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Nau'in dabbobi: Placerias - mafarin dabbobi masu shayarwa

Placerias (Placerias) - babban dicynodont, wanda ya rayu a ƙarshen Triassic (shekaru miliyan 221-210). An gano farkon kasusuwa na kashin Placerias a adibas na Carney a Arewacin Amurka (Arizona). Lucas ya fara bayyana shi a cikin shekarar 1904 kuma yana wakiltar jinsunan Placerias hesternus ne kawai.

Placerias na gidan Kannemeyeridae ne. Shi babban wakili ne na wannan rukunin marigayi lokacin rayuwarsu a duniya.

Tsohon dicynodont ya samar da kwanyar da ke da babban crest a bayan kai. Placerias Kakakin beki alama ce ta halayyar duk abubuwan dicynodonts.

Placerias (lat.Placerias)

Idan babu tatsuniyoyi, sun kasance suna da karfi sosai, musamman ma a cikin maza, fiz-like jaws. Jimlar dabbar ta kasance nisan mita 3, tsayin 1.6 m. Tare da nauyinsa kimanin tan.

Kasusuwa na Placerias.

Placerias yana da jiki mai sulɓi tare da bsan ƙafa mai ƙarfi da gajeru wutsiya. An danganta ne da nazarin sashen occipital bangare na kwanyar, masana ilimin burbushin halittu sun kammala da cewa larabaci ya ciyar da ciyayi. Gashinsa mai kaifi da kaifin karfi na iya taimakawa dabbar ta kwantar da haushi daga bishiyoyi. Yawancin samfuran burbushin dabbobi da aka samo, har da kwafinsu suna ba da labarin garken waɗannan halittun. Mutane daban-daban na Placerias suna nuna alamar dimorphism a cikin haɓaka haɓaka.

Girman Placerias.

Plaabi'ar Placerini tana wakilta ta hanyar ƙarin dicynodonts guda biyu - Mogreberia (Moghreberia) daga lokacin Late Triassic (Maroko) da Ishigualastia (Ischigualastia jenseni) daga lokacin Carney (Argentina). Dicynodonts iri biyu suna da yawa kuma suna kama da Placerias. Bambance-bambance suna cikin tsarin kwanyar. Mogreberia tana da tsintsayen gaske, Ishigualastia ba ta da tsumma kuma ƙoshin muƙamula ba su da girma. Koyaya, Ishigualastia shine mafi girman ɗayan dicynodonts kuma auna nauyi fiye da tan.

Model Placerias.

A zamanin Karney, an sami babban karnuka. Wakilan waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe - ravizuhi da presozuhi da alama sun farauta dicynodonts. A cikin kasarmu, a cikin yankin Orenburg, lokacin rami na Tsakiyar Triassic, an gano abubuwa guda na babban muƙamuƙin wani ƙaramin dicinodont mai kama da Placerias. Misalin da aka samo ana kiran shi Edaxosaurus edentatus.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.

Mammalization of theiodonts

A karo na farko, Tatarinov yayi magana game da wannan ra'ayi a 1976. Shine mutumin - da ya lura da alamun alamun shayar da dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin kungiyoyin terapsids, synapsids da therioonts. Bayan dan lokaci kadan, sai ya danganta fahimtar sunan daya daga cikin halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Asali da juyin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa daga tsohuwar duniya zuwa zamani, a cewar masu binciken, an fara ne shekaru miliyan 225 da suka gabata. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa wasu wakilan duniyar dabbobi sun sami damar haɓaka ƙimar kuzarinsu, ƙara yawan zafin jikinsu gabaɗaya da kuma ikon tsara shi da kansu. Sabbin dabarun hade da canje-canje a cikin jirgin sama na zahiri:

• A samuwar auditory ossicles.
• Tsawan tsokoki na kayan muƙamuƙi.
• Canje-canje na haƙori.
• Wani kashin sashi na biyu wanda aka kirkira, yayi godiya wanda yawancin dabbobi sun sami damar numfashi yayin cin abinci.
• Zuciya ta kasu gida biyu, saboda haka akasari jini da jini ba su gauraya ba.

Bayyanar dabbobi masu shayarwa

Late Cretaceous an san shi da gaskiyar cewa a wannan lokacin ne dabbobi masu shayarwa suka bayyana. Wakilan tsoffin, a zahiri, kwari ne na nau'ikan halittu. Fuskokinsu sun yi kama da juna: wata halitta mai farin jini a mahaifa mai launin toka da yatsun kafa biyar. Fuskar elongated tana da kamannin proboscis kuma ya taimaka wa dabbobin neman kwari da tsutsa.

Yawancin burbushin halitta an samo su ne a cikin cretaceous ajiya na Mongolia da Asia ta Tsakiya. Kakanninsu ana kiransu dabbobi masu rarrafe. Wannan rukuni ne ya samar da jigon halittar halittar dabbobi. Daga cikin su, wakilan masu lalata sun bayyana, wanda ya zama mafi kusa ga dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Synapsids

Zamanin Mesozoic ya kirkiro duk yanayi don jindadin dabbobi masu rarrafe tare da duk abubuwan da aka saba da su na masu maye. Tarihi ya tuna da su a ƙarƙashin sunan "dinosaurs." Dabbobin suna ƙoƙarin yin rayuwa a tsakanin su, don haka an tilasta su su rage girman jikinsu, rage yawan su kuma shiga cikin inuwa, sun mamaye wani yanki na halitta na gaba, suna ba da fifiko ga sauran dabbobin. Sanarwar tasu zata fara ne daga baya sakamakon canjin yanayi da kuma haifar da pangolins.

Dictodon

Shekarun da aka gano ya ragu daga shekaru miliyan 252. Wannan ɗayan dabbobin da suka fi tsufa ne, waɗanda suke da haɓaka a cikin ƙananan muƙamuƙin. Tsawon jikinsa bai wuce santimita 80 ba. Diictodon ya rayu a yankin Turai ta zamani tun kafin bayyanar dinosaur na farko. Da yawa daga baya, daga gare shi ne magabatan dabbobi masu shayarwa suka hau.

Dvinia

Wannan jigilar dabba ce mai siffar dabba, wadda take da reshen cynodonts. Lokacinsu shine ƙarshen lokacin Permian. An samo ragowar farko a yankin Arkhangelsk. Kasusuwa kimanin shekara miliyan 250 kenan. Masu bincike sunyi imani da cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko sun fito ne daga gare su.

Wannan dabbar tana da santimita 50 a tsayi. Yana da mayafin ulu da haƙora mai kama da tsarin zuwa kayan aikin muƙamuƙi na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Abubuwa na dabam:

• A fuskar wani mayafi ne mai laushi, vibrissa, wanda ke taimakawa yayin farauta.
• Haɓaka farin jini, saboda abin da dabbar bai dogara da yawan zafin jiki na yanayi ba.

Wataƙila, daular tana da omirin komai. Duk da yawan kamanceceniya, kwakwalwar ta kasance mafi inganci fiye da ta dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Samanton

Shekarun ragowar sun kasance ne daga miliyan 65 da suka gabata. Matsakaicin yankin zama - Amurka, Montana, Australia, Kudancin Amurka. Wannan ɗayan tsohuwar dabba ce mai ɗora daga ciki wanda tushenta ya zo daga baya.

Tsawon didelphodone bai wuce mita 1 ba, kuma nauyin ya kai kilo 20. Yana da zurfin gani, saboda haka akwai jita-jitar cewa dabbar ta zama ba kowa bace. Ya ci kananan dabbobi, kwari, qwai da dinosaur da duk wani abin da aka samo.

Protitan

Dabba mai siffar dawakai, wacce ake kira brontotherium, wadda tayi girma tun daga ƙarshen Eocene zuwa tsakiyar Oligocene. Fitowar sa tayi kama da babban dabbar rigano ko dutsen ruwa, wanda ke da manyan kafafu masu kafa uku. Mass - 1 ton. Sharp incisors sun ci gaba a saman da ƙananan jaw, ba ka damar tsunkule ciyawa kusa da tafkunan.

Yawancin ragowar ana samunsu a Arewacin Amurka. Zamaninsu ya ƙaddara a matakin shekaru miliyan 35 da suka gabata. A cewar masu binciken, salon rayuwar su ya kasance abin tunawa da irin dabbobin zamani. Da rana suna kwance a ruwa cikin ruwa, da maraice kuma suka tafi gaci domin ciyawa.

Wasali

Wannan babban birrai ne. An yi imanin cewa danginsa sun zama magadan magabata na yanzu. Lokacin bayyanarsu ya fadi ne a lokacin daga shekaru miliyan 6 da suka gabata.

Sun rayu a Afirka cikin kananan kungiyoyi, wanda ya haɗa maza 2 ko 3, mata da yawa da jikoki gama gari. Tushen abincinsu shine tsirrai da tsaba. Wannan shine dalilin rage tsatsotsi da farawar daidaituwa, tunda a tsakanin dogayen lamuran, suna motsi a kafafu hudu, yana da wahalar ganin mai hasashen.Rajin kwakwalwar dabbobi masu shayarwa har yanzu yana kan matakin farko, don haka girman launin toka ya kasance baya ga abinda ke cikin akwatin akwatin tsohuwar mutane.

'Australopithecus' dan asalin Afirka na gargajiya ne wanda tsayinsa bai wuce santimita 150 ba. Masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa ya yi amfani da duwatsu da dama, gutsuttsura da gutsuttsura kashi, ya sa aikin ya zama mai sauƙi. Zuriyarta ta samo asali ne daga Afrilu Australopithecus, wanda ake ganin shine asalin magabatan mutum.

Mutumin Neanderthal

Marigayi wakilin ɗan adam. An yi imanin cewa Neanderthals ya bayyana a Afirka shekaru dubu 400 da suka gabata. Bayan haka, sun zauna a ko'ina cikin Turai da Asiya (a lokacin shekarun kankara). Lastarshe na ƙarshe na alƙumman sun mutu ne shekaru 40 da suka wuce.

Na dogon lokaci, duk masu bincike suka gani a cikin Neanderthal shine kadai magabacin mutanen zamani. Yanzu ka'idar ta shahara cewa dukkan jinsunan (Neanderthals da mutanen zamani) sun samo asali ne daga magabata daya. Don wani lokaci na lokaci, sun wanzu a cikin kewayen.

Haɓaka ɗan talakawa Neanderthal yakai kimanin santimita 163, farjin yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da tsoka, yana dacewa da yankuna tare da yanayin rayuwa mai wahala. Kwanyarsa ya kasance mai tsawo, tare da karfi mai kauri jajayen karfi, mai sheran gira. Tsarin kwanyar yana nuna hangen nesa da magana ta asali. Sun san yadda za su yi amfani da kayan aiki masu sauƙi kuma suka kirkiro da wata al'umma.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa da wuri

A cikin tsoffin wakilai, glandan gland sun canza don samar da glandan mammary. Wataƙila, da farko basu ciyar da 'ya'yansu ba, amma sun bugu, suna samar musu da wadataccen damar shiga ruwa mai mahimmanci da gishiri. Hakora sun canza gaba, suna rarraba dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko zuwa rukuni biyu - cuneotheriid da morganukodontid.

Wani layin, wanda ake kira pantotherium, ya fi dacewa da yanayin canji mai sauri. A waje, sun yi kama da ƙananan dabbobin da ke ciyar da kwari, ƙwaiye da zuriyar wasu dabbobi. A wannan lokacin, girman kwakwalwansu ya yi kadan, amma sun riga sun girma fiye da na sauran dabbobi. Ofarshen zamanin Mesozoic ya yanke hukunci ga wannan nau'in, ya rarrabe shi zuwa nau'i biyu daban-daban - mafi girma cikin mahaifa da ƙananan marsupials.

A farkon Cretaceous, dabbobi mahaifa sun bayyana. Kamar yadda cigaban dabbobi masu shayarwa suka tabbatar, wannan nau'in ya samu nasara.

Ci gaban dabbobi masu shayarwa ga dabbobi na zamani

Etan halittu sun wanzu kafin Babban Triassic. Burbushin halittun dabbobi masu rai na d are a same su a cikin adanan ajiya na Jurassic.

Bayan haka, mahaifa da dabbobi masu shayarwa sun samo asali daga dabbobi masu kaifi-kayoyi. A farkon zamanin Cretaceous, placental ya rarrabu, yana samar da layi na cetaceans da rodents. Wadanda daga cikinsu da suka ciyar da kwari suka samar da layi mai yawa: jemagu, dabbobin daji, neurites, da sauransu. Tsarin halittar mai ciyayi ya rabu, ya samar da wata halitta mai zaman kanta, wacce daga baya ta sami asali da dabbobi. Daga mafi tsoffin tsinkaye, abubuwan da ake kira creodonts, pinnipeds sun samo asali, daga ungulates na farko - artiodactyls, artiodactyls da proboscis. A ƙarshen zamanin Cenozoic, dabbobi masu shayarwa sun mamaye mafi girman tsarin halitta. Daga cikin waɗannan, an kirkiro dabbobi 31, 17 daga cikinsu suke rayuwa a yau.

Mafi tsoffin dabbobi masu shayarwa sune waɗanda ke ciyar da kwari. A waje, suna kama da ƙananan dabbobi masu iya rayuwa a ƙasa da bishiyoyi. Kwayoyin halittar da ke yawo a bishiyoyi, kan aiwatar da juyin halittar halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa, suka fara shirin, daga baya kuma suka tashi, suna kirkirar jemage. Siffofin ƙasa sun haɗu da girman, wanda ya ba su damar zuwa farauta don wasa mafi girma, wanda ya basu damar ƙirƙirar rukuni na bogi. Da wuce lokaci, suna ba da hanyar magabatan dabbobi na zamani daga umarnin Garnivora. Sanannen sanannen saber-toothed ya bayyana a Neogene.

Cikin dukanin Paleogene, mafarautan sun samar da layi biyu masu kama da juna: pinnipeds da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Sanannen sun mamaye dukkan sassan ruwa kuma suka zama sarakunan teku.

Wasu wakilan creodonts, waɗanda suka canza abincinsu na yau da kullun don abincin shuka, ya zama magabatan kwandishan, wato, ungulates na farko.

Tare da farkon Eocene, magabatan ƙwayoyin dabbobi, aardvarks, firai, da ba a keɓaɓɓu ba sun rabu da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma sun kafa nau'ikan nazarin halittu masu zaman kansu.

Juyin halittar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa sun ci gaba a zamanin Cenozoic. Furannin furanni na farko sun bayyana, wanda ya zama babban abu game da abincin yau da kullun na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Lafiyayyen halitta lokaci-lokaci, yana tilasta dabbobi su daidaita da sabon yanayin rayuwa. Tsuntsayen dabbobi da dabbobi masu daɗaɗɗun kai sun cimma burinsu a cikin juyin halitta kuma sannu a hankali suka ɓace, kuma zuriyarsu tare da kowane sabon ƙarni sun sami ci gaba kuma cikakke. Amma tsarin rabuwa da nahiyoyi ya keɓance keɓaɓɓun wurare daga sauran ƙasashen duniya, waɗanda asalin halittun dabbobi sun daɗe na rayuwa.

A cikin lokacin farin ciki na marsupials, Ostiraliya ya rabu da sauran nahiyoyi. A tsawon lokaci, Kudancin Amurka ya ƙaura daga Arewa. Sakamakon wannan, nau'in halitta na halitta da ke zaune a wannan yankin ya ci gaba daban-daban.

Babban ci gaban halitta a Kudancin Amurka ya kasance na marsupials, wanda, saboda rashin gasar, ya ci gaba da bunkasa. Daga ƙananan halittun dabbobi waɗanda ba su wuce girman mai mallaka a sigogin su ba, sun juya zuwa manyan dabbobi, da aka sani da sabulu-toothed damisa.

Yayin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa, manyan shahararrun halittar dabbobi, armadillos da alamomi suka bayyana. Dakatarwar zaman lafiyar marsupials da dabbobi masu shayarwa mahaifa sun kawo karshe a karshen Pliocene. A wannan lokacin, an kafa asthmus, wanda yake haɗa Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka. A karo na farko cikin lokaci mai tsawo, dabbobi a yankin kudu sun sadu da makwabta na arewa. Latterarshen su ne waɗanda suka ci gaba sosai, saboda haka cikin sauƙin sun lalata marsupials da yanki. Manyan armadillos ne kawai da kekantattu kuma zasu iya wuce yankin arewa, suna isa yankin Alaska.

A kan yankin Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, dukkan matakai na juyin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa sun mamaye dabbobi da giwaye. Godiya ga masana burbushin halittu, ci gaban dawakai, wanda galibi ya faru a Arewacin Amurka, an bincika daki daki daki. Maganin magabatansu ana ɗaukarsa hyracoteria ko eogippus, wanda kasancewar sa ta faɗi akan lokacin Paleocene. Abincin da ake amfani da shi na gyracoterium wani tsayayyen tushe ne na bishiyoyi, kuma motsi a cikin sararin samaniya yana da sauri.

Uresarnar da ta gabata ta bai wa dawakai damar ba don neman abinci ba, a kan sare ciyayi da harbe-harben matasa, sai dai a je a hankali a hankali a filayen. Wasu wakilan nau'ikan jinsin sun kasance suna yawo a cikin tsintsaye da yawa, suna kiyaye girman adadin su. Sun kirkiro da wani sahun shakatawa, wanda daga karshe ya bazu cikin Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka. Tushen abincinsu shine kananan tsirrai da ganye akan bishiyoyi da shishika. Suna da gasa a fuskar kananan rhinos tare da dogayen reshe, waɗanda mutane ba zasu iya jure wahalar dawakai ba kuma suka lalace.

Sauran ragowar sun kasance kamar hips na yanzu. Akwai wasu nau'ikan da suka girma zuwa girman ban sha'awa. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu shine Baluchiterium - mafi girma daga dabbobi masu shayarwa da suka taɓa kasancewa a duniya. Haɓaka wakilan wakilai na mutum ya wuce mita 6, wanda ya basu damar isa ganye da harbe bishiyoyi mafi tsayi.

Ci gaban giwayen ba karamar wahala ba ce. Farkon tsarinsu ya faru ne a zamanin Neogene.A wannan lokacin, nau'ikan Cenozoic na magabatan giwa sun fara tauna abinci daban - gaba da baya, suna tafiya wuri daya. Ya kasance canjin canji sosai a cikin kayan aikin masticatory wanda ya tsokani samuwar duniya-sanannun fasalin giwayen.

Lokacin Cretaceous shima ya kasance juyawa ga yan wasan farko. Sun bayyana shekaru miliyan 80 da suka shude, kamanninsu kuma sun yi kama da dabbobin zamani, kamar na tarser ko lemurs. Tare da farawa daga Paleogene, rarrabuwa ya kasu zuwa ƙananan wakilai da humanoid fara. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 12 da suka shude, ramapitek ya bayyana - ɗan fari na farko wanda yake da kamannin waje ga ɗan adam. Garuruwanta sun hada da Indiya da Afirka.

Shekaru 5 da suka shude, Australopithecus na farko ya bayyana a Afirka - dangi na kusa na tseren, waɗanda har yanzu suna da magabata, amma sun san yadda ake tafiya da ƙafa biyu da kuma amfani da kayan aikin gida-kullun. Kimanin shekaru 2500000 da suka shude, suka fara canzawa zuwa aikin dan adam, wanda aka tabbatar da keɓaɓɓen ragowar Australopithecus da masana binciken burbushin halittu suka gano a Gabashin Afirka. Farkon Paleolithic ya bar alamarsa a cikin tarihi ta gaskiyar cewa mutanen farko sun bayyana a wannan lokacin.

Babban fasalin sarakunan duniyar dabbobi

Godiya ga juyin halitta, dabbobi masu shayarwa sun kai matsayi mafi girma na tsinkaye, waɗanda suka mamaye babban mataki a masarautar dabbobi. Babban ƙungiyar su ta cancanci kulawa ta musamman:

1. Thermoregulation na jiki, samar da kusan m yawan zafin jiki na dukan kwayoyin. Wannan ya sa mai yiwuwa dabbobi masu shayarwa ba su dogara da wasu yanayin yanayi ba.
2. Dabbobi masu shayarwa dabbobi masu rai. A mafi yawancin lokuta, suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu madara, suna kulawa da jariran har zuwa wani zamani.
3. Kawai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ne inganta juyin juya hali. Wannan fasalin yana ba da cikakkiyar ma'amala tsakanin duk sassan jikin mutum da kuma dacewa da kowane yanayin muhalli.

Wadannan halaye sun tabbatar da yaduwar dabbobi masu shayarwa akan ban kasa, ruwa da iska. Sarautarsu ba ta kai kawai ga yankin Antarctic ba. Amma ko da can za ku iya haɗu da jijiyoyin wannan ikon a fuskar kifaye da hatimi.