan shine dalilin da yasa yakan sha wahala daga mafarauta. Launi na baya yana launin ruwan kasa, ciki kuma ya fi haske sosai kuma yana da farin azurfa. A saman mayafin yana daɗaɗa, kuma a ƙarƙashin akwai mai laushi, cike da ɗumbin dumama mai dumin kaya wanda ba ya barin ruwa ya shiga jikin otter, koyaushe yana dumama shi. Otters masu tsafta ne da kuma akwatinan cinya, koyaushe suna kula da yanayin gashin mayafinsu, cike da tsabtacewa ta yadda fur ɗin ta kasance mai laushi da ƙima, wannan yana ba ku damar daskarewa a cikin sanyi, saboda ƙwanƙwaran muryoyin ba a zahiri ba su da mai a jikinsu. Suna molt a cikin bazara da bazara.
Mata da maza suna da alaƙa da otters, ana bambanta su da girman kawai. Namiji ya fi mace girma. Tare da tsirara ido ba zai yiwu ba nan da nan a tantance wanene a gabanku - namiji ne ko mace? Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na waɗannan dabbobin shine kasancewar takaddun bazu na musamman a cikin kunnuwan da hanci, wanda ke toshewa da ci gaban ruwa yayin ruwa. Hankalin otter yana da kyau kwarai, har ma a ƙarƙashin ruwa, yana da daidaituwa sosai. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan mafarautan suna jin daɗin ban mamaki, a ruwa da ƙasa.
Bayanin Sumatran Otter
A waje, Sumatran otters sunyi kama da sauran mayukan ruwa. Amma fasalin halayyar Sumatran otter hanci ne mai kaushi, fasalin da ba'a samu ba a cikin sauran jinsunan.
Otat Sumatran masu matsakaici ne a girman: tsayin jikin mutum ya tashi daga centimita 50 zuwa 82, an kuma ƙara tsawon wutsiya zuwa wannan darajar - 35-50 santimita. Yawan nauyin jiki ya bambanta tsakanin kilo 5-8. An sanya paws a cikin yanar gizo, yatsunsu suna karewa da kaifi mai kaifi. Kafafu na gaba suna ƙanƙan kafafu a kan kafafun hind
Sumatran Otter (Lutra sumatrana).
Jawo yana da kyau da ƙyalli. Ragowar gashi yayi kadan ne, a tsawon su sun kai milimita 12-14, da kuma daskararre - 7-8 millimeters. Launi na iya bambanta daga cakulan mai duhu zuwa launin kirji.
Ciki da muƙamuƙi fari ne. An rufe hanci da gajeriyar fur.
Sumatran Otter Habitats
Wakilan wannan nau'in suna zaune a cikin gandun daji tare da reza da ganyayyaki, tare da guguwar da ke tsirowa da canji. Hakanan sun zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Misali, a Vietnam, Sumatran otters suna rayuwa a cikin nau'ikan mazauna huɗu. A cikin gonar makiyaya mai haɓakawa tare da babban reeds, har zuwa mita 3. Matsayi na biyu na otters shine buɗewar fadama.
Akwai wadataccen abinci a cikin fadama, amma babu wuraren mafaka, saboda haka otters na amfani da su don farauta. A cikin ciyayi tare da bishiyoyi masu balaga, otters suna samun isasshen kifaye da wuraren da zasu huta a cikin tushen asalin.
A cikin ruwa a ƙarƙashin ciyawa akwai abinci mai yawa da suka dace da otters: mollusks, crabs da kifi. Babban mazaunin Sumatran otters shine canals, tunda sun cika cikakkun abubuwan buƙatun abinci na waɗannan dabbobin, kuma akan bankunan da ke cike da ciyayi mai yawa akwai wurare da yawa inda zaka iya ɓoyewa.
Rayuwar Sumatran
Amma game da halayen abinci na Sumatran otters, babu wani ingantaccen bayani, amma an yi imanin cewa abincin nasu yana kama da abincin sauran masu ruwa na ruwa. A shekara ta 2000, an gudanar da bincike kan bakin hauren Sumatran a Kudancin Thailand, daga baya aka gano cewa kusan kashi 78% na abincin sun hada da kifi, kuma macizai suna cikin matsayi na biyu. Hakanan a cikin feces an samo ragowar kwari: kwari da dunƙule, amma an same su a cikin ƙananan kaɗan.
Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa kifi shine babban sinadarin Sumatran, kuma suna samar da wasu dabbobin ne kawai cikin adadi kaɗan. The otters barin droppings a fili bayyane wurare a kan tsaunuka: a kan kututture, mounds na duniya, a kan Tumbin itace da makamantansu. Ana amfani da waɗannan abubuwan otter kullun, wani lokacin don shekaru da yawa.
Ana tunanin yawancin Sumatran sun zama mafi zaman jama'a idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in halittu. Babu wani bayani game da haihuwar wadannan alamomin a yanayi. Abin sani kawai cewa a cikin bauta Sumatran otters kawo har puppy 3. Abun lura a cikin bauta ya nuna cewa wasu lokuta maza kan taimakawa mata wajen ciyar da jariransu.
Tare da rashin abinci, masu tasirin Sumatran na iya motsawa daga wannan mazauninsu zuwa wani, yayin da suke tafiya mai nisa.
Sumatran otters da mutane
Sumatran otters ba a zahiri ba a sa su a wuraren kiwon dabbobi da kamawa. Hakanan, masunta ba su horar da waɗannan maɗaukakin ba, saboda sha'awar da aka ambata na asalinsu. Atasashen Sumatran ba za su iya rayuwa a kulle ba, suna buƙatar adadin sarari kyauta don su iya yawo da yawa kuma su bincika yankin.
Masu son Sumatran suna son motsawa da yawa, kuma idan suna zaune a cikin keji, koyaushe suna ƙoƙarin lalata shingen kuma su fita daga bauta.
Babban haɗari ga wanzuwar jinsin mutum shine mutum. Mutane suna kawo dabbobi da yawan damuwa tare da ayyukansu. Misali, lalata gidaje, gurbata muhalli, satar dabbobi, farauta, bunkasa harkar noma, rage albarkatun abinci, amfani da guba da magungunan kashe qwari, duk wannan yana lalata halittar.
Sumatran otters suna zaune a dazuzzukan kurmi, ƙananan rafuffukan koguna, ciyayi, tsirrai, rafuffukan dutse sama da 300 m sama da matakin teku. Farauta yana daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin masu matsalar Sumatran, saboda haka daga 1995 zuwa 1996 an lalata wasu darurruwan daruruwa saboda kyawun surar. Mafarautan sun sami dala 50-60 akan kowane kashe otter.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti wani sashi kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Ina otter yake zaune?
Hoto: Kogin Otter
Ana iya samun otter a kowane yanki ban da na Ostiraliya. Waɗannan dabbobi ne masu ruwa-ruwa, don haka sun gwammace su zauna kusa da tabkuna, koguna, da mashigar ruwa. Ponds na iya zama daban, amma abu daya ya kasance ba ya canzawa - shi ne tsabtar ruwan da kwarararsa. Mai gidan ba zai zauna cikin ruwa mara datti ba. A cikin ƙasarmu, otter ta yaɗu ko'ina; yana zaune har a cikin Arewa mai nisa, Chukotka.
Yankin da otter ya mamaye na iya tsawarta na tsawon kilomita da yawa (yana kaiwa 20). Smallestarancin mazauna galibi suna tare da koguna kuma sun mamaye kusan kilomita biyu. Extensivearin yankuna da yawa suna kusa da rafin dutse. A cikin maza sun fi tsayi fiye da na mace, galibi ana lura da kutsewarsu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: otter ɗin ɗaya a cikin yankin yawanci yana da gidaje da yawa inda suke ciyarwa lokaci. Wadannan magabatan ba sa gina gidajensu. Otters suna sauka a wasu duniyoyi tsakanin duwatsun, ƙarƙashin rhizomes na tsirrai tare da tafki.
Irin waɗannan mafaka yawanci suna da hanyoyin fita da yawa na tsaro. Hakanan, mafi yawan lokuta otters suna amfani da gidajen da mashahurin beavers suka bari, wanda suke rayuwa a amince. Otter yana da hankali kuma koyaushe yana da gida a ajiye. Zai zama da amfani idan babban mafakarsa yana cikin yankin ambaliyar.
Me mai maganin yake ci?
Hoto: Otan Otter
Babban tushen abinci ga otter, hakika, shine kifi. Waɗannan magabatan mustachioed suna son kifin bakin kifi, kowane nau'in ɓawon burodi. Otters ba su ƙin ƙetarewar ƙwayayen tsuntsaye, ƙananan tsuntsaye, kuma suna farautar ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwa. Koda muskrat da beaver, otter suna ci tare da jin daɗi, idan tayi sa'a ta kama su. Mai otter na iya cin fan ruwa, yawanci ya ji rauni.
Ana cin lokaci mai girma na rayuwa a otter don samun abinci don kansa. Ita ma mafarauci ce mai hutawa, wanda a cikin ruwa zai iya biye da ganima, da nasara har ya kai mita 300. Tunda ya ɗanɗana, maƙidan zai iya yin iska ba tare da tsawan mintina 2 ba. Lokacin da otter ya cika, har yanzu yana iya ci gaba da farautarsa, kuma tare da kifin da aka kama yana wasa kawai zaiyi nishaɗi.
A cikin kamun kifi, ayyukan otters suna nuna godiya sosai saboda sun cinye kifin da ba na kasuwanci ba, wanda zai iya cin ƙwai da soya na kasuwanci. Wani otter yana cin kusan kilogram na kifaye kowace rana. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa da ta ci ƙananan kifin daidai a cikin ruwa, ta sa kan cinyar ta, kamar a tebur, sannan ta fitar da babban tudu guda ɗaya, inda take jin daɗin cin abinci.
Tunda wannan mai son kifin mustachioed tana da tsafta, to bayan ciji sai ta yi birgima a cikin ruwa, tana tsabtace kifarta daga tarkacen kifaye. Lokacin da hunturu ta ƙare, takaddar iska yawanci takan taso tsakanin kankara da ruwa, kuma wani otter yake amfani dashi, cikin nasara yana tafiya ƙarƙashin kankara yana neman kifi don cin abincin rana.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa metabolism na otters za a iya yin hassada kawai. Yayi sauri sosai saboda narkewar abinci da ƙaddamar da abincin da aka ci yana faruwa da sauri, dukkan aikin yana ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya kawai. Anyi bayanin wannan ne ta hanyar yawan kuzarin dabbar, wanda ya dade yana farauta kuma yana ciyarwa cikin ruwa mai sanyi (galibi), inda zafin ba ya dade a jikin dabbar.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Siffar-ruwa mai ruwa-ruwa na otter ya daidaita yanayin rayuwarsa da halayensa. Mai otter yana da hankali sosai da hankali. Tana da matukar ji, da kamshi da kyawun gani. Kowane nau'in otter yana rayuwa ta kansa. Wani bakin kogi na talakawa ya zaɓi hanyar rayuwa, irin wannan maƙarƙashiya mai son kansa ya ƙaunaci ya zauna shi kaɗai, yana mamaye yankin sa, wanda ya sami nasarar masaukai.
Waɗannan dabbobin suna da aiki da kima, suna iyo a ko da yaushe, suna iya tafiya mai nisa a ƙafa, farauta ma yana da hannu. Duk da taka tsantsan, mai gidan yana da hali mai daɗin rai, yana da babbar sha'awa da baiwa. A lokacin bazara, bayan yin iyo, ba masu hana ruwa dumama ƙasusuwan su da rana, kama koguna na ɗumammu mai ɗumi. Kuma a cikin hunturu, irin wannan yaduwar yara kamar tsalle-tsalle daga dutsen ba baƙon bane a gare su. Otters suna son yin sanyi ta wannan hanyar, suna barin doguwar tafiya a cikin dusar ƙanƙara.
Ya saura daga ciki, wanda suke amfani da shi azaman kankara. Suna hawa daga kantuna masu zafi a lokacin bazara, bayan dukkan mawaƙan motsa jiki suna birgima da ƙarfi a cikin ruwa. Yayin hawa akan irin waɗannan abubuwan jan hankali, suna ba da dariya da ban dariya. Akwai zaton cewa suna yin wannan ba kawai don nishaɗi ba, har ma don tsabtace gashin gashi. Yawan kifaye, da tsabta da ruwa mai gudana, wurare marassa iyaka - wannan shine mabuɗin zuwa mazaunin farin ciki na kowane otter.
Idan akwai isasshen abinci a cikin yankin otter da aka fi so, to, zai iya samun nasarar rayuwa a wurin na dogon lokaci. Dabba ya fi son tafiya tare da hanyoyin da suka saba bi. Ba a haɗa ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi a cikin takamaiman wurin aikinta. Idan kayan abinci sun zama masu wuya, to dabba za ta tafi aikin hajji don nemo wurin zama mafi dacewa inda babu matsala game da abinci. Saboda haka, otter na iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Ko da a kan kankara mai kankara da dusar ƙanƙara a cikin yini, yana iya yin sauyin 18 - 20 km.
Tabbatar ƙara da cewa galibi ana aika da mayu ne don farauta cikin dare, amma ba koyaushe ba. Idan otter ya ji cikakken tsaro, bai ga wata barazanar ba, to, yana da aiki da kuzari kusan a kusa da agogo - irin wannan iska da mustachioed, tushen tushen ƙarfi da ƙarfi!
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Dabbobin dabbobi
Mu'amala da sadarwa na nau'ikan otters suna da halaye da bambance-bambance nasu. Misalin teku, alal misali, suna zaune cikin rukuni inda maza da mata suke a wurin. Kuma Kanter na Kanada ya fi son a samar da rukunoni maza kaɗai, na maza baki ɗaya, adadi daga 10 zuwa 12 dabbobi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tushen kogi ba su da aure. Mace, tare da odan uwansu, suna rayuwa a yanki ɗaya, amma kowace mace tana ƙoƙarin ware yankin nata daban a kai. A cikin kayan namiji akwai yankuna mafi girman yanki inda yake rayuwa cikin kawaici gaba ɗaya har zuwa lokacin da aka fara diban dabbar.
Ma'aurata suna yin aure na ɗan gajeren lokacin aure, sannan namiji ya dawo cikin rayuwarsa ta yau da kullun, ba tare da wani yanki don sadarwa tare da yaransa ba. Lokacin kiwo shine yakan faru a lokacin bazara da farkon bazara. Namiji yana hukunci da yardar mace ga rashin yarda, ta sigar takamaiman murmushin ta na hagu. Jikin mabiya suna shirye don kiwo ta biyu (a cikin mata), uku (a cikin maza) shekarun rayuwa. Don cin nasarar uwargidan zuciya, ma'abuta cavalier sukan shiga cikin yaƙin da ba su iyawa
Matar na dauke da cuban ta tsawon watanni biyu. Har zuwa jarirai 4 ana iya haihuwar su, amma yawanci akwai guda 2 kacal.Kamar mahaifiyarta tana da kulawa sosai kuma tana haɓaka jariranta har zuwa shekara guda. Yara an riga an haife su a cikin mayafin fure, amma basu ga komai ba, suna awo kimanin 100. Bayan sati biyu, sun fara gani kuma farkon fara aikin su.
Kusa da watanni biyu, sun riga sun fara horarwa na iyo. A daidai wannan lokacin, hakoran su ke girma, wanda ke nufin cewa sun fara cin abincin nasu. Duk daya, har yanzu sun kasance kanana kuma suna fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban, koda a watanni shida suna zama kusa da mahaifiyarsu. Iya tana koya wa zuriyarta yin kifi, saboda rayuwarsu ta dogara da wannan. Sai kawai lokacin da yara suka cika shekara daya da haihuwa zasu girma sosai da kuma manya, a shirye su tashi don wasan ninkaya kyauta.
Abokin gaba na terabi'a
Hoto: Kogin Otter
Taurari sukan jagoranci rayuwa ta rufa ido, suna kokarin kwanciyar hankali a wuraren da ba zai yiwu ba daga wuraren 'yan adam. Ko ta yaya, waɗannan dabbobin suna da isassun makiya.
Ya danganta da nau'in dabba da yankin da zai zauna, zai iya kasancewa:
Yawancin lokaci duk waɗannan marasa-hikima suna kai hari ga matasa da dabbobi marasa ilimi. Koda kyarma na iya haifar da hatsari ga maƙiyi, kodayake galibi yakan maida hankalin sa ga mai rauni ko ya kama shi da tarko. Mai iya maganin ta na iya karfin gwiwa wajen kare kanta, musamman idan rayuwar 'ya'yanta tana cikin hadari.Akwai lokuta idan ta shiga yaƙi tare da mai ƙawance kuma ta fito daga ciki tare da nasara. Mai zafin rai yana da ƙarfi sosai, yana da ƙarfin hali, da ƙoshinta da dodanci.
Koda yake, babban haɗari ga mai gidan shine mutane. Kuma ma'anar anan ba wai kawai a cikin farauta da kuma bin chic fur ba, har ma a cikin ayyukan mutum. Ya kama kifi, ya gurbata muhalli, sai ya lalata otter, wanda ke barazanar lalata shi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Dabbobin dabbobi
Ba wani sirri bane cewa yawan otters din ya taɓarɓare sosai, yawan jama'arsu yanzu suna fuskantar barazanar. Kodayake waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa a kusan dukkanin nahiyoyi ban da na Ostiraliya, ko'ina cikin otter yana ƙarƙashin yanayin kariya kuma an jera su a cikin Littafin Layi. An sani cewa jinsunan Jafananci na waɗannan dabbobi masu ban mamaki sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga fuskar duniya baya a cikin 2012. Babban dalilin wannan yanayin da ke damun mutane shine mutum. Neman farashi da ayyukan tattalin arziki na jefa rayuwar bayel din. Abubuwan jikinsu masu mahimmanci suna jan hankalin mafarauta waɗanda suka haifar da halakar dabbobi masu yawa. Musamman a lokacin hunturu, masu fashin baki suna birgima.
Mummunan yanayin muhalli ma yana shafar otters. Idan jikin ruwa ya gurbata, wannan na nuna cewa kifin ya ɓace kuma mai sihiri ya rasa abinci, wanda ke kaiwa dabbobin mutuwa. Yawancin otters suna fada cikin raga na kamun kifi kuma suka mutu, suka shiga ciki. Kwanan nan, masunta sun lalata otter ta hanyar cin abincin kifi. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, yanzu ba a taɓa samun omar kowa ba, kodayake a baya akwai tartsatsi a wurin. Wadannan sun hada da Belgium, Netherlands da Switzerland.
Kariyar Otter
Hoto: Otter a cikin hunturu
Duk nau'ikan otters a halin yanzu suna cikin Littafin Tarihi na Duniya na Duniya. A wasu yankuna, yawan jama'a yana ƙaruwa kaɗan (otter teku), amma a gaba ɗaya lamarin ya kasance abin tashin hankali. Farauta, ba shakka, ba a gudanar dashi kamar yadda ake yi a da, amma tafkuna masu yawa inda otter ɗin da suke zama suke ƙazanta sosai.
Shahararren otter, wanda ya haifar da kyawun bayanansa na waje da halayyar daɗi, yana sa mutane da yawa suyi tunani sosai game da barazanar da ɗan adam ke yiwa wannan dabbar mai ban sha'awa. Wataƙila bayan wani lokaci, yanayin zai canza don mafi kyau, kuma yawan masu otal zasu fara girma akai-akai.
Otter ba wai kawai ya tuhume mu da nagarta da himma ba, har ma ya cika muhimmiyar manufa ta tsabtace jikin ruwa, yin aiki da tsari na al'ada, kamar yadda da farko, suna cin rashin lafiya da kifayen kifi.