Reshen Pyrenees - Pyrenees National Park, Faransa

Lu'u-lu'u irin na yawon shakatawa a Faransa shine Pyrenees Reserve ko Pyrenees National Park. Ya ƙunshi sama da murabba'in kilomita 400 kuma ya haɗa da wani yanki na tsaunin Pyrenees. Wadannan wurare ana daukar su ajiyar abubuwa ne tun shekarar 1967.

Reserve na Pyrenees na Faransa (Pyrenees filin shakatawa na kasa) Yana ɗayan wurare na ƙarshe a Kudancin Turai inda aka samo bera mai launin ruwan kasa. Baya ga bears, akwai lynxes, da barewa, da awaki na dutse, da kuma gaggafa, da tsuntsaye, da kuma manyan bijimai.

Abubuwan shimfidar wurare na shahararrun Pyrenees Reserve na musamman ne. Kuna iya ganin wuraren saukar ruwa da tabkuna masu zurfi, ciyawar makiyaya da kogunan dusar ƙanƙara. A kan iyakar ajiyar yanki shine mafi girman sashin Faransancin waɗannan duwatsun - Somme du Vinemale. Ya kai tsawo na 3300 m. Pyrenees Reserve yana cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO.

Wurin yana da hanyoyin zirga-zirga masu yawa - duka suna tafiya da daidaitawa don hawan keke. Hawan titin hular hawa yawanci ake kwantawa, a tattake kuma alama, saboda haka kusan bashi yiwuwa a bata.

Utswanƙolin tsaunin dutse, inda zaku huta ku sami abun ciye-ciye, ku haye kan hanya. A Bean bears ba sa shiga wuraren “shakatawa” mafi yawan wuraren ajiyar wuri, amma barewa, hargitsi da ciyawar ƙasa ana iya ganin su a cikin mazauninsu na asali. Hakanan akwai raguna na gida da yawa da ke kiwo ba tare da yardar rai ba.

Koyaya, duk masu yawon shakatawa a wannan yankin an shawarce su da su tashi cikin dare a bukkoki, kuma ba cikin alfarwansu a tsakiyar gandun daji: haɗuwa da beyar ba tabbas ba ne, amma zai yuwu.

"Cibiyar yawon bude ido" Reshen Yanayi na Iberian - Wannan shi ne garin Cotere, ba kusa da Lourdes - wannan shine inda yawancin hanyoyin fara. Anan zaka iya siyan ko hayar kayan aikin da ake buƙata ko yarda da sabis na jagora.

Cotere - karamin gari, babu mazaunan sama da dubu ɗaya da rabi, kodayake a lokacin bazara yana iya ɗauka kamar maƙil. Maganin maɓuɓɓugan ƙwayar warkarwa suna nan, don haka bayan tafiya mai hauhawar dutse yana yiwuwa a shakata kuma a inganta lafiyarku.

Alamomin waje na gaggawar Iberian

Kwakwalwa Pyrenees babban tsuntsu ne na ganga 85 cm kuma fuka-fuki na 190-210 cm.Haka mai nauyi daga 3000 zuwa 3500 g.

Pyrenean Eagle (Akwatin adalberti)

A launi da plumage na tsuntsu na ganima ne kusan gaba daya launin ruwan kasa - m, a kan wannan bango spots na wanda bai bi ka'ida ko doka ba launi farin launi fito a matakin kafada. Jiki na sama mai launin ruwan kasa duhu sosai, wani lokacin tare da sautunan launin ja a cikin baya na sama.

Siffar kai da wuya yana da launin shuɗi ko kirim mai tsami, kuma ana hango shi nesa nesa fari, musamman a tsoffin gaggafa. Gashin fuka-fukan fuska suna launin ruwan kasa, wasu lokuta kusan baki. Abubuwa masu rarrabe sune farar shugabanci na fuka-fuki da kuma farin fararen tabo a kafada. Desaƙƙarfan siffofin halayen sun bambanta da irin shekarun gaggafa. A ɓangaren ɓangaren wutsiya shine launin toka mai haske, galibi kusan fari ko kuma tare da layin da aka lalace cikin launin ruwan kasa, tare da yaduwar baki da fari. Iris ne mai goro. Da kakin zuma mai launin shuɗi, launi iri ɗaya da paws.

Pyrenean gaggafa kawai lokacin da yake da shekaru 6-8 ya samo launi na karshe na plumage

Tsuntsayen matasa suna rufe da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, tare da ƙwayar fata mai narkewa, da launi iri iri na sacrum. Wutsiyar na iya zama launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi tare da rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Koyaya, launin launi yana canzawa bayan molt na farko. Idan an tashi, ana bambanta ɗan fitila a gashin gashin fuka-fukan farko. Iris mai duhu launin ruwan kasa. Wax da kafafu kafafu. A shekaru biyu zuwa uku a cikin samarin gaggafa, fuka-fukan gashin launi mai duhu suna bayyana. Hauka, kirji da fikafikan su har ila yau suna da launin rawaya.

Umwaya, kamar yadda a cikin gaggafa na manya, a ƙarshe ya bayyana yana da shekaru 6 - 8.

Yawancin ugo na Pyrenees gaggafa

Ana samo gaggawar Iberian a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka, amma ba a tsauni mai tsayi ba. Don fara'a, yana zaɓan wurare a ƙasan gangara tare da manyan itatuwa. Ana samunsa a ƙasa mai nisa tsakanin filayen da ciyayi waɗanda ke da bishiyoyi masu saukin ganewa. Yawan halaye saboda yawan ganima. Sabili da haka, rukunin wuraren zama na iya samun ƙaramin yanki a gaban abinci. A karkashin waɗannan yanayin, nisan da ke tsakanin nakanan ƙanana ne.

Ana samo gaggawar Iberian a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka, amma ba a tsauni mai tsayi ba.

A kudu maso yamma na Iberian Peninsula, sau da yawa nunin beran Iberian Eagle, pentan Ashin Eagle da na Imperial Eagle suna kusa da juna. An yi bayanin wannan tsari ta yalwar wannan yanki na zomaye da tsuntsaye, waɗanda suke da matukar muhimmanci a cikin abincin tsuntsayen ganima.

Yaduwar Pygnees gaggafa

Eagungiyar Iberian Eagle tana ɗaya daga cikin gaggafa-gaggafa akan yankin Turai kuma yana zaune ne kawai a Penasar Iberian Peninsula. Yana jagorantar tsarin rayuwa, yana yin movementsan ƙaramin motsi cikin mazauninsu don neman abinci.

Pygnean gaggafa - ɗayan gaggafa masu saukar ungulu a kan turai

Siffofin halayyar Pyrenees

An bambanta gaggafa ta Pyrenean ta karfin ikonta na kama ganima da gudu, amma babu wata karamar tsuntsu mai tsinkaye tsalle da kananan tsuntsaye daga saman duniya. Ya fi son farauta a wuraren da ba a buɗe ba, an hana shi busasshen ciyayi. Jirgin sama da farautar gaggafa da ake yi da Pyrenees yana faruwa ne a wani matsakaicin tsawo. Lokacin da maharbi ya hango abin da ya farauto, sai ya mutu ya fara ganima. Yayin tashin jirgi, mikiya a hankali tana yin bincike a yankin.

An bambanta mikiya ta Iberian ta ikonta na musamman na kama ganima da gudu

Bayanin

Wannan babban raptor ne kuma babban ƙaho, gaba ɗaya yana da girmansa ga cousinan uwan ​​shi, wurin jana'izar sa, wanda yake cikin kewayon rarrabawa daban daban. Idan aka kwatanta da juyayi maimakon manyan gaggafa da aka ɗora, yana da ɗan ƙaramin gaggafa fiye da yadda gaggafa take da ɗan girma fiye da yadda gaggafa take a Bonelli. Filin binne mutanen Spain na iya yin nauyi daga kilogiram 2.5 zuwa 4.8 (5.5 zuwa 10.6), tare da matsakaicin nauyin kilogram 3.19 zuwa 3.93 (nauyin 7.0 zuwa 8.7). Wannan nau'in yana da tsawon tsayi daga cm 74 zuwa 85 (inci 29 zuwa 33) da kuma fikafikai 177 zuwa 220 cm (5 ƙafa 10 cikin ƙafa 7 inci 3). Wani dattijo yayi kama da wurin binnewa kuma yana iya bayarda waje a hanun gaggafa (musamman idan an hango nesa), amma gaba ɗayan launi mai duhu fiye da kowane launin fata mai duhu wanda ke shimfiɗa har zuwa makogwaro.

Kamar wurin binnewa, tsofaffi suna da farar farar farar fata a kafada da kuma jagoran gaba na reshe kuma sun fi payan launi kamar Taun a bayan kai da rawanin, sabanin launin rawaya na zinariya a wannan yanki a cikin gaggafa ta zinare. Hankalin kabari na kasar Sipaniya ya sha bamban sosai da tsofaffi da sauran manyan masu tsinkaye a cikin wannan yanki, kasancewar kullun suna sanye da kayan, farin yashi mai launin shuɗi, da bambanci tare da manyan launuka masu launin fata a saman da ƙananan bangarorin fuka-fukan. Karami fiye da ɗan ƙaramin gaggafa gwal da aka samo akan Iberian Peninsula, ya fi sauƙi da walƙiya a bayyanar idan aka kwatanta shi da nau'ikan zinare mafi ƙarfi, tare da dogon wuya, kuma ɗaukar martaba mai fadowa mai fa'ida a cikin jirgin sama fiye da yadda aka yi amfani da dihedral na hankula na zinari. mikiya.

Ganuwa

Tana zaune a tsakiya da kudu maso yamma na Spain da yankuna kewaye da Fotugal, a cikin Iberian Peninsula. Fortarfinta yana cikin tsibiran Dehesa na tsakiyar da kudu maso yammacin Spain, alal misali, a cikin Extremadura, Ciudad Real da yankuna a arewacin Huelva da Seville Sierra Norte. Filin binne mutanen Spain mazaunin jinsuna ne, ya bambanta da wani yanki na binne gawa. Kyakkyawan bayyanar a Marokko mai rikitarwa ne, amma tsuntsaye masu girma da yawa sukan ziyarci Maroko a lokacin watsawa.

An samu karuwar adadin tsuntsayen bata gari da aka haifa a Spain sannan kuma a kan kujerar lantarki a Maroko, a wasu wuraren da aka yi amfani da nau'in halittu a Marokko na iya zama wani "rubewa" dangane da batun dawo da nau'in halittu, kuma wannan ya faru ne sakamakon gaskiyar cewa kasar ta tsaya cak irin wannan halin da Spain ta kasance a farkon 1980 lokacin da ya zo ga keɓance hasumiya hasumiya. Tsuntsayen tsuntsayen har ma sun isa Mauritania da Senegal. Arewa game da yanayinsu na al'ada, tarkuna sun isa har zuwa Netherlands a wani lokacin da ba a saba ba.

Ilimin lafiyar dabbobi

Gidajen daji mafi yawanci suna bushe, dazuzzuka daji waɗanda suke amfani da su wurin zama da kaɗaici, amma mafi yawan lokuta kusanci ne kusa da ramuka mai ban tsoro da ciyayi, inda galibi ake samun mai da hankali. Gafara ga mutane, yawanci suna kan gado ne kawai a lokacin da ɗan adam yake yin ƙasa kaɗan. Kamar yawancin magabatansu, yan ƙasa ne sosai kuma sunada iya tsawan yanayin kwanciyar hankali na gida. Furannin gaggafa na Sifen daga gida zuwa Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu Nesting steam zai gina gida har tsawon 1.5 m (4.9 ft) a taron farko, wanda zai haifar da haɓaka lokaci, musamman ma a cikin girma itacen toshe itacen oak ko Kaya. Girman kama shine yawanci 2 zuwa 3, tare da lokacin shiryawa na kusan kwanaki 43, amma a matsakaita an samar da kajin na 1.23-1.4 a cikin mazaunin. Mutuwar Nestling, a matsayin mai mulki, saboda tashin hankali da lalacewar ɗan adam da gida ya faɗi baya, kuma na biyu saboda tsinkaye da ɓarna. An kai matashin mai yawan shekaru 63-77 na shekaru, amma ƙananan yara zasu iya jurewa na dogon lokaci, aƙalla kwanaki 160 bayan rushewar.

Yana ciyarwa akasari akan zomaye na Turai, wanda yakai kusan kashi 58% na abincin wannan nau'in kafin cutar myxomatosis da cutar zomo, ƙabilar Iberian ta asalin tana raguwa sosai. Yayin da yawan zomo ya fadi, ana rikodin su suna cin abinci mai fadi iri daban-daban tare da nasarori daban-daban dangane da yawan alƙaluma kuma suna iya zama kwararrun mafarautan ruwa masu ruwa, musamman Eurasiyan tumatur, duwatsun geese, da shan wasu lambobin riba, tattabara da rago da dai sauran su. tsuntsu da suka faru da shi, wanda yake shi ne saurin kaiwa hari. Fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 60 an san cewa suna da yawa a cikin abincinsu. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa wasu lokuta ciki har da tsokoki daban-daban, hares, garken dabbobi, shinge, har ma da sauran manyan masu farauta, kamar su karnuka-da wuya, tunda ba a yawancin lokaci ake samun su a mazauninsu, kuliyoyin gida da ƙananan karnuka. Da wuya, dabbobi masu rarrafe ko ma kifi ma za a iya farauta. Mafi girman ganima da wannan nau'in zai iya wucewa ya kai kilogiram 3.3 (7.3 lbs), kamar su dawakai, Greylag geese ko farin storks, amma matsakaicin ganima yana da ƙanana, musamman a wuraren da ke da karancin zomaye. Studyaya daga cikin binciken ya nuna matsakaicin yawan adadin 450 g (0.99 lb) a cikin gida, kodayake an ba da rahoton matsakaicin girma.

Filin binne mutanen Spain yana ɗaya daga zomaye da yawa da suka fi dacewa da tsuntsayen ganima a Spain tare da irin wannan kwararrun na Iberian trot. Wannan nau'in an rarrabe shi da mazauninsa daga sauran gaggafa wadanda suka kware a zomaye anan don rage gasar kai tsaye, kamar yadda makabartar take fifita gandun daji, yayin da gaggafa da dabbakun tsuntsaye suke zaune a wuri mai duwatsu. Koyaya, gaggafa na Isniyanci yakan yi rikici a kan abinci tare da masu farauta da yawa, har ma da manyan tsuntsaye, da masu fyaɗe a wasu lokuta suna ƙoƙarin kashe matasa daga junan su. A cikin yanayi ɗaya, don kare nasu mazaunin, wani gidan binne Mutanen Espanya har ma ya kashe asarar ash, mafi girma a duniya. Fuskokin gaggafa masu saukar ungulu na Isbaaniya masu tashi lafiya, masu cin gashin kansu, suna da yawa a cikin masu hasara, amma galibi suna kashe junan su a rikice-rikice kuma da wuya rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice ma zasu iya zama asara. Lokacin da aka kariya daga tursasa ɗan adam da nesa daga barazanar kamar layin wuta, mace-mace na iya zama kamar 3-5,4% a shekara.

Kiyayewa

An tsara nau'ikan dabbobi azaman cutarwa ta hanyar IASB. Barazana sun haɗa da asarar mazauninsu, mamayewar ɗan adam, haɗuwa tare da dala (a wani lokaci a farkon 1980s, layin watsa wutar lantarki wanda aka kashe 80% na mutuwar tsuntsaye a farkon shekarar rayuwa) da guba ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Hakanan akwai raguwa a cikin babban ganima game da wannan nau'in: zomaye suna cikin tsoro ko ma sun rage a wasu wuraren da gaggafa ko kuma suna iya kasancewa a sakamakon myxomatosis kuma, kwanan nan, cutar cututtukan zomo.

Zuwa 1960, ya zama nau'in lamuni mai haɗarin gaske, tare da ragowar 30 nau'i-nau'i, duk suna cikin Spain. Bayan kokarin kiyayewa, an maido da su a cikin 1980s a cikin adadin sabbin nau'i biyu na kiwo a kowace shekara har zuwa 1994. A shekara ta 2011, yawan mutanen duniya Vidova ya karu zuwa nau'i-nau'i 324, nau'i-nau'i 318 a Spain. Yankuna sun farfado a Portugal a 2003, bayan rashin kiwo fiye da shekaru 20, da haɓaka a hankali, tunda tare da nau'ikan kiwo shida waɗanda ke cikin shekarar 2011 da tara a 2012, yawan jama'a a Spain sun nuna matsakaicin karuwar s shekara. 7% tsakanin 1990 da 2011 Wadannan halayen kyawawan halayen ana danganta su ne da matakan raguwa don rage mace-macen da ke tattare da layin watsa wutar lantarki, ciyarwa, ramawa daga wuraren girke-girke, sake sarrafawa da raguwa da keta hakkin kiwo, kodayake wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka lura na iya zama hade da ƙarin bincike mai zurfi a cikin kewayon su.

Farfagandar da gaggafa ta Pyrenees

Lokacin kiwo na gaggafa na Pyrenean ya fadi a bazara. A wannan lokacin, tsuntsaye suna yin saukar da jirgi, wanda ba su da bambanci sosai da sauran jiragen sama na sauran nau'in gaggafa. Tsuntsaye biyu suna haɓaka cikin iska tare da tsawa da ƙaramin kuka. Namiji da miji suna nutsuwa da juna, kuma wanda yake ƙanƙan da baya ya juya kafadarsa ya gabatar da fikafikan sa ga abokin tarayya.

Gida wani babban tsari ne da ake iya ganin sa daga nesa, yawanci ana kan shi itacen oak ne wanda ba kowa.

Kowane nau'in gaggafa na Pyrenean yana da, a matsayin mai mulki, biyu biyu, uku, wanda yake amfani dashi bi da bi. Girman girman gida yakai mita daya da rabi ta santimita 60, amma waɗannan ƙarancin halayen suna aiki ne kawai don abubuwan da aka gina da farko. Wadancan shimfidar tsuntsaye wanda tsuntsaye ke yin shugabana shekaru da yawa a jere da sauri sun zama manya-manyan tsari waɗanda suka kai mita biyu a diamita da zurfin iri ɗaya. An gina su da busassun rassan kuma an yi su tare da busassun ciyawa da rassan kore. Dukkanin tsuntsayen manya sun tattara kayan, amma mace tana ginawa musamman.

Lokacin kiwo na gaggafa na Pyrenees ya fadi a bazara

Gina sabon gida yana daɗewa; ba a san tsawon lokacin da wannan aikin yake gudana ba. Amma kwankwatin rassan yana hanzarta, musamman kwanaki ashirin kafin kwanciya ta farko. Gyarawa ko maido da tsohuwar gida wadda aka riga aka yi amfani da ita a shekarun da suka gabata na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 10 zuwa 15, wani lokacin kuma.

A watan Mayu, macen ta sanya kwai ɗaya ko uku na launin farar fata tare da launin ruwan kasa da ƙananan dige na launin toka ko shunayya, sautunan launin ruwan kasa.

Yin kiyayya yana farawa bayan sanya na biyu. A kowane hali, kamar yadda ka sani, kajin farko na farko guda biyu sun bayyana kusan lokaci guda, yayin da na ukun kawai bayan kwana hudu. Mace da namiji suna sanya kama tsawon kwanaki 43, kodayake, akasari, mace tana zaune akan ƙwai.

Lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, matasa gaggafa an rufe su da gashin fuka-fukan farko.Bayan kwanaki 55, sun cika jingina, tsofaffin kajin sun bar gida kuma suka kasance kan rassan bishiyar, sauran zuriya sun tashi bayan 'yan kwanaki. Icksaƙƙarfan kajin suna zama kusa da gida, kuma a lokaci-lokaci su koma zuwa itacen. Tsuntsayen manya manya ba sa kora su tsawon watanni. Sannan tsuntsayen sun rabu da juna kuma suna rayuwa da kansu.

Abincin abincin gaggafa na Pyrenees ya bambanta sosai

Ciyar da Iberian Eagle Ciyar

Abincin abincin gaggafa na Pyrenees yana da bambanci kuma ya ƙunshi dabbobi masu shayarwa masu matsakaici, amma, tushen abinci shine ƙarnataccen zomaye da zuriya. Maƙiyan da ke gashin tsuntsaye ba ta barin tsuntsaye masu matsakaicin matsakaici, musamman maɓallin gado da quails. Farauta don masu maye Ana kwashe gawawwakin da gawawwakin gawawwakin dabbobi. Yankin goatsan rago ko laman raguna da alama ba za a iya kaiwa hari ba, amma maharbin yana da isassun gawawwakin da ke kwance a ƙasa. A wasu yanayi, gaggafa Pyrenean tana cin kifi da manyan kwari.

Matsayin kiyayewa na gaggafa

An rubuta gaggawar Iberian a cikin Shafi CITES I da II. An gano mahimmancin yankuna 24 na nau'ikan halittu:

Rukuni shafuka 107 da doka ta ba da kariya (yankuna masu kariya da na EU), wanda ke zaune kashi 70% na yawan tsuntsayen da ba a sani ba. An fitar da Tsarin Turai na Kare Iberian Eagle a cikin 1996 kuma aka sabunta shi a cikin 2008. Kusan Euro miliyan 2.6 aka kashe don hana mutuwar tsuntsayen karo tare da layin wutar lantarki.

Controlarjin gida da ingantattun yanayin kiwo sun sami sakamako mai kyau An saki kananan tsuntsaye 73 a Cadiz a wani bangare na shirin maido da yawan jama'a, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2012, nau'ikan kiwo biyar suna zaune a lardin. Koyaya, duk da matakan da aka ɗauka, gaggafa Pyrenees suna ci gaba da mutuwa sakamakon girgiza wutar lantarki.

Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.