Yankunan da suka fi girma a dazuzzukan ruwan sama sun wanzu ne a Tsarin Kogin Amazon (Rainforest na Amazon), a Nicaragua, a kudancin yankin Yucatan (Guatemala, Belize), a yawancin Amurka ta Tsakiya (inda ake kiransu "selva"), a cikin Afirka ta Equatorial daga Kamaru har zuwa Kamaru Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, a yankuna da yawa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya daga Myanmar zuwa Indonesia da Papua New Guinea, a cikin jihar Queensland ta Australiya.
Babban halayyar mutum
Don wurare masu zafi na gandun daji halayyar:
- ci gaba da ciyawar ciyayi a duk shekara,
- iri-iri na fure, yawaitar dicotyledons,
- kasancewar 4-5 tsutsotsin bishiya, kasancewar babu tsirrai, adadi mai yawa, Epiphalls da vines,
- mafi yawan bishiyun bishiyoyi tare da manyan ganyayyaki masu ƙyalli, haɓakar haɓaka mai ƙarancin ci gaba, fure ba shi da kariya daga sikirin koda, bishiyoyi masu rarrafe a cikin gandun daji na monsoon,
- samuwar furanni sannan 'ya'yan itatuwa kai tsaye a jikin tsoffin bishiyu da kaurika (caulifloria).
Bishiyoyi
Bishiyoyi a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna da halaye da yawa gama gari waɗanda ba'a lura da su a tsire-tsire cikin yanayin zafi ba.
Tushen gangar jikin a cikin nau'ikan da yawa yana da fadi, karewar jini. A baya can, wadannan protrusions yakamata su taimaka wa itaciyar ta kiyaye daidaituwa, amma yanzu sun yi imani cewa tare da wadannan protrusions, ruwa tare da narkar da abubuwan gina jiki na gudana zuwa tushen bishiyar. Ganyayyaki mai fadi shima ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi, da ciyawa a cikin ƙananan matakan gandun daji. Dazuzzuka kananan bishiyoyi waɗanda basu riga sun isa matakin babba ba har ila yau suna da falle-falle, wanda hakan ke raguwa da tsayi. Ganyayyaki mai fadi yana taimakawa tsire-tsire mafi kyawun hasken rana a ƙarƙashin gefunan itatuwan gandun daji, kuma ana samun kariya daga iska daga bisa. Ganyen magagin babba bene yawanci karami ne kuma yana da nauyi sosai don rage karfin iska. A ƙananan benaye, ganyayyaki sukan zama kunkuntar a ƙarshen don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga saurin gudu na ruwa kuma yana hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da gansakuka a kansu, suna lalata ganyayyaki.
The saman bishiyoyi suna da alaƙa da juna sau da yawa tare da taimakon vines ko tsire-tsire - parasitizing epiphytes a kansu.
Sauran halaye na gandun daji na gumi na iya zama bakin ciki mara nauyi (1-2 mm) haushi, wani lokacin an rufe shi da kayatattun bishiyoyi ko ƙaya, kasancewar furanni da fruitsa growingan itaciya da ke girma kai tsaye a jikin bishiyun bishiyun bishiyun bishiyoyi, yalwar fruitsa juan itaciyar da ke jan hankalin tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa har ma da cin kifayen barbashi mai kyau.
Fauna
A cikin wuraren dazuka na ruwan sama, ana samun nau'ikan-yatsan-mutum (iyalan sloths, baƙi, da armadillos), birai masu yawan gaske, jigo, llamas, marsupials, umarni da yawa na tsuntsaye, da kuma wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, 'yan iska, kifi, da sauran abubuwa. Dabbobi da yawa masu wutsiya masu wutsiya suna rayuwa akan bishiyoyi - birai masu ban sha'awa, dwarf da tsoffin yatsu masu yatsu guda huɗu, mallakinsu, kifayen katako mai rufi, katsewa. Yawancin kwari, musamman ma malam buɗe ido, (ɗaya daga cikin faunas mafi arziki a ciki) duniya) da kuma ƙwaro (fiye da nau'in 100), kifaye masu yawa (kusan adadin 2000 sun kusan thirdaya bisa uku na ruwan sanyin duniya).
Kasar gona
Duk da tsire-tsire masu hadari, yanayin ƙasa a cikin irin wannan gandun daji yana barin da yawa da ake so. Canza hanzari wanda kwayoyin cuta ke haddasawa ya haifar da tarawa daga farjin humus. Cakuda baƙin ƙarfe da alumomin oxide a sakamakon haka daga baya ƙasa (aiwatar da rage abun silica a cikin ƙasa tare da karuwa a lokaci ɗaya na baƙin ƙarfe da kuma ƙarfe na ƙarfe) yana rufe ƙasa a cikin launi mai haske mai haske kuma wani lokacin yakan adana kayan ma'adinai (alal misali, bauxite). A cikin tsarin samari, musamman asalin asalin wutar lantarki, kasa zata iya zama mai dausayi.
Mataki na sama
Wannan Layer ya ƙunshi ƙarancin bishiyoyi masu tsayi da suka kai mita 45-55 (jinsunan da ba sa iya kai mita 60-70). Mafi yawan lokuta, bishiyoyin ba su da kullun, amma wasu suna zubar da ganye a lokacin rani. Irin waɗannan itatuwan dole ne su iya tsayayya da yanayin zafi da iska mai ƙarfi. Mikiya, beraye, wasu nau'ikan birai da malam buɗe ido suna zaune a wannan matakin.
Matakin Kanopi
Mataki alfarwa samar da mafi yawan dogayen bishiyoyi, yawanci 30 zuwa 45 mita tsawo. Wannan shine mafi girman matakin da aka sani a cikin tsararrakin duniya baki daya, mafi girma ko continuousasa daɗin ci gaba na fure wanda aka kafa ta bishiyoyin maƙwabta.
A cewar wasu kimomi, tsirrai na wannan lakabin suna da kusan kashi 40 na nau'ikan dukkan tsire-tsire a duniyarmu - watakila ana iya samun rabin dukkan tsirran duniya. Fauna suna kama da na sama, amma mafi bambance bambancen. An yi imani da cewa kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na kowane nau'in kwari suna rayuwa a nan.
Masana ilimin kimiyya sun dade da zargin bambancin rayuwa a wannan matakin, amma kwanan nan kawai aka samar da hanyoyin bincike masu amfani. Sai kawai a shekarar 1917 masanin dabi'ar Amurka William Bead (eng. William ) ya bayyana cewa "wata duniyar rayuwa ba ta zama mai zane ba, ba a doron Duniya ba, amma ƙafa 200 a saman yadda take saman shimfidawa, wanda ya bazu dubban miloli murabba'i."
Ainihin binciken wannan lakabin ya fara ne kawai a cikin shekarun 1980, lokacin da masana kimiyya suka kirkiro da hanyoyin da za'a iya kaiwa zuwa ga alfarwa, kamar harbi igiyoyi a saman bishiyoyi daga jikinsu. Binciken canopy har yanzu yana kan matakin farko. Sauran hanyoyin bincike sun hada da balloon ko tashi. Kimiyyar da take hulda da isa ga saman bishiyoyi ana kiranta dendronautics. Dendronautics ).
Litter din daji
Wannan yankin yana karɓar kashi 2 cikin ɗari na duk hasken rana, akwai magariba. Don haka, tsire-tsire da aka saba musamman kawai na iya girma a nan. A nesa da bankunan koguna, da ɓarna da kuma wuraren buɗe wuraren da ciyayi masu yawa suke girma, zuriyar dabbobi ba su da tsirrai. A wannan matakin, zaku iya ganin tsirrai masu rarrafe da dabbobin da ke ɓoye cikin sauri saboda yanayin zafi, gumi wanda ke haɓaka haɓakawa da sauri.
Bayyanar mutum
Akasin yarda da mashahurin imani, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ba su da yawa masu amfani da carbon dioxide kuma, kamar sauran gandun daji da aka kafa, suna tsaka tsaki da carbon dioxide. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yawancin gandun daji, a akasin wannan, suna samar da carbon dioxide. Koyaya, wadannan gandun daji suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yaduwar carbon dioxide, saboda suna da kyakkyawan tafkuna, kuma lalata bishiyoyin wannan gandun daji yana haifar da karuwar carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin Duniyar. Shuwannin ruwan sama ma suna taka rawa wurin sanyaya iska da ta ratsa su. Saboda haka gandun daji - daya daga cikin mahimman mahalli a sararin samaniya, lalata gandun daji yana haifar da lalacewar ƙasa, raguwa a cikin nau'in flora da fauna, ƙaurawar daidaiton yanayin halittu a cikin manyan yankuna da kuma duniyar gabaɗaya.
Ciyawar ruwan sama sau da yawa rage zuwa tsire-tsire na kirfa da itacen kofi, dabino na kwakwa, tsire-tsire na roba. A Kudancin Amurka don wurare masu zafi na gandun daji hakar ma'adanan marar aminci kuma na haifar da mummunar barazana.
Rayuwa a cikin gandun daji na Equatorial
Yanayin rayuwa a cikin gandun daji na dindindin duka abu ne mai kyau ga duk abubuwan rayuwa. Tsarin ciyayi mai narkewa yana sanya yankuna yankuna da yawa na kayan tarihi saboda ɗaukar yanayin yanki mai ɗaure. A cikin gilea, kamar yadda ake kiran dazuzzuka na ƙasar, akwai igiyoyi bakwai na tsaye. Wannan yana bawa dabbobi damar "watsa" a sararin samaniya, kasancewar sun sami karbuwa da yawa don rayuwa a cikin babban da ƙananan gandun daji. Don haka, fauna na gida shine mafi yawancin bambance-bambancen da yawa.
Dazuzzukan Equatorial
Gileas suna da laushi, ciyayi, gandun daji mai tsayi, an dasa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi ne, kuma an girbi rawanin rawanin.
Isasa ta kasance ba komai yawanci saboda babu ciyawa saboda ƙarancin haske, ganyayyaki da suka faɗo da sauri bazu.
Dabbobin Dabbobin daji na Equatorial
Ba abin mamaki bane, dabbobi da tsuntsaye suna rayuwa a duniya a cikin dazuzzukan ƙasar. A cikin Afirka, daga dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗannan sune irin kifaye da alade na gandun daji, dabbar dabbar dabbar, dabbar Afirka, daskararrun dabbobi, da sauran ire-iren ire-ire. Okapi yana zaune a gefunan daji, inda akwai ciyawa da ciyawa da ciyayi.Wakko sun fi son waɗannan wuraren. A Kudancin Amurka, ana maye gurbin aladu a cikin burodi masu kama da su, tururuwa ƙananan barewa ne na mazama, kuma ana iya ɗaukar tapirs kamar analog na hippos. Latterarshen suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, inda kuma ake samun ƙananan barewa da aladu.
Akwai ƙananan ƙarancin ƙasa: waɗannan wakilan Afirka ne da yawa na dangin murine (nau'o'in beraye, berayen da ke da ƙwaya), a Kudancin Amurka suna da mafi girma a duniya, ƙirar capybara, ƙananan dabbobi - pac da agouti, da kuma wasu nau'ikan echimides masu kama da bera da beraye.
Daga cikin magabatan ƙasa na tsohuwar tatsuniyar tsohuwar duniya, mutum zai iya ba da damisa, a Amurka an maye shi da jaguar. Hakanan ana samun ƙananan kuliyoyi a cikin guilea na Amurka - ocelot, jaguarundi.
Birai - colobus
Fauna a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi shine mafi yawancin bambance-bambancen cikin gandun daji na Equatorial. Birai suna mulki a nan - launuka, birai, chimpanzees da mandrills (a cikin Afirka), marmosets, tsebids, turnips, arachnids da capuchins (a Kudancin Amurka), lory, gibbons da orangutans (a Asiya). Kowa yasan irin yadda birrai suka saba da rayuwar bishiya - anan akwai wutsiya mai ban tsoro da yatsunsu, da ingantattun muryoyi na hannaye da kafafu, da kuma kayan maye, furanni, ganye, kwari - ga duk abinda za'a iya samu mai yawa akan bishiyoyi. Kwayoyin Gilea kuma sun dace da rayuwa tsakanin sama da ƙasa, da yawa daga cikinsu suna tashi daga itaciya zuwa itaciya, suna shirin kan fatar fata da aka shimfiɗa tsakanin bayanan da wutsiya (wutsiyoyi a cikin Afirka). Mafi yawan ƙwayoyin cuta mafi yawa sune nau'in squirrel da yawa. Kuma da kyau jemagu da yawa sun mamaye iska.
Leaf beetles
A Kudancin Amurka, akwai ciyayi-da-ganye-bishiyoyi da kuma gaskiya desmodus vampires. Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda suka fi son abincin dabba, a cikin tsarin itace a Afirka da Asiya, yawancin sune civets - genet da tangalungs. A Kudancin Amurka, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tamandois da ƙaramin ɗan farauta daga dangin Kunih Tayr suna zaune.
Yawancin tsuntsaye sun fi son 'ya'yan itatuwa, parrots ana ganinsu musamman a tsakanin su. Pigeons na Afirka, turraco, tsuntsayen rhinoceros, banana-masu ci, Craxes na Amurka ma suna cin 'ya'yan itace, kuma awakin, wanda ke zaune a cikin Amazon, suna cin ganye. Mafi qarancin waɗannan gourmets nectaries a cikin Tsohon Duniya da hummingbirds a cikin Sabon.
Wadannan tsuntsaye suna da kama sosai saboda suna jagoranci rayuwa iri daya, suna sha ruwan zaki (kuma a lokaci guda ƙananan kwari) daga corollas na furanni. Koyaya, babu ƙananan tsuntsayen kwari.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Yanayin Climatic
Yawancin lokaci gandun daji na wannan nau'in suna cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yana da zafi sosai kuma yana da zafi koyaushe. Ana kiran wadannan dazuzzuka, saboda sama da milimita 2,000 na ruwan sama ke faɗuwa anan kowace shekara, kuma har zuwa milimita 10,000 a bakin tekun. Yanayi yana faɗuwa a ko'ina cikin shekara. Bugu da kari, gandun daji na Equatorial suna kusa da iyakar teku, inda ake lura da ruwa mai zafi. Dukkanin shekara, yanayin zafin jiki ya bambanta daga +24 zuwa +28 digiri Celsius, bi da bi, babu canji a cikin yanayi.
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Girgiza kai na gandun daji
Yankunan flora
A ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi na bel ɗin Equatorial, siffofin ciyayi masu kullun, waɗanda ke girma a cikin gandun daji a cikin da dama. Itatuwa suna da filaye da ganyaye masu girma, suna girma zuwa tsayin mita 40, sun yi karo da juna, suna kafa dazuzzuka da babu wuya. A kambi na babba bene na shuke-shuke kare m flora daga ultraviolet haskoki na rana da kuma wuce kima daga danshi danshi. Bishiyoyi waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan bene suna da fure mai bakin ciki. Wani fasali na bishiyoyin daji na kasar Equatorial shi ne cewa ba sa watsar da ganye gaba ɗaya, zai kasance sauran kore duk shekara.
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Yawan nau'in nau'in tsire-tsire ne kamar haka:
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- matakin mafi girma - itatuwan dabino, ficuses, ceiba, Hevea Brazil,
- ƙananan tiers - itacen ferns, ayaba.
A cikin gandun daji akwai orchids da creeper daban-daban, itacen Quinine da itacen cakulan, goro na Brazil, lichens da mosses. Itatuwan bishiyar Eucalyptus sun yi girma a Australia, wanda ya kai nisan ɗaruruwan mita. A Kudancin Amurka, yanki mafi girma na gandun daji na dindindin a sararin samaniya, idan aka kwatanta da wannan yanki na sauran nahiyoyin.
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Ceiba
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Hin itace
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Itace cakulan
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Kasar Brazil
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Kwakwalwa
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Muhalli wuri na gandun daji na Equatorial
Yanayin sararin samaniya yana cikin yankin equatorial na duniya tsakanin 8 ° arewa da 11 ° kudu maso nesa.
Tana mamaye yankunan da ba su da fa'ida: Yankin Kongo a Afirka, kwari na Amazon a Kudancin Amurka, da kuma tsibirin kudu maso gabas na Eurasia.
Sauyin yanayi na gandun daji
Yanayin canjin yanayin zafi a ma'aunin gidan wuta yana da zafi da kuma laima shekara-shekara. Babu sauyin yanayi.Zafin iska 25 - 28 ° C.
Sakamakon matsanancin yanayi a koyaushe a yankin yanki, hazo daidai yake a cikin shekara. Ruwan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ba ƙasa da 1500 mm. Amma a cikin gandun daji na rufe kofofin da aka wanke ta hanyar ruwan zafi, adadin ruwan sama zai iya kaiwa 10,000 mm / shekara.
Yankunan halitta
An samar da yanayi iri-iri saboda yanayin yanayin duniyarmu. Wancan yanayi shine babban abin da ke faruwa a wuraren da ake a yankuna na zahiri.
A tsarin rayuwar duniya, al'ada ce a rarrabe manyan dabbobin duniya guda tara:
- Harsunan Arctic da Antarctic. Wuraren sanyi mafi sanyi a duniya, dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta rufe shi. Matsayinsu ya dace da katako biyu - Arewa da Kudu.
- Tundra. Wasteasasshen ƙasa mai sanyi da aka rufe da mosses da lichens. Kasance tare da bakin Tekun Arctic.
- Taiga. A m coniferous daji tare da m yanayin. Ya mamaye yankunan arewacin Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka.
- Cakuda da dazuzzuka daji. Kafa bi da bi ta hanyar coniferous-deciduous iri ko bishiyoyi da faranti ganye mai fadi. Yankin da ke kudu da taiga, yanayin yana da sauki sosai kuma fulawa da fauna sun fi bambanta.
- Steppes. M filayen da ba su da iyaka an rufe su da ciyawa mai yawa. Kasancewa a cikin yanayin yanayi, koda yake, ya rigaya yayi zafi sosai saboda ciyayi.
- Deserts. Mafi bushewa da kuma mafi kyawun yanayin halitta. Yi kudu da Eurasia, wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na Afirka da Ostiraliya.
- An kurmi ke da wuya. Kasancewa a gabar tekun Bahar Rum da arewacin Afirka. Suna halin da ƙasa mai ban tsoro. 'Ya'yan itacen oak, kurtu, da itacen zaitun, da zaituni, da kuma juniper suna girma a nan.
- Savannahs. Shahararrun wuraren ciyawa na Afirka. Dabbobin daji iri-iri iri iri: zaki, giwaye, tururuwa, zebras, raƙuman daji.
- Ciyawar ruwan sama Ana zaune a yankin mai daidaitawa da karɓar ruwan sama mai yawa da haske. Yawancin nau'in tsirrai da flora da fauna.
Ya kamata a sani cewa hadadden halitta ba su da bambanci a jiki. Misali, manyan biome - taiga - yakai mil 15 miliyan 2. Yayin da yankin dajin-tsallake-tsatsa ya rufe kawai kashi 3% na dukkan gandun daji.
Girgizan ruwan sama a Afirka, Kudancin Amurka, Kudu maso gabashin Asiya
Yankunan da suka fi yawa na ciyawar ruwan sama ana samun su a Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Unguwannin Eurasi sun fi ƙanana, galibi suna kan tsibiran.
- Tsibiri na Afirka.
A cikin Afirka, yankin daidan ke mamaye da dazuzzuka. Tare da rufe gabar ruwan Guinea, sai su kaɗa zuwa babban kogin Kogin Kongo. Daga cikin su akwai tekun Atlantika da gandun daji na tsibirin Madagascar. Jimlar yankin yanki na wurare masu zafi shine kadada miliyan 170.
- Tropics of America.
Yankin daji a wannan bangare na duniya ya tashi daga yankin Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) da kudancin Florida (Amurka), suna girma a gabar Yutacan da kuma Tsakiyar Amurka. Waɗannan kuma sun haɗa da gandun daji a cikin West Indies.
Kudancin gandun daji na Kudancin Amurka suna da suna na musamman - gilea / selva. Suna girma daga gabar tekun Amazon, a arewacin yankin Kudancin Amurka, kuma sun mamaye tekun Atlantika. Filin gandun daji na Amurka ya rufe fiye da miliyan 5 km².
- Tropics na kudu maso gabas Asia.
Dazuzzuka sun mamaye wannan yanki daga Kudancin Indiya, Myanmar, da Kudancin China har zuwa gabashin Queensland. Tsibirin na Indonesia da New Guinea ana binne su a cikin gandunan daji.
Me yasa ake kiran gandun daji huhun duniya
Bishiyoyi suna da iko na musamman don ɗaukar carbon dioxide da saki oxygen. Gaskiyar ita ce don aiwatar da photosynthesis, tsire-tsire suna buƙatar carbon don haɓakar abubuwan kwayoyin. Sakamakon haka, ana fitar da oxygen a cikin sararin samaniya. A wannan yanayin, bayan mutuwar itaciya, tsarin juyawa yana faruwa: itace mai juyawa yana ɗaukar oxygen daga yanayin kuma yana fitar da carbon dioxide.
An kiyasta cewa bishiya ɗaya tana samar da adadin iskar oxygen wanda ya cancanci nutsuwa da mutane uku. Ctaya daga cikin hectare na gandun daji a rana ɗaya (a gaban rana) yana ɗaukar kilogram ɗari na carbon dioxide kuma yana fitar da kilogiram 190 na oxygen.
Godiya ga yawan bishiyoyi, masana kimiyya suka baiwa yankin gandun daji “kore huhun duniya” don ba da abubuwa masu mahimmanci.
Ingancin gandun daji na Equatorial
Wannan gandun daji mai zafi bai taɓa sanin dusar ƙanƙara da sanyi ba. A nan furanni masu fure da 'ya'yan itatuwa sun bushe duk shekara.
Mene ne m ciyawar daji? Wannan shine ɗayan wuraren da ba a samun damar zuwa duniyarmu. Tsire-tsire da dabbobi suna wanzu cikin yanayin ɗumi da zafi koyaushe, wanda ba zai iya shafan bambancinsu da halayensu ba.
Rikicewa
Matsayin yanki na gandun daji na daidaituwa, bisa ga sunan, yana a cikin mai daidaitawa, yana fadada arewa har zuwa 25 ° C. w. da kuma kudu zuwa 30 ° kudu. w. An samo su a duk nahiyoyi banda Antarctica.
A cikin Eurasia, sun mamaye kudu maso gabashin Asiya (sun rufe ƙasashen Indiya da kudu na China), sannan ta hanyar Malesiya, Indonesia da Philippines har zuwa arewa maso gabashin Ostiraliya.
A cikin Afirka, yashi mai tsananin sanyi daga gabar tekun Guinea har zuwa yankin Kongo, har ma a Madagascar.
A Kudancin Amurka, gilea yana cikin Amazon da kuma arewacin arewacin ƙasa.
A Arewacin Amurka, sun mamaye Gulf of Mexico, kudancin Florida, Yucatan Peninsula, Amurka ta Tsakiya da tsibiran Yammacin Indies.
Siffofin yanayin dumin yanayin damuna
A cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi (gumi) na tropics, ana ajiye matsakaicin matsakaici a cikin 28 ° C-30 ° C, da wuya ya wuce 35 ° C. Awanni na ruwan sama a kowace rana suna haɓaka ƙarshen aikin iska zuwa kashi 80%. Ruwan sama a shekara ya kai 7000 mm. Wannan yanayin halitta ya samar da gandun daji tare da ƙarin suna - “rigar” (“ruwan sama”).
Mazaunan gandun daji na kwastan ba su san mashin iska ba. Bugu da kari, gandun daji na Equatorial suna kusa da gabar tekun, inda ake lura da yanayin dumama.
2 yanayi yanayi ne na yankunan daji:
- “Lokacin damina” (Oktoba-Yuni),
- Lokacin "bushewa" (Yuli-Satumba).
A wannan yanki na yanayin rashin matsin yanayi, raunin iska mai saurin canzawa. Matsayi mai yawa na danshi na ƙasa a haɗe tare da yanayin rana yana ba da iska mai ɗorewa ta danshi da iska mai "zafi" mai zafi. Ana mamaye gandun daji mai tsananin zafi kamar hazo da safiya, ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya da ƙarshen rana da guguwa.
Tsarin ruwan sama
Yanayi a cikin irin wannan yanki na dabi'a yana haifar da bayyanar ciyayi mai fure, wanda ke samar da sarkakkiyar "bene" na fure. A matsakaici, gandun daji na girma a cikin matakan 4.
Masu talla | Siffofin |
Matakin farko (babba) | Itace mai laushi (har zuwa 70 m) tare da kambin lush kuma mai laushi mai laushi |
Matakin na 2 | Sama da bishiyoyi matsakaici (har zuwa 45 m) tare da kambin lush mai laushi da akwati mai laushi |
3e | Itasassun bishiyoyi tare da creepers |
Matakin 4 | Shayarwa |
Murfin ciyawa (mosses, ferns, lichens) | Tall herbaceous shuke-shuke |
Kasar gona
Abin mamaki shi ne, amma wannan biome bashi da ciyawar ciyayi a cikin sauyin yanayi, kuma ba ga tsarin ƙasa ba. Theasa tana cike da ƙarfe da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, wanda hakan ya haifar da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Bugu da kari, saboda yawan ruwan sama na yau da kullun, ana wanke wasu abubuwa masu amfani daga kasa. Duk wannan ya haifar da gurɓataccen ƙasa, da kuma yawan sinadarin humus (wani abu da yake samar da wadatar ƙasa) a ciki ne kawai 5%.
Abubuwan ruwa
Manyan kogunan suna gudana cikin gandun dajin ruwan sama. Ofayansu yana Kudancin Amurka kuma ana kiranta Amazon. A cikin kwari ne mafi girma dajin daji ya girma a yankin. K'asar Amazon ita ce kogi mafi girma a duniya, yana haye yankin Kudancin Amurka daga yamma zuwa gabas.
Kogin ruwa na biyu bayan Amazon shine Kongo, wacce ke tsakiyar Afirka. Babban kogi ne kawai wanda yake haye da mai juyawa sau biyu. Congo tana da haraji na Lufira, Kasai, idan ba.
Matakin kambi
Matsayi "mai yawa" an samar da shi ta hanyar yawancin adadin bishiyoyi, don haka shine mafi yawan duka. An yi imani da cewa a wannan matakin ya ƙunshi 40% na dukkanin ciyayi na duniya. Duk da kamanceceniya da itatuwan babban matakin, anan tsire-tsire sun bambanta. Yawancin bishiyoyi an yi wa ado da "caulifloria" - samuwar furanni da inflorescences a kan kututturen da kuma rassan ba tare da ganye ba.
Matakan Tsakanin daji
Kyakkyawan rawanin bishiyoyi suna ɓoye hasken rana, suna barin inuwa da faɗakarwa ga tsire-tsire da ke ƙasa. Cikakken bincike na matakin ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. An gudanar da binciken farko na wannan matakin (alfarwa) a farkon shekarun 1980.
Masu binciken sun fara ɗaukar hoto daga gicciye tare da igiyoyi waɗanda aka haɗe zuwa saman bishiyoyi. Don yin nazarin firam na bishiyoyi, ana amfani da balloons ƙari. Nazarin game da gandun daji yanki ne daban na ilimin kimiya na abubuwan ɗan adam.
Flora
Lokacin farin ciki mai tsananin zafi ana rarrashi ta hanyar hade-wuri mai yawa: babban bene ana kafa shi ta mafi tsayi bishiyoyi, a ƙarƙashinsu akwai rawanin bishiyun ƙasa, sannan akwai zurfin juzu'ai da zuriyar gandun daji.
Mafi yawa, bishiyun bishiyoyi daban daban masu ban sha'awa, tare da haushi na bakin ciki, wanda furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa suke girma, babba. Abubuwan da aka fi sani sune itacen koko, banana da itacen kofi, dabino na mai, Hevea na Brazil, ceiba, itacen Balsa, cecropia, da dai sauransu.
Maɓuɓɓugan daji da bakin tekun suna cike da bishiyoyi. Kwarewar wannan nau'in gandun daji m shine tushen bishiyoyi anan suke ƙarƙashin ruwa koyaushe.
Matsakaici matakin
“Tsarin-rufin” ko kuma matsakaici yana a tsakanin firan bishiyoyi da murfin ciyawa. Ganyayyaki mai goge ya fi fadi na tsire-tsire a matakai masu tsayi. Tare da taimakon manyan ganye, tsire-tsire mafi kyawun amfani da hasken rana, wanda akan matsakaicin matakin, a cikin inuwar rawanin bishiyoyi masu tsayi, ba yawa.
Karin ciyayi
Baya ga tsire-tsire masu girma a wasu takaddun tiers, a cikin wuraren kulawar daji akwai karin fure-fure. An kirkiro shi ne ta hanyar vines da epiphytes.
Liana itace ɗayan tsirrai na yau da kullun, inda take da nau'ikan sama da dubu biyu. Liana ba ta da madaidaiciyar tushe a tsaye, sabili da haka, tana iya kunshe sassan jikin bishiyoyi, yada ko rassan ko kuma yada ta cikin kasa.
Epiphytes sune tsire-tsire waɗanda ba sa girma a ƙasa, amma suna haɗe da kututtura da rassan bishiyoyi. A cikin yanayin yanayin yanayin daidaiton mahaifa, daga cikin epiphytes, orchids da tsire-tsire daga dangin bromeliad galibi ana samun su. Epiphytes sun bambanta da parasites saboda suna karɓar abinci mai gina jiki daga yanayin, kuma ba daga jikin mai masaukin ba.
Matsayin zafi
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, gilea tana da ruwan sama mafi girma a duniya. Yanayi ya faɗi a cikin hanyar ruwan sama mai nauyi, tare da tsawa. Amma godiya ga yanayin zafi, wannan babban adadin danshi yana ƙafewa da sauri. Duk wannan ba zai iya shafar matakin zafi a cikin tsaunin zafi ba: rabon sa a cikin yanayin kusan kashi 85%. Sabili da haka, tsirrai da gileas na dabbobi suna rayuwa a cikin wani yanayi mai dindindin.
Digiri na haske
A rawanin rawanin bishiyoyi masu zafi suna daɗaɗano kusan ci gaba. Saboda haka, duk da gaskiyar cewa mai daidaitawa ya sami adadin adadin hasken rana a duniya, madawwami maras nauyi yana mulki ƙarƙashin gandun daji. Wannan ya haifar da rauni sosai.
An sani cewa zuriyar dabbobi a cikin dazuzzukan da ke ruwan sama suna karɓar kashi 2% na wutar kawai. Saboda haka, idan saboda kowane dalili wani gleam ya samar a cikin alfarwa, to, a kan wannan facin da aka haskaka shi da sauri fara haɓaka ciyawa, ciyawa da furanni.
Nahiyar Afirka
Gile na Afirka ya fara daga bakin gabar Tekun Guinea har zuwa kwarin kogin Kongo, yana mamaye wurare da yawa tare da yankin 8% na babban yankin. Itatuwan tsire-tsire a cikin yankin equatorial sun bambanta: akwai nau'ikan bishiyoyi 3000 kawai a nan Mafi mashahuri a cikinsu sune itacen dabino, ficus, gurasa, kofi, banana, nutmeg, sandalwood, itace jan. Tsarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ana wakilta su daga selaginella, ferns da podunami. An rufe bankunan koguna da tabkuna.
Daga cikin dabbobi a yankin dajin Afirka, akwai okapi, bongo, boar daji, damisa, wyverns, gorillas, chimpanzees, dao. Ciyawar fure ta fi yawa tsakanin tsuntsaye. Yawancin kwari suna rayuwa - tsetse fly, sauro, gajere, ƙwari.
Amurka
Babban ciyawar daji mafi girma a duniya ta bazu a cikin Amazon. Yankin ta ya fi mil 5 miliyan 2. A cikin Brazil kadai, 3% 3 na gandun daji da ke dawwama a duniya suna mai da hankali. Wani sunan ga Kudancin Kudancin Amurka shine selva (daga selva na Spain - daji). Yawan tsirrai da nau'in dabbobi ya wuce bambancin Afirka da Asiya. Kimanin nau'ikan tsire-tsire 40,000 suna girma a nan (wanda 16,000 suke bishiyoyi), nau'in dabbobi 427, kuma adadin nau'in kwari sun wuce dubu ɗari.
Duniyar dabba ta ɗan bambanta da fauna ta Afirka. Maimakon damisa, jaguar yana jiran ganima, akwai cougars da karnukan daji. Kogunan ruwa da tabkuna na Selva suna cikin hatsari mai yawa: manyan macizai suna zaune a cikin ruwa - caimans, piranhas, ramps na lantarki. Macijin mafi girma a duniya - anaconda - yana zaune a Afirka.
Darajar tattalin arziki
Ba za a iya kimanta darajar gandun daji ba. Yanayin gilea ya zama gida ga yawancin tsirrai da dabbobi a duniyarmu. Yankuna masu laushi masu zafi suna aiki a matsayin "huhun duniyar," ko da yake sun yi ƙasa da adadin oxygen ɗin da aka saki zuwa tsohuwar ƙwayar su ta arewa, taiga.
Daga ra'ayi game da amfani da tattalin arziki, gilea yana ba mutum nau'in itace mai mahimmanci - baƙar fata, ja, sandalwood. Godiya ga kofi da bishiyoyi cakulan, mutane a duk faɗin duniya suna jin daɗin ƙanshi mai koko da koko. Yawancin bishiyoyi masu yawa suna girma a nan, 'ya'yan itacen marmari waɗanda ke ɗauke da bitamin da abubuwan gina jiki da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire masu mahimmanci suna girma a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, yawancinsu suna da kaddarorin maganin cutar kansa.
Batutuwan muhalli
A halin yanzu, matsalar rashin ciyawar gandun daji na da matsala musamman. Mutane sun lalata wurare masu zafi a ƙarni don itace mai mahimmanci da kuma share sarari don sabon wuraren kiwo. Ganin cewa wannan gilea tana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da dorewar yanayin ta hanyar shafar ruwan sama a duk fadin duniya, lalacewarsa tana barazanar komawa wata mummunar bala'i.
Sakamakon fadace-fadace, yawan wakilan fauna na raguwa. Lallai, duk da yawan adadin jinsunan mazaunan dazuzzukan kurmi, yawan dabbobi ko tsuntsayen da ke cikin wani nau'in ba su da yawa. Saboda haka, yawancin halittu zasu iya kasancewa cikin sauki ba tare da wata matsala ba, ko da ba tare da masana kimiyya suka gano su ba.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
Unguwannin ruwan sama babbar mu'ujiza ce ta Duniya. Yawancin tsire-tsire da dabbobi da ke rayuwa a nan suna da matsala, wato, ba a same su ko'ina ba.
Wadannan sune kadan daga cikin abubuwanda suka kware na gilea:
- gandun daji ya bayyana sama da shekaru miliyan miliyan 150 da suka gabata kuma ya sami ƙananan canje-canje tun
- da zarar maciji mafi girma a duniya ya rayu a cikin jeji na Amazon: ana kiranta titanoboa, tsayinsa zai iya wuce 14 m kuma ya auna fiye da tan,
- Sauyin yanayi a ranar yana da kwanciyar hankali: kowace rana tana farawa ne daga sanyin safiya, bayan girgije mai cin abincin rana, da yamma ruwan sama yake farawa, sai gajimare mai cike da taurari,
- Tushen bishiyoyi masu zafi suna yin tsayin da bai wuce rabin mita ba saboda ƙasa,
- fure mafi girma a duniya shine Rafflesia Arnoldi da ke girma a cikin gandun daji,
- kauri daga cikin gandun daji zai iya zuwa 6 m,
- kowane itace matsakaici-tsinkaye na iya fitar da lita 750 na ruwa kowace shekara zuwa cikin yanayin,
- Kogin Amazon ya ƙunshi 20% na duk tsarkakakkun ruwa.
A halin yanzu, kawai wani karamin ɓangare na waɗannan gandun daji masu ban mamaki da aka bincika. Babban zafi, zafi mai zafi da kuma lokacin farin ciki wanda ba za'a iya jurewa ya sanya wannan yanki na daya daga cikin abubuwanda basu iya zuwa ba. Don haka, ana zaton cewa a cikin zurfin kurmin, tsirrai da dabbobi gaba daya ba'a san ilimin kimiyya ba suka girma kuma suke rayuwa.
Dabbobin daji
An san fa'idodin fauna ta hanyar dukiya mai ban mamaki. Yawancin jinsunan suna dacewa da rayuwar bishiyoyi.
Yawancin kwari suna da ban mamaki. Babban masu cinye kwayoyin halitta mai lalacewa ne.
Ana sarrafa sarrafa ƙasa ta hanyar katsewa, ƙananan ƙwaro, larvae kwari, milipedes, da aphids. Ruwan zuriyar gandun daji - mazaunin karnuka, crickets, katantanwa. Daga cikin masu cin itacen lalata, tagulla, manyan nau'ikan ƙwaro da ƙwayayensu ya kamata a lura dasu.
Insectsa Heran kwayayen herbivorous suna zaune a cikin faren bishiya: cicadas, gwozayen ganye, rasberi, kwari na kwari, kumburi, bakar fata, matafila, da wakilan farauta.
Wakilan magabatan yankuna iri-iri ne, masu cin ganye da kuma anda plantan itaciya: chimpanzees, birai, gibbons, lemuran. A kan bishiyoyin suna zaune a cikin jinsunan dangin Wyverrov: mongoose, genet.
Wata damisa tana wakiltar damisa (damisa da sigya), a Kudancin Amurka jaguar. Yawancin kananan unguwanni suna zaune a cikin yanki na gandun daji, kwanar Kongo - yankin okapi - ɗan gajeren ginin raƙumi.
Tsuntsaye sun cancanci bayanin dabam. A duk ɗaukacin dajin gandun daji, jinsin da ke ba da tsaba da 'ya'yan itatuwa suna da yawa. Saharar Guinea, tsuntsayen kwari, tattabarai, da wakilan iyalai masu tsinkaye suna zaune a sashin ƙasa.
Akwai manyan tsuntsaye masu matsakaitan matsakaici da matsakaita: parrots, toucans, ciyar da kananfari hummingbird, da kuma passerines.
Yanayin dazuzzuka sun yi daidai da rayayyun halittu masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu rarrafe: kwarjinin bishiyoyi masu haske, kwaro da kwarkwata.
Haka kuma, iska tare da danshi ruwan sama yana bawa amphibians damar dadewa har ma ya ninka jikin ruwan, yawo cikin bishiyoyi.
Flora na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
Yanayin ƙasa mai laushi yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar ɗaukar murfin daji mai yawa. Shuka ciyawar rauni rassan.Tsarin dajin yana da takamaiman: akwai fewan bishiyoyi masu tsayi, kuma ciyayi na ƙananan ƙananan yashi ne mai yawa, yana rufe sarari sosai.
A cikin bishiyoyi masu kullun, Tushen-kamar tushe, Trunks suna da tsayi da madaidaiciya, kambi ya warwatse kawai a cikin ɓangaren sama, inda akwai wadataccen wadatar haske. Itatuwan tall suna da ganyayyaki masu yawa tare da saman fata wanda ke dogara da kariya daga tsananin hasken rana da koguna mai yawa. A cikin tsire-tsire na ƙananan ƙananan inuwa, inda kawai 1% na hasken rana ya shiga, ganye yana da bakin ciki da taushi.
Wakilai na yau da kullun na babban bene sune dabino, ficus, da mallow. A ƙasa girma bishiyoyi banana, koko. Tumbi yakan kasance an rufe shi da vines, gandun itacen, mosses. Daga cikin parasites, ana samun yawancin orchids. Don flora na ƙananan tiers, caulifloria yana da halayyar - bayyanar inflorescences ba akan rassan ba, amma a kan kututturan.
Ana kiran gandun daji na Kudancin Amurka selva. Sun fi arzikin dajin Afirka girma a cikin iri da kuma nau'in dabbobi.
Muhimmancin gandun daji na dantse a duniyar tamu
Dazuzzukan Equatorial suna da mahimmanci duka daga yanayin tsinkaye da tattalin arziƙi.
Kayan albarkatun kasa don samar da masana'antu sune sassan tsire-tsire iri iri:
An yi mai daga dabino mai,
itacen wasu bishiyoyi (alal misali, ebony) yana da darajar gaske ga halayen ado, yana zuwa samar da kayayyaki masu tsada,
Itace da ruwan 'ya'yan itace na tsire-tsire da yawa shine albarkatun ƙasa don magunguna.
Tsarin daji mai mahimmanci abu ne na binciken kimiyya. Yanayin da ke nan yana da wadatar cewa masana kimiyya a kowace shekara suna gano sabon nau'in dabbobi da kwayoyin tsirrai.
Muhimmancin muhalli na duniya ne. Ukuran dusar ƙanƙan ruwa sune ɗayan manyan tushen oxygen a duniya. Abin takaici, ga dalilin amfani da masana'antu, an sare babban yanki na gandun daji.
Akwai babban haɗarin lalacewa gaba ɗaya na dazuzzukan daji, kamar yadda ya faru da duffan gandun daji, a wurin wanda yanzu yankuna kasuwanci suke. Take hakkin dorewar halittun gandun daji babbar matsala ce ta lokacinmu, wacce zata iya zama bala'in muhalli.
Flora na gandun daji na Equatorial
Forestan kurna na Equatorial don mafi yawan ɓangarorin sun ƙunshi bishiyoyi masu rauni marasa ƙarfi tare da katako mai tsawo. Haushi bishiyoyi na bakin ciki. A kan toho, rassan har ma da ganyayyaki da yawa, sauran tsirrai sun zauna. Dukkanin bishiyun daji suna da yanke shawara kuma suna cikin bishiyoyi.
Shahararrun shahararrun wakilan duniya na shuka shine mai ayaba.
- "Bamboo" creeper.
The harbe wannan nau'in creeper kai 20 m.
Liana wani tsiro ne mai magani don gajiyawar zuciya.
Itaciyar zazzaɓi mai ɗauke da ƙwayar physostigmine da aka yi amfani da ita wajen lura da glaucoma. A cikin gandun daji na Equatorial, an gano yawancin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa da abubuwan lura.
'Ya'yan shuka sun fada cikin tsinken bishiyar bishiyar da ke tsiro. Ficus, girma, yana kewaye da akwati da kuma rassan bishiyar. Sakamakon irin wannan harin, itaciyar ta daina yin girma kuma a hankali ta lalace.
- Hevea ɗan asalin Brazil ne da ficus na roba.
Shahararren Hevea da roba ficus suna cikin buƙatu saboda ruwan “Milk” nasu, wanda aka samar da roba ta halitta.
- Ceiba (itace "Auduga").
Itacen ya yi girma har zuwa m 70 70. Ana yin sabulu daga ƙwayoyin mai mai. Fruitsa fruitsan itaciyar suna haifar da fiber mai kama a cikin kayan haɗin auduga. Yana aiki azaman filler don kayan ɗaki, matashin kai da kayan wasa. Hakanan, ana amfani da ɗumbin ƙwayar fibrous na 'ya'yan itatuwa azaman zafi da ƙarancin walƙiya.
- "Dabino" dabino.
Ana samun mai daga 'ya'yan itaciyarsa. Ana samar da nau'ikan sabulu daban-daban daga gare ta. Maganin shafawa da kirim shima an shirya shi akan yadda ya kamata. Baya ga amfani da kayan kwalliya, ana amfani da shi azaman kayan ƙasa don kera kyandir da margarine. Ruwan wannan dabino ya bugu sabo da gwangwani. Ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya dace da shirye-shiryen sha giya.
- Banana dabino
- Itace "Kawa".
- Dabino "Rattan".
Wani babban akwati ne na dabino ya kewaya bishiyoyi da kamar igiya mai girma.
- A zestrel ne m.
Itace Itace tayi amfani da kayan masarufi domin samar da abubuwan sigari.
Duniyar dabbobi ta gandun daji
Ba gandun daji na Equatorial ba kawai flora masu arziki ba, har ma suna da fauna. Akwai kusan 2/3 na nau'ikan dabbobi a duniyar tamu. Dabbobi da yawa sun saba da rayuwa "a saman". A cikin rawanin bishiyoyi zaka iya samun kwayoyi, berries, 'ya'yan itatuwa. Babban bene yana kare kai daga harin daga sauran dabbobi.
Yana aiki a matsayin gida don ƙananan dabbobi:
- birai
- lemurs
- sloths
- wakilan cat cat.
Manyan firam suna zaune a ƙananan matakan. Anan akwai fruitsa fruitsan itaciya da shootsa shootsan harbe da suka faɗo daga bishiyoyi Wakilin dangin cat - suna jagoranci ɓarnar masu hasashen da ke faruwa a cikin tsaunin bala'i.
Jaguars da cougars sun zama ruwan dare a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Jaguar yana buƙatar ƙasa mai nisa don farauta. A cikin duniyar wayewa ta zamani, girman ƙasa don farauta yana raguwa kowace shekara. Yawan ƙananan nau'ikan daga wannan an rage hankali.
Yankunan Yammacin Afirka suna ƙarƙashin zaki da damisa. A yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, mamaye mallakar damisa ne da damisa. A cikin tropics na Amurka, "arachnid" birai da howlers suna gama gari.
Wakilan magabata sun zauna a Afirka:
Lambunan Kudancin Asiya suna zaune ne a cikin gibbons da lemuran.
Pythons sun yadu a Afirka da Asiya. Abu ne mai sauki mu hadu da wani anaconda a cikin dajin Amazon. Macizai masu guba suna yaɗu a kudu da tsakiyar Amurka: “mai-daji” da “murjani” macizai. Mutumin zama na dindindin na gandun daji na Afirka - na cobra, kuma galibi ana samun sa a Asiya. Ruwan gandun daji na Amurka, wanda ke zaune da alligators da caimans. Giwaye suna zaune a yankin Afirka.
Banbancin fauna yana cike da nau'in tsuntsaye iri iri.
Daga cikin su:
- nectary
- bananoe
- Turaco
- hummingbird
- mikiya "biri-ci".
Mikiya da ke farautar birrai suna zaune a cikin dazuzzukan Philippines. Theaukar nauyin tsuntsu ya kai kilogiram 7, fuka-fukin tsuntsu yakai 2. A dangi tare da kajin yana buƙatar ƙasa don farauta daga 30 m² zuwa 40 m². A halin yanzu, tare da raguwa a yankuna 'farauta', nau'in ya kusan karewa.
Muhimmancin gandun daji na dabbar duniya
Muhimmancin gandun daji na daɗaɗɗe yana da girma; suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye daidaitattun abubuwan yanayi.
- Oxygen samar.
An gane gandun daji na Equatorial a matsayin "huhun" duniyar tamu. Tare da aiki da carbon dioxide, suna samar da misalin 1/3 na oxygen.
- Matsayin Climate.
Unguwannin ruwan sama suna da alhakin kwantar da yanayi a doron ƙasa kuma suna gida dubun dabbobin da ba su da yawa. Bugu da kari, suna samar da ruwan sama na yau da kullun.
Muhimmiyar darajar gandun daji na kwastomomi na dogaro da kimiyarsu.
- Abokin gaba ga mazaunan kabilun gandun daji.
Baya ga sanannun sanannun tsire-tsire da dabbobin da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga masana kimiyya, kabilun mutane da ba a san su ba suna zaune a yankin dazuzzukan daji.
- Tsarin ƙasa
Dajin na daidaiton ƙasa yana kiyaye ƙasa. Yaduwar sa yana hana yiwuwar filayen hamada. Bayan gobarar da akai-akai da tsabtacewa, wuraren dajin ya juya zuwa cikin savannas ko manyan fararen hatsi.
Barazanar wayewa ga guillas
Barazanar ci gaba da wanzuwa na guillas ba wai kawai ya ci gaba da wanzuwa ba ne, har ma yana girma cikin sikeli. Rashin gandun daji na musamman, a cewar masana kimiyya, yana da sakamako wanda ba a iya tursasawa ga lafiyar “sauyin” duniya.
- Rage cikin iskar oxygen.
Yankin daji na Equatorial suna da alhakin kasancewar isasshen oxygen a cikin iska duk shekara. Nakaske gandun daji da sarrafa irin wannan gandun daji zai haifar da mummunar lalacewa a cikin tsarin iska. A yau, an rasa sassan gandun daji. A wurinsu, mutum ya dasa noman kofi. An lalata itatuwan dabino na mai da roba mai ɗumbin yawa.
Sai kawai a cikin gandun daji na Equatorial ne bishiyoyi ke girma waɗanda masana'antun kayayyaki masu ɗorewa da kyawawan kayayyaki masu tamani. Buƙatar kyawawan kayan albarkatu na haifar da zubar da dazuzzukan gandun daji m.
A yau, babu hani akan faduwar masana'antu na nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu mahimmanci. Yankin dazuzzuka a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya ragu, yankunansu na ci gaba da raguwa, a matsakaita, da kashi 1.3% a shekara.
Destructionarin hallaka mutum mai wayewar kai dazuzzukan daji zai haifar da ƙarancin oxygen.
- Inara cikin matsakaicin yanayin zafi.
Aarancin haɓakar carbon dioxide na yanayi sakamakon lalacewar mahaukata, a cewar masana kimiyya, bayan shekaru 45 na iya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka matsakaicin matsakaiciyar duniya ta 2 ° C
- Narkewa kankara.
Increaseara yawan zazzabi zai ƙara saurin yiwuwar narkewar dusar kankara na poan itacen Antarctica, da kankara na tekun Arctic. Haɓaka matakan ruwa suna barazanar ambaliyar ƙasashe masu nisa a duniya.
- Yaɗuwar filayen hamada.
Foreanƙarar daji mai ɗorewa koyaushe yana kiyaye ƙasa akan tayi girma. Danshi da kula da tsarin ƙasa ya hana fara hamada a ƙasashe da ke Equatorial. Rushe murfin ciyayi na yankuna na kasar Equatorial zai haifar da rushewar yanayin lokacin ruwa da kuma magudanan koguna. Canji a cikin ƙasa zai fara.
Rushe dazuzzuka a kan masana'antu yana ci gaba sosai. Fiye da kadada miliyan 10 na gandun daji ana cinye su a duniya a shekara. Yankin dazuƙun daji da aka gama ya yi daidai da yankuna huɗu na Beljam.
A cikin Jamhuriyar Kongo, yankin da ke kiyaye dazuzzuka kawai kashi 60% ne na duk yankin “gandun daji”. A irin wannan yanayi, an tilasta wa jihohi sarrafa sarrafa girbi da gabatar da ƙuntatawa kan fitar da itace. Shuke-shuke a karkashin ikon jihar. A cikin gandun daji hamada, bishiyar eucalyptus ana shuka su sosai.
Ana ɗaukar matakan kiyaye ingancin gandun daji a Afirka ta Tsakiya:
Yankunan daji na waɗannan jihohin, don hana barazanar lalata gandun daji, an ayyana wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa.
Lambunan daji na Equatorial wata halitta ce ta musamman. Gilea - mai wadataccen tsirrai da fauna wani yanki ne mai mahimmin bangare na lalatattun keɓaɓɓun yanayin duniya. Tsarancin mutane a ciki yakamata ya zama mai hankali, iyakantacce kuma da niyyar kare gandun daji.
Tsarin rubutu: Mila Friedan