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Ba bayanin kwatankwacin ɓoyayyen fuka-fuki da zai iya yi ba tare da irin ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado ba - mahimmancinta a cikin tattalin arziƙin ƙasar yana da girma. Koyaya, kwanan nan, kusan shekaru 50 da suka gabata, ba a cikin jerin gwanon mu bane. Kuma kasa da shekaru 100 da suka wuce, baya cikin Turai.
Yaɗa
Tarihin shigar azzakarin cikin wannan kwaro mai hatsari na shukar dawa zuwa gare mu a takaice kamar haka. Tun daga 1918, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, wani irin ƙwaro da ke ɗauke da kayan jirgin ruwan Amurka ya faɗo a gabar Tekun Faransa a cikin garin Bordeaux. A wancan lokacin, Turawa ba su da lokacin kare tsirrai, kuma wannan kwayar dankalin turawa mai haɗari da sauri "an daidaita ta akan gadar gada" ta tekun Faransa. Bayan haka, duk da hamayyar da ma'aikatan aikin gona keyi, ya hanzarta yanke hukunci daya bayan daya a duk kasashen Turai ta Tsakiya, ban da Ingila tare da yanayin bazara mai tsananin sanyi da hidimar keɓancewar shuka. (Af, har yanzu tana kiyaye iyakar ƙasar "a gare shi.)
Motsa gabas zuwa ga iska mai cike da iska a cikin watanni na bazara, kan shawo kan duk wani shinge tare da yin nasarar sarrafa filayen dankalin turawa tare da magungunan kashe ƙwari, a ƙarshen shekarun 1940, bugun, iska da ƙishirwa don mamaye sababbin wuraren zama, sun kusanci kan iyakokin jihar na USSR. Dole ne in faɗi cewa ƙwayoyin lesa themselvesan kansu kansu masu tashi masu girma ne. Gaskiya ne, don tashiwa cikin iska, suna buƙatar yanayi mai zafi - a safiya da maraice da kuma a cikin kwanaki mai sanyi da sanyi, ƙudan zuma sun fi son zirga-zirga.
An gano matakin farko na yaduwar ƙwayar cuta a cikin yankinmu a cikin yankin Lviv na Ukraine a 1949. Sannan a cikin 1953 ya bayyana a lokaci guda a cikin yankunan Kaliningrad, Volyn, Brest da Grodno.
A ƙarshe, a cikin kwanakin zafi na Mayu 1958, wani irin ƙwaro dankalin turawa ya tashi zuwa yankin Transcarpathian daga Hungary da Czechoslovakia. A lokaci guda, "saukowa" na Millen-Miliyan-Millen Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan-Miliyan- Sannan mafi yawan matukan jirgin sun mutu a cikin ruwa mai tsananin karfi na Tekun Baltic, manoma na hadin gwiwa sun lalata nan da nan da kuma wadanda ke tseratar da bakin tekun. Amma "saukowa" yana da yawa wanda ba zai yiwu a shawo kansa da shi ba kuma "nutse cikin teku". Yawancin mutane, kawai "hawa" a kan yashi a bakin teku kuma ba su da lokaci don bushewa, sun tashi zuwa filayen kusa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, a zahiri, za a fara taron baƙi na zahiri a ƙasashen waje na ƙasar Rasha.
Alamun waje
Amma za mu katse labarin baƙon da ya mamaye sabuwar nahiyar tare da bayyana shi. Da alama cewa wannan ƙwayar ƙwaro yana da kowa da kowa. Tsawon sa ya kama daga 9 zuwa 12 mm, faɗin 6 - 7 mm. Jikin gajere ne, mai karfin gaske, convex, mai haske, ja mai launin shuɗi tare da elytra mai haske, akan kowane ɗayansu akwai ƙaƙƙarfan farar fata guda biyar (a cikin duka, sabili da haka, goma - saboda haka jinsunan Latin suna decemlineata - layi goma). Fuka-fukan da ke cikin gidan ɓoyayyen suna da kyau; tare da taimakonsu, a ranakun rani mai zafi, gwoza tana yin dogon tashi.
Launin jikin tsutsa na farko da na biyu shine launin ruwan kasa mai duhu; daga shekara ta uku, tsutsa ya zama ruwan lemo mai haske, ruwan hoda ko ruwan hoda-orange. A wannan lokacin, suna da sauƙin bambanci a cikin launi da kuma nau'in "humpbacked" daga larvae na sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ganye.
Rayuwa
Rayuwar rayuwar dankalin turawa irin ta Colorado tana da rikitarwa. Yawancin masana kimiyya da na kasashen waje da na Rasha sun ba da shekarunsu da yawa don nazarin shi.
Irin ƙwaro hibernate a lokacin balaga. A cikin bazara, sun fito daga ƙasa kuma ba da daɗewa ba za su fara ciyar da 'ya'yan dankali da dankali da mata. Idan, kamar yadda yakan faru, dabbar ta hanyar canjin ya faru a faɗuwar, kafin a fara zurfin dormancy mai zurfi, wanda ake kira diapause, sannan a cikin bazara, bayan kwanakin da yawa na ciyarwa, mata na iya fara sa ƙwai ba tare da ƙarin dabbar ta hanyar canjin ba. Don haka, mace ɗaya ce kaɗai ta iya zama mai kafa sabuwar fashewa.
Matan overwintered daga bazara zuwa kaka lay haske mai haske qwai qwai a kan ƙananan farfajiya na ganye. A cikin rana guda, mace za ta daga 5 zuwa 80 qwai. A cikin duka, zai iya kwanciya har zuwa qwai 1000, kodayake yawan amfanin ƙasa yana da ƙasa da yawa - 350. Yawancin ƙarnuka lokacin bazara ya dogara da yanayin yankin da yanayin. A arewacin yankin Turai, ƙwaro irin ƙwaro yana tasowa a cikin ƙarni ɗaya, a kudu yana kulawa don samar da tsararraki masu nasara.
A mataki na lardin, ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado ta bambanta shekaru huɗu, rabuwa da molts. A cikin farko da na biyu shekaru, da larvae ciyar a kuma kasance kan fi na dankalin turawa harbe "broods". A na uku da na huɗu, suna warwatse, galibi suna hawa zuwa wasu tsire-tsire makwabta. Don ilmin karatun, mafi yawan larvae burrow a cikin ƙasa a cikin radius na 10 - 20 cm daga daji da suka ciyar da su. Zurfin wanda larvae haka zai bar ya dogara da tsari da damshi na kasar gona, amma yawanci ba ya wuce cm 10. A pupa siffofin cikin earthen shimfiɗar jariri, bayan kwanaki 10 zuwa 20.
Matasa, sababbin ƙwararrun ƙwaro irin ƙwaro sun bambanta da farko a cikin launi mai haske mai haske kuma suna da alaƙa masu laushi. Amma bayan 'yan awanni kawai, sai su yi duhu, su juya launin ruwan kasa da launin ruwan hoda, kuma ba da daɗewa ba su sami launi da suka saba. Rayuwa na tsawon tsutsotsi na maza sun bambanta da na shekara 1. Koyaya, wani ɓangare na irin ƙwaro zai iya rayuwa shekaru 2 ko 3.
Mafi kyawun yanayin fasalin ilimin ɗan adam na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro shine ire-iren hutawa. Kwari galibi suna da tsari iri biyu. Dankalin dankalin turawa na dankalin turawa yana da guda shida! Mun jera su. Na farko shine diapause hunturu. Na biyu shine oligopause hunturu. Na uku mafarki ne na bazara, wanda suke barinsu a tsakiyar lokacin bazara na tsawon kwanaki 1 zuwa 10 zuwa rabi na duk mutanen da suka sha wahala. Na huɗu - dogon zango na bazara. Na biyar - maimaita zancen, wanda ke bayyana kanta a ƙarshen bazara sau ɗaya ko sau biyu (da wuya) sau uku na lokacin hunturu da kuma lokacin girma na dankalin turawa na kiwo da ke tsira har zuwa faɗuwar. Kuma a ƙarshe, na shida shine diapause na dogon lokaci (superpause), wanda zai iya wuce shekaru 2 zuwa 3. Babu wata hanyar da za a bayyana dalla-dalla kowane ɗayan waɗannan jihohin. Zamu ce kawai cewa irin wannan filastik din filayen zai ba da irin ƙwaro yin nasara da duk wahalar rayuwa. Kuma ga manoma - yana da matukar wahalar shawo kan kwaro.
Atauki aƙalla shekaru masu yawa na diapause. Dasa dankali a filin da irin ƙwaro yake ba a can tsawon shekaru 3, kuma da sanin cewa babu wanda ke yin wannan al'adar a wannan shekarar, ba zato ba tsammani manomi ya yanke ƙauna cewa wannan lokacin filin yana cike da ƙwayar dankalin turawa. Waɗannan mutane ne da suka yi shekaru 2 suna magana a kan juna kuma idan sun “yanke shawarar” lokaci ya yi da “fita,” ya fita daga wawancinsu, amma ya zama ba banza.
Wadanda suke son samun cikakkun bayanai game da ilmin halitta na irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro irin na Colorado zasu iya yin wannan ta hanyar karanta littafin tarihin taken "Colorado Dankali Beetle" wanda gidan bugawar Nauka ya buga a 1981.
Matsayi a cikin yanayi
Kuma beetles da larvae na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro ciyar a kan ganyayyaki na Nightshade amfanin gona: dankali, tumatir, eggplant, da yawa sau da yawa - taba. Wasu gandun daji na gida guda suma suna ci nan da nan. Tun da dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro na Colorado ba shi da abokan gaba a cikin Turai, kuma a bayyane masu farautar gida ba sa son sa, yana jin daɗi a nan. Kuma idan ba ku yi yaƙi da shi ba, yunwar kawai za ta iya dakatar da ci gabanta. A bayyane yake cewa zai iya zuwa kawai sakamakon cikakken lalata abinci, galibi dankali. Amma mutum tabbas ba zai iya yarda da wannan ba. Kuma yana fara yaƙar kwaro. Amma a wannan yanayin, ya juya ya zama aiki mai wahala. Bari mu bayyana dalla-dalla yadda suke ƙoƙarin warware ta.
Matakan sarrafawa
Complexungiyar hadaddun rayuwar tsutsa sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙwarin kwaro don kowane irin hanyar sarrafawa.
Kuma ci gaban su ya kasance a zahiri tun bayyanar kwaro a kan Turai. Da farko, yaƙin na musamman ne ta amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari masu guba kamar DDT da hexachloran. Bayan haka, magungunan kashe qwari na zamani da yawa sun fara amfani da kwaro. Quicklyan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta sami amfani da wasun su cikin sauri, wasu dole ne a watsar da su sakamakon mummunan sakamakon amfaninsu ga dabi'a.
A halin yanzu, hanyar da ba ta da haɗari don kawar da adadin kwari a kasashen waje an daɗe da sani. A lokacin da dankalin turawa irin dusar kankara suka bayyana a Turai, masu binciken halitta sun riga sun kirkirar da abin da ake kira hanyar ilimin halittar gargajiya don sarrafa adadin kwari masu cutarwa. An yi amfani da shi musamman ga baƙon al'adu, kawai ga waɗanda ke ƙetare iyaka da yanayin rayuwarsu, yayin da suka bar nesa da maƙiyansu na halitta - parasitic da kuma lalata yanayin.
Asalin wannan hanyar ya kunshi daidai a cikin binciken '' baƙon '' na magabtan sa na asali da kuma isar da sahihan sa. A cikin yanayinmu, dole ne su nemo su a yankin na Amurka, sannan a sake su a kan filayen Turai, don haka sai su cika su a nan su fara halakar da rubutun da suka saba - irin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado.
A lokacin "mamaye" na Turai ta hanyar ƙwaro a cikin ɗakunan kimiyya masu ilimin kimiyya, an tabbatar da ra'ayi cewa mahaifarsa ita ce Amurka kuma, mafi daidai, jihar Colorado (ba don komai ba ne ya sami sunansa!). Ya kasance don hanzarta samo parasites ko ƙwaro irin ƙwaro a Amurka (ana kiran su entomophages - masu cin kwari), a kawo su Turai, a sake su zuwa filayen kuma a lura da yadda "tsarin dabi'a na ƙididdige lambobi" suka fara aiki. Aiki ya fara tafasa. Masana kimiyya na ƙasashen Turai da yawa sun zama masu halarta. Tsuntsayen ganima da kwari da aka kawo zuwa Turai, an fasa kwari da kwari har zuwa cikin filayen, suna jiran tsarkakewa daga bakin kasashen waje.
Masana kimiyya sun koyi yadda za su iya zama wasu tsintsayen ƙwaro irin ƙwaro irin ta Colorado a Amurka da yawa. Dubunnan kwari ne aka saki: perillus da podizus ba wai kawai a filayen dankalin turawa ba, har ma a kan kayan kwai da tumatir, wanda a wannan lokacin irin ƙwaro ya haɗa da abincinsa. Amma da zaran an saki fitowar mutane, kwaro mara kyau ya sake samun ƙarfi kuma ya ci gaba da "gyara sata," kuma mataimakanmu masu ba da fataucin sun ɓace ba tare da wata alama daga filayen ba. Aikin yayi kama da aikin Sisyphus.
Amma a ƙarshen 60s. da themselvesan Amurkawa da kansu sun fara shan wahala daga kwaro. Kafin wannan, sun sami nasarar kare kansu da magungunan kashe qwari. Amma a nan ma, yakin sunadarai ya zama ƙasa da kasawa. A ƙarshe, akwai lokacin da babu ɗayan magungunan kashe ƙwari a cikin Amurka don amfani da dankali da ke da tasiri mai haɗari ga kwaro: an yi amfani da su duka. Masana kimiyyar Amurka sun fuskanci irin wannan matsalar ta Turai - dole ne su nemi wani madadin hanyar sunadarai, i.e. nemi ingantattun kayan maye.
A wannan lokacin, ya rigaya ya bayyana a fili cewa duk abokan gaba na irin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, waɗanda masanan Turai ke tsunduma cikin shekaru da yawa, kuma bayan su Amurkan, sunada nau'ikan halitta. Dankalin dankalin turawa na dankalin turawa na Colorado shine kawai daya daga yawancin abincin da zai yiwu a gare su. Amma mu Rashawa, alal misali, 'ya'yan itaciyar avocado ko gwanda.
Ya kasance sananne ga kwararru a cikin kariya ga tsirrai na halitta cewa mafi inganci masu tsara yawan kwari masu cutarwa ba halittu masu amfani da polyphagous bane, amma wadanda wannan kwaro ne babban kwari, kwararru kan ciyar da su.
Ya juya wani yanayi mai zurfi, wanda ke da mahimmancin gaske. Binciken rashin daidaituwa wanda aka ba da izinin wannan lokacin don sake nazarin tarihin "tafiye-tafiye" na ƙwayar ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado kuma, ƙari, don ƙayyade ainihin mahaifarta. Masanin kimiyyar Amurka W. Tower ya tabbatar da hujja cewa asalin asalin kwayoyin halittar Leptinotarsa, wanda gwarzonmu yake, ba Colorado bane kwata-kwata. Theasar mahaifan waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta tana da nesa sosai a kudu - a cikin yankin da ake kira Sonora zoogeographic. Anan, a arewacin Mexico, akwai nau'ikan kwari 50 na wannan dabi'ar. Daga nan ne “kwandon” namu wanda aka ɗanɗana shi kwanan nan zuwa arewa, har zuwa ƙarshen gabashin ofarshen Dutsen, wanda kwarin kwarin Colorado daga yamma. Kuma ya fitar da mummunan zullumi a wurin, "matattakala" tsire-tsire masu karancin gaske daga dangin da suke zaune.
Kuma lokacin da majagaba na Amurka masu matsananciyar wahala suka isa nan kusan awannin nahiyar kuma suka dasa dankalin dankalin turawa, aka kawo su, shin irin ƙwaro 'sun fahimta' ba don komai bane shine kawai yake tafewa cikin hamada mai zafi na Mexico, Arizona, da Texas. Daga cikin danginsa da yawa, kawai ya daidaita da sauri don cin abinci a kan dankali kuma ya fara cinye amfanin gona mai ƙimar amfanin gona. A nan, baƙi - baƙi daga Turai, sun fara haɗuwa da wannan irin ƙwaro, kuma sun kira shi Colorado.
Bayan haka, an riga an biye da hanyoyin hanyoyi, kwaro ya isa bakin tekun Atlantika. Kuma a nan a cikin 80s. na karshe karni, kamar shekaru 40 kafin shiga Turai, ya fara aiwatar da munanan hare-hare a kan noman dankalin Turawa a matsayin wani baƙon ɗan adam.
Don haka, a ƙarshe ya bayyana sarai inda ainihin ƙasar da kwaro yake. Kuma wannan a cikin kanta hujja ce mai mahimmanci. Bayan haka, yana nan, kuma ba wani wuri ba, cewa manyan maƙiyansa na halitta sun kamata sun inganta kuma suka zauna. Sabili da haka, a nan ya zama dole ne a neme su da fari. A cikin daji ne na lardin Sonor wanda kejin daji na tsiro - nesa da kusancin dangin dankali, tumatir da taba. Mutane da yawa dangi na dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa, wanda, kamar yadda muka fahimta yanzu, zai zama mafi daidai don kira gwoza sonor, ana amfani da su wajen cin su.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kokarin haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyya daga ƙasashe da yawa sun sami kwari masu ƙwarewa don ciyar da irin dankalin turawa. An fara bincike mai zurfi kuma ana shirya shirye-shiryen saukar jirgi don gabatarwa a cikin wadancan yankuna inda mai cin abincin “burodinmu na biyu”, irin abincin dankalin Turawa yake, ya lalace sosai.
Asali da tarihin bayyanar a Turai
Nau'in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Kwakwalwar dankalin turawa) an gano shi a farkon rabin karni na 19, a cikin 1824, in ji Thomas Say, masanin dabi'ar halitta kuma masanin kimiyyar halittar dabbobi daga Amurka. Abubuwan farko da aka tattara daga gare shi akan mummunan barci mai zurfi, suna girma a cikin Dutsen Dutsen. Wakilai daga cikin sabon nau'in, ya danganta shi ga halittar Chrysomela ko ganye irin ƙwaro. Amma a cikin 1865, wani mai binciken ƙwaro irin ƙwaro ya sanya ƙwayar ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado a cikin jinsin Leptinotarsa, inda yake yanzu.
Theasar mahaifin ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado ita ce arewa maso gabashin Mexico, yankin Sonora. Bayansa kuma, sauran nau'in tsiran bishiyoyi suna zaune a can, suna ciyar da abincin daji da sigari. A cikin karni na 19, wani irin ƙwaro daga wurare na asali yayi ƙaura zuwa arewa, zuwa gefen gabashin Dutsen Rocky, inda ya sami cin ganyen dankalin turawa, waɗanda baƙi ke ba su. Lalacewa ta farko daga kwaro da aka rubuta a cikin Nebraska a 1855, kuma a cikin 1859 ta lalata filayen a jihar Colorado, bayan haka ta sami sunan ta.
Duk da cewa an dauki matakan hana yaduwar kwaro a cikin ƙasar, cikin hanzari ya fara bayyana a wasu jihohin da Kanada, kuma a cikin 1876 ya fara bayyana a Turai tare da jiragen ruwa.
Sannan irin ƙwaro sau da yawa ya faɗi akan nahiyar, amma duk lokacin da ta lalace. A cikin 1918, "saukowa" na irin ƙwaro yayi nasara - kwari ya bayyana akan filayen Faransa kuma ya fara yadawa a cikin makwabta. Yanzu a Turai yana ko'ina amma ban da Ingila, inda yake da wuya isa.
A cikin 1949, irin ƙwaro ya bayyana a cikin USSR - a cikin yankin Lviv, a 1953 - a lokaci daya a yankuna da yawa na Rasha. Sakamakon ci gaba na hankali zuwa gabas, kwari ya isa yankin Primorsky daga farkon karni na 21.
Halayen Ciki da dankalin Turawa
Kwari ya kasance dangin ganye na ganye, yana da siffar jikin mutum. Karin kwari iri-iri sun bambanta da larvae ba kawai a cikin girman ba, har ma a cikin ratsi na baki a tsaye. A cikin mafi cikakken kwatancin, ya cancanci a ambaci ƙasa mai haske na jikin irin ƙwaro.Hali na musamman shi ne launin shuɗi-baki na baya.
Abun ciki na kwaro ya ƙunshi bangarori 7, inda ake buɗe layuka masu duhu. Kwaro yana da nau'i biyu kafafu tare da "ƙugiya" waɗanda aka tsara don jinkirin sawa akan tsirrai. Fuka-fukan gidan yanar gizon sun ba da izinin dankalin turawa kamar yadda ake yin dogon hops
Indicididdigar alamomin kwari kwatankwacin mm 8-12. Nisa daga cikin irin dankalin turawa, ya kai 7 mm. A cikin ɓangaren kowane reshe akwai ratsin baƙin ƙarfe 5. An san jikin larvae ta launin ruwan hoda mai haske ko launin rawaya mai haske. Akwai ɗigon ɗigon baki a jikin larvae.
Irin ƙwaro da dankalin turawa na Colorado baya tsoron sanyi, ruwa ko zafi. A lokacin kakar, manya sun rinjayi nesa na dubun kilomita. Akwai lokutan da iska ta kwashe waɗannan kwari har tsawon daruruwan kilomita.
Bayanin kwaro
Gwanin ƙwayar cuta ya kasance matsakaici a cikin girman - 0.8-1.2 cm tsayi, 0.6-0.7 cm tsayi Jiki yana da zagaye-zagaye, convex, launin ruwan-rawaya a launi, tare da baƙar fata, baƙi, mai sheki. Har ila yau, prespinum yana da baƙar fata, baƙi 5 madaukai ratsu maraƙi suka wuce tare da elytra. Dangane da irin wannan hanyar tagulla, rarrabe irin ƙwaro daga wasu kwari ba shi da wahala. Fuka-fukansa suna da kyau, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa zai iya tashi sama da nisa mai nisa.
Larvae suna da taushi, suna kuma convex, har zuwa 1.5 cm tsayi, a farko, a farkon shekarun su, sun yi launin toka, sannan su yi duhu, su zama ruwan-lemo-ja da launin ruwan kasa. Irin waɗannan launuka saboda gaskiyar cewa, cin ganyayyaki, larvae ba zai iya narke carotene a cikinsu ba, kuma a hankali yana tarawa a cikin kyallen su. Larvae suna da baki da kuma layuka 2 na ɗigo masu launi iri ɗaya a ɓangarorin biyu na jiki.
Adult beetles kuma musamman larvae ci Nightshade ganye. Na nau'ikan al'adun wannan iyali, suna son eggplant da dankali mafi yawanci, amma ba su da matsala don daidaita tumatir, physalis, da taba. Ana zaba barkono masu daɗi a ƙarshe lokacin da babu abinci mafi dacewa kusa. Menene kamarsa Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro iya gani a cikin hoto.
A ina ne irin ƙwaro daɗin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado?
Labarin kwaro ya samo asali daga Mexico. Ganyen ganye ya fara cin ciyawar daji, amma ba ta bayyana kamar dankalin turawa ba. Sakamakon yawan ƙaura, yawan ƙwayar ganye ta bayyana a Colorado, inda ta fara lalata amfanin gona dankalin turawa. Daga baya, kwaro ya bazu ko'ina cikin Amurka da Turai.
Bayan nasarar yin hunturu, babban kwari da ke kwari ya fashe a ƙasa. 'Ya'yan ƙwaro suna "dumama" a cikin rana, fara cin abinci da kuma ma'aurata. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, an dage ƙwai, ƙananan larvae sun bayyana. Ana sanya ƙwai na Minke akan sassa daban-daban na ganyen dankalin turawa.
Rayuwar tsutsa an shar'anta shi cikin yanayi 4, yana cire harsashi sau 4. Bayan wannan, larvae barin ganye, fara pupate karkashin kasa. Insectsan ƙananan kwari sun fito daga pupa kuma sun fara cin ganyayyaki.
Kwari lokacin sanyi a cikin ƙasa, a lokacin hunturu sanyi suna ratsa santimita 10-30 zuwa cikin ƙasa. Balagaggun kwari zasu iya binne zuwa zurfin 50-100 cm. Yawan da haɓaka ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado ya dogara da tsananin lokacin hunturu. A warmer da masu ruwan sanyi, da karin kwari zai tsira daga sanyi.
Wasu daga cikin kifayen waka suna barci a ƙasa shekaru 2-3 a jere. Suna kuma iya sawa gabaɗaya ba duka, amma a hankali. Wannan ya yi bayanin kasancewar irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro na bara a ƙarshen bazara.
A cikin shirin, kwaro na iya bayyana ba wai kawai daga zurfin yadudduka na ƙasa ba. Wani lokacin akwai ƙaura yawan mutane. Wannan sabon abu yana faruwa ne lokacin da yanayin yanayi ya sha bamban sosai da shekarar da ta gabata. Irin ƙwaro kuma yayi saurin tashi daga ƙasar makwabta.
Tsarin rayuwa
Insectsan kwari ne kawai ke barin don hunturu, a cikin kaka sukan yi awo 0.2-0.5 a cikin ƙasa. Lokacin da zafi ya zo, da ɗakunan kwari suna hauhawa, fara cin seedlingsan dankalin turawa, sannan kuma su nemi abokin aure.
A lokaci guda, mace za'a iya hadiɗa cikin bazara, wanda a sa'ilin nan suke fara sa ƙwai. Hakanan yana bayar da gudummawa ga rayuwar ƙwaro mai lahani, tunda mata masu haila basa buƙatar bincika namiji a cikin bazara.
Irin ƙwaro, bayan sun kai dankalin turawa, sun fara kwantawa ƙwayayensu - a cikin ƙananan rukunoni a kan ganye. Qwai irin ƙwaro na Colorado - ƙarami, elongated, rawaya ko ruwan lemo mai haske.
A cikin kwana 1 kawai, mace zata iya ajiye 5-80 inji mai kwakwalwa. qwai, da kuma tsawon lokacin - 350-700 inji mai kwakwalwa. (a cewar wasu rahotanni, wannan adadi raka'a dubu 1 ne). Yawancin tsararraki za su bunkasa a lokacin bazara ya dogara da yanayin da muke ciki yanzu da kuma yanayin: a kudu akwai 2-3, a arewa - kawai 1.
Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro barin qwai bayan kwanaki 5-17. Kafin ilmin yaro, sun wuce matakai 4 a cikin ci gaban su:
- 1 - kawai m nama na ganye ne ci daga ƙasa, yankuna mafi sau da yawa a kan matasa apical ganye,
- 2 - ci gaba ɗaya takarda, barin kawai jijiyoyin,
- 3 da 4 - watsa ko'ina cikin shuka, rarrafe ga waɗanda ke kusa da su.
Larvae ciyar da rayayye, sabõda haka, bayan makonni 2-3 suka bar a cikin ƙasa domin dalibi. Zurfin binne kawai 0.1 m ne. Beetles fita pupae bayan makonni 1.5-3. Su ko dai suna hawa sama ko zama a cikin ƙasa har sai lokacin bazara (wannan ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki na ƙasa).
Beetanyen ƙwaro na ƙwaya tare da madaidaici masu laushi, orange mai haske. Amma bayan 'yan' yan sa'o'i sun juya launin ruwan kasa, suna samun launi na al'ada ga nau'in. Suna ciyar da ganyen dankalin turawa tsawon makonni 1-3. Idan yanayin yayi zafi, ƙwayoyin ƙwaro suna tashi zuwa wasu yankuna. Yin amfani da iska, a saurin bazara na 8 km / h, za su iya tashi dubun kilomita daga asalin su.
Tsutsotsi suna rayuwa, galibi shekara 1, amma wasu na iya rayuwa 2 ko 3 yanayi. A karkashin yanayi mara kyau, kwari suna fada cikin diapause kuma suna shafe shekaru 2-3 a cikin ƙasa. Wannan fasalin ya rikide tare da tasiri na kwaro. A cikin haɗari, kwari basa ƙoƙarin yin gudu, amma sun faɗi ƙasa kamar matacce.
Dankali irin ƙwayar Habitat
Kwaro kwaro wata al'ada ce ta al'adun dare. Gwoza suna zaune a kowane wuraren budewa. Ayyuka yayin rana ana lura da tsofaffi da larvae. “Wutar Waka” ta yadu a yankin Turai na Rasha; mazauninta ya hada da Yammacin Turai, Arewa da Amurka ta Tsakiya.
Hanyar ci gaba, haifuwa ta yawan jama'a ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki da yanayin yanayi, wadatar abinci. Dankalin dankalin turawa na dankalin turawa yana da halaye masu adaɓin yanayi zuwa tushen abinci, zuwa yanayin agroclimatic.
Manya suna amfani da hunturu a ƙasa. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi sama da digiri +10, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin suna fara ninka. Wani lokacin kwari sukan yi aure kafin farkon lokacin hunturu. Matsakaicin rayuwa na manya shine shekaru 3.
Yadda ake yaqi
Dankalin dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro - kwari musamman mai sa maye, idan ba ku ɗauki matakan magance shi ba, larvae a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya sami damar cin ɓangaren ganyayyaki a daji. Daga wannan, shuka ba zai iya ci gaba al'ada ba, ƙulla da girma tubers. Ba za a yi girbi ba.
A cikin ƙananan yankuna, yana yiwuwa a yi hulɗa da irin ƙwaro da hannu, ba tare da amfani da magunguna ba. Kuna iya farawa bayan dasa dankali. Ya kamata a shimfiɗa ta kusa da gadaje tsabtatawa. Kamshin ya jawo hankalin su, za su tattara kwari da ke rarrafe a ƙasa.
Ya rage kawai don tattara tsabtatawa tare da kwari, cire su daga gadaje kuma halaka. Lokacin da irin ƙwaro zai fito daga ƙasa na iya shimfiɗa na tsawon wata ɗaya, don haka kawai amfani da wannan hanyar bai isa ba.
Mataki na biyu na gwagwarmaya: dubawa daga cikin bushes na gaban sabo kwai clutches a kansu. Tunda mace ta sanya su a kan farantin ganyen, yana da wuya ka lura da su nan da nan. Kuna buƙatar ɗaukar ganyaye, bincika su daga ƙasa, tsince waɗanda a cikin abin da za'a samo cakulen ƙwai kuma ku lalata su, tattara ƙwayoyin gwari da zaran an samo su a kan dankali da kuma lalata su.
Abin da dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa ke ci
Karin kwari sun “kware” a halakar wasu nau'ikan shuka. Abincin da yafi dacewa don ƙwaro shine ƙwayoyin ganyen dankali. Ganyen dankalin Matasa ba shine kawai abincin kwari ba. Suna ciyar da ganyayyaki na amfanin gona na yau da kullun.
Idan ganyen dankalin turawa bai riga ya hau ƙasa ba, ƙwaro irin ƙwaro yana ƙwanƙwasa barkono, tumatir da eggplant. Paya daga cikin kwaro overwintered ci 75 Mg na ganye taro a rana. Kwaro mai-bazara ya iya lalata har zuwa 136 MG na ganye.
Leaf beetles iya ci dankalin turawa, ganye zuwa petioles. Tare da adadi mai yawa na kwari, asarar amfanin gona ya kai 40%. Idan babu dankalin turawa a shafin, kwari sukan fara ciyawar daji.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! A jikin gwoza, abubuwa masu guba suna tarawa a cikin al'adun daren na yau da kullun. Wannan yana bayanin gaskiyar cewa tsuntsayen ganima ba sa cinye lardin cocin dankalin turawa.
Abokan halitta
Beeta beetan kwalliya na cin ganyen dankalin turawa suna ɗauke da solanine. Wannan abu yana tarawa a cikin kyallen su, saboda haka basu dace da abinci don yawancin tsuntsaye ko dabbobi ba. Saboda haka, suna da karancin abokan halitta, kuma waɗanda suke da su ba za su iya sarrafa adadin ƙwayar ƙwaro ba a matakin da ba shi da haɗari.
Saurukan tsuntsayen Guinea, tururuwa, pheasants da rabe-raben sha daga tsuntsayen gonar, gwoza, ba tare da lahanta kansu ba. A gare su, kwari ba mai guba ba ne kuma suna ci tare da jin daɗinsu. Kwaro da kansu za su ci ɗan amaren tsuntsaye kawai, sauran dole ne a horar da su tun yana da watanni 3-4: da farko sai a ƙara ɗan ɓoyayyen irin ƙwaro ga abincin, sannan duka don tsuntsaye su sami ɗanɗano.
Za a iya fitar da tsuntsaye kai tsaye a cikin lambun, ba sa cutar da tsirrai, ba sa sa ƙasa kamar kaji, suna cin gwoza da larvae kai tsaye daga ganyayyaki. Tare da kwari, tsuntsayen Guinea suna lalata wasu kwari, waɗanda kuma suna cutar da tsirrai.
Akwai tabbaci cewa kaji na gida suna cin gworon Colorado, amma kawai wasu mutane waɗanda suka saba da wannan tun suna ƙuruciya. Kuna iya sakin tsuntsaye a cikin lambu tare da farawa na larvae, wato, a watan Mayu-Yuni.
Amma, yana da kyawawa cewa a dankalin dankalin turawa da wani abu, in ba haka ba kaji suna iya canzawa zuwa gadaje masu maƙwabta da ganimar kayan lambu da ke girma a wurin, ƙyanƙyashe matasa, shirya ramuka don yin iyo a cikin ƙura. Yin amfani da kaji ta wannan hanyar, zaka iya yin ba tare da wani magani tare da magungunan ƙwayoyi ko da maganin kwari ba.
Yaƙar ƙwaro irin ƙwaro zai zama mai sauƙi gaba ɗaya kuma mai riba: tsuntsaye, cin kwari masu wadataccen furotin, za su yi girma da sauri kuma su yi nauyi, kwanciya da gwoza suna ɗaukar ƙwai da yawa kuma duk wannan a kyauta, mai araha.
Baya ga dabbobin gida, tsuntsayen iri-iri kuma ana cinye shi. Waɗannan 'yan ci-rani ne, das hiyoyi, cuckoos, rakumi, kayan girke-girke, da sauransu Amma ba shakka, bai kamata ku dogara da gaskiyar cewa za su lalata irin ƙwaro da yawa ba.
Kuna iya ƙara yawan adadin tsuntsayen daji idan kunyi tanadin musamman zuwa wurin, amma wannan yana da tsawo kuma yawanci ba shi da tasiri, sabili da haka, ba shi da ma'anar la'akari da tsuntsayen daji a matsayin babbar hanyar kawar da irin ƙwaro. Kuma bisa ga wasu rahotanni, da tsuntsaye, tun flown zuwa shafin, ba kawai ci karin kwari, amma har da ganimar da amfanin gona na berries ripening da wannan lokacin.
Daga kwari, qwai da larvae na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro an lalace ta hanyar lacewings, ƙasa beetles, ladybugs, beetles, kwari, kwari kwari da tahini (suna shafar na ƙarshe, kaka, ƙarni na kwaro, wanda ke hana haifuwarsa). Ana gudanar da bincike game da shigarwar Amurkawa - magabtan ƙabilar irin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado da kuma yiwuwar karɓar su a Turai.
Yaƙi da ƙwayar dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro
Hanyoyin gwagwarmaya sun kasu kashi biyu na kariya, sinadarai da ilmin halitta. Hanyoyin hanawa sun hada da ayyukan gona. Ba tare da amfanin ingantattun magunguna ba.
Matakan kariya na kemikal - samfuran kayan halitta, hanyoyi na musamman don sarrafa plantings dankali. Chemicals suna da tasiri wajen aiki a lokacin lardin. Ana ɗaukar shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu mai aminci ga ɗan adam, yana nuna kyakkyawan sakamako tare da maimaitawa.
Gudanar da dankali daga irin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado ba tare da hanyoyin nazarin halittu ba. Dankali irin ƙwaro yana tsoron tsire-tsire mai kashe kwari (wake, tafarnuwa, coriander da sauransu). Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire, waɗanda aka dasa tare da gefuna da gadaje, suna kiyaye dankali daga kwaro.
Duk waɗannan hanyoyin suna aiki ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci, saboda kwaro ya dace da sabon yanayi. Zai fi kyau amfani da magunguna, tare da haɗa su da wasu hanyoyin sarrafawa da aka tabbatar. Kuna iya canza kuɗi lokaci-lokaci don kare amfanin gonar dankalin turawa daga ɓoyayyen ganye.
Tarihin Ganowa da Tsarin tsirrai
Abilar ɗan halitta kuma masanin ɗabi'ar ɗan adam Thomas Say (ya fara gano asalin halittar ne a shekarar 1824).Thomas Ka ce) daga samfuran da aka tattara a dutsen Rocky akan mummunan rawar rana (Solanum rostratum) Ya gano wani sabon nau'in a matsayin wakilin kwayoyin halittar. Chrysomela. A shekara ta 1858, masanin kimiyyar ɗabi'ar Jamus Christian Wilhelm Suffrian (Christian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian) sanya wannan nau'in a cikin halittar Amurka Doryphoratare da wanda ya ɗauka mafi girman kama. Daga baya, a cikin 1865, sanannen masanin binciken Sweden na wannan rukuni na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar Stahl ya haɗa da ƙwayar ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado a cikin halittar da ya kafa ta a 1858 Leptinotarsa, wanda yake har wa yau. Koyaya, a cikin ayyuka da yawa, galibi daga masu ba da izini na Amurka, har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, jinsunan sun bayyana a ƙarƙashin sunan Doryphora decemlineata.
Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro memba ne cikin asalin irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro (Chrysomelidae), wani subfamily na ainihin ganye beetles (Chrysomelinae).
Landasar gida na dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro
Irin ƙwaro ya sami sunan ƙasa a cikin 1859 bayan ta lalata filayen dankalin turawa a cikin jihar Colorado ta Amurka, amma ainihin mahaifarta ita ce yankin yanki na Sonora da ke arewa maso gabashin Mexico [ Ba a bayyana asalin ranar 286 ba ]. Baya ga irin dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro na Colorado, sauran nau'ikan al'adu ma suna zaune a can. Leptinotarsawanda ke ciyar da dabbobin daji da sigari - dangin dankalin hausa da nau'ikan tumatir.
Daga lardin Sonoran, irin diyan dankalin turawa na Colorado ya bazu zuwa arewa har ya kai ga tsaunin gabas na dutsen Rocky, inda a cikin karni na 19 ya dace da cin dankalin turawa.
Yada kan duniya
An lura da lalacewa ta farko ga dankali da dankalin turawa irin ta Colorado a cikin 1855 a cikin jihar Nebraska, amma ya samo sunan ne bayan da ya bayyana a filayen dankalin Turawa a Colorado a 1859. Duk da duk matakan kariya, sabon kwaro ya bazu cikin Arewacin Amurka, kuma a cikin 1876-1877 ya haye Tekun Atlantika tare da kaya a kan jiragen ruwa kuma ya fara bayyana a Turai, a kusa da Leipzig.
Bayan wannan dankalin turawa na dankalin turawa na Colorado an kawo shi Turai sau da yawa, amma an lalata makamin sa har sai a shekarar 1918, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, ya sami damar "samun gindin zama" a yankin Bordeaux (Faransa). Daga nan, irin ƙwaro ya fara zagayowar nasara zuwa ƙasashen Turai, ba wai kawai a cikin Burtaniya ba, inda har yanzu ba a bayyana shi ba.
Matsar da gabas gaba da iska mai ƙarfi a cikin watanni na bazara, a ƙarshen 1940, ƙwaro irin ƙwaro ya isa kan iyakar USSR. An gano farkon aikinta akan yankin USSR a yankin Lviv a 1949. Sannan a cikin 1953 ya bayyana lokaci guda a cikin yankunan Kaliningrad, Volyn, Brest da Grodno. A ƙarshe, a cikin yanayin zafi mai sanyi, na Mayu 1958, jirgin sama mai yawa na ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado zuwa yankin Transcarpathian ya tashi daga Hungary da Czechoslovakia, yayin da aka jefa "tsiro" mai yawa na ƙwaro daga Poland daga tekun Lithuania da Kaliningrad na Tekun Baltic. Daga wannan lokaci ne aka fara jujjuyawar jujjuya ƙwayar dankalin turawa a cikin USSR. A cikin bushewar shekara ta 1975, tare da kekunan da aka ɗora da bambaro, daga yankuna na Yukren SSR na Ukraine sun faɗi cikin yankuna na Kudancin Urals. Tun 2000, aka samo a cikin yankin Terimorsky.
Bayyanar
Irin ƙwaro yana da matsakaici a cikin girman, 8-12 mm tsayi kuma 6-7 mm fadi. Jikinsa baƙaƙe ne, yana da ƙarfi, convex, m, orange-orange. Pronotum tare da baki aibobi. Akwai baƙin ƙarfe 5 a kan kowane elytra (daga inda sunan Latin yake Yaudaralayin goma). Fuka-fukan da aka saka a yanar gizo suna da kyau, kuma tare da taimakon Colorado beetles suna yin dogon tashi.
Tsutsa na kwandon dankalin turawa na Colorado ya kai 15-16 mm tsawo tare da baki mai baki da kuma layuka biyu na baƙar fata a sassan jikin, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake rikitar da shi tare da tsutsawar tsintsiya, launin toshiyar mace mai launin toka tare da ayaba mai launin toka. Launi na jikin tsutsa na kwalin kwalliyar Colorado dankalin turawa, fararen duhu ne, tare da lokaci ya zama launin rawaya mai haske ko ruwan hoda. Babban batun canza launi na hemolymph na larvae shine launi na carotene. Lokacin da larvae ke cin ganyen dankalin, sai su narke dukkan aladu banda carotene, wanda yake tarawa a cikin kyallen su kuma yake shafa lardin a cikin “karas” launi.
Matakan sarrafawa
Matakan sarrafawa don irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro na Colorado sun haɗa da matakan keɓewa da kulawa da tsire-tsire lokacin da larvae na shekaru na biyu ya bayyana kuma lokacin haihuwar massanyen ƙwaro da ƙwayoyin kwari (magungunan kashe kwari). Koyaya, ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado tana nuna babban juriya ga poisons kuma yana hanzarta inganta rigakafi a gare su. Amma maganin kwari kwari ba kwari bane a cikin irin ƙwaro [ Ba a bayyana asalin ranar 286 ba ] da kuma ba da iko don magance shi yadda ya kamata don shekaru da yawa. A cikin ƙananan yankuna, gwoza da lardin su yawanci ana tattara su ta hannu da kashewa.
Grooves (ko gutters) tare da gangara na 45 ° kuma steeper ya zama tarko don fiye da rabin samarin gwoza masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke tafiya akan ƙasa.
Tunda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na Colorado suna tarawa a jikinsu da guba na alkaloids na solanins da ke ƙunshe cikin harbe da ganyayyaki, sun kasance inedible ga yawancin tsuntsaye da dabbobi, sabili da haka suna da 'yan kaɗan abokan halitta, a Bugu da kari, da yawa daga cikin shahararrun magabtan halitta na ƙwaro irin ƙwaro na Colorado ba su da ikon hana lambarta. a matakin lafiya.
Kudancin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya ci: daga tsuntsaye - pheasants, turkey da tsuntsayen Guinea, daga kwari - gwoza ƙasa da lacewings. Ladybugs na iya ci qwai da ƙwararrun ƙwaro.
Gwanayen Guinea masu cin abincin kansu kansu ne ke cin abincin kawai sai tsuntsayen tsuntsaye, ana koya turkey suyi hakan tun suna yara, suna ƙara ɗan guntun ƙanƙanun Colorado a cikin ciyarwa ko ciyar da ƙwayoyin gwari, suna mirgine su cikin Peas tare da gurasa [ wanda ba mai ikon mallaka ba? ] .
Abokan halitta na ɗabi'ar dankalin turawa da ke cikin cokali ma sune ƙwaro da wasu kwari, mafi inganci sune jinsin tahini Myiopharus doryphorae (fr.) Rashanci , wanda ya kai mafi girma lambobi a cikin faɗuwa kuma ya buga ƙarni na ƙarshe na ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar Colorado a cikin shekara, amma a cikin Colorado yawan waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta na iya kaiwa zuwa manyan darajar a cikin bazara, wanda ke ba da damar kiyaye adadin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin Colorado a matakin da aka yarda da su.
An yi ƙoƙari don tsara adadin ƙwaro na Colorado ta amfani da kwari na kwayar halitta, musamman tare da taimakon kwari Podisus maculiventris da Kwayar halittar Perillus.
A shekara ta 2010, Cibiyar Kariyar Shuka ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jamhuriyar Moludova ta nuna ingancin karuwar hellebore Lobel game da irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro.
Lesa potatoan dankalin turawa na Colorado suna samun wuraren girke girke na tsire-tsire na solanaceous tare da haɓaka haɓaka da ƙanshi. Idan kun shuka solanaceous gauraye da tsire-tsire masu ƙoshin ƙarfi (alal misali, borago, calendula, lemun tsami lemon, Basil, Mint, Dill, coriander, albasa, tafarnuwa, wake, wake), to adadin ƙwaro zai iya raguwa ta sau 8-9, wanda ke da mahimmanci kadan shafar amincin amfanin gona.
Kalamin dankalin turawa na Colorado bai yarda da kamshin tumatir da ake jujjuyawa ba, don haka idan ka sanya dinbin ash da dan karamin albasa a lokacin da ake dasa dankali a rami, to irin ƙwaro ba zai fito a kan waɗannan bushes ɗin ba har sai lokacin dankalin turawa, sannan bayan hakan ba zai cutar da dankalin ba, tunda cikakken ci gaba kuma kwanciya da amfanin gona wuce daga farkon girma da kuma ƙare da fure [ wanda ba mai ikon mallaka ba? ] .
Don sakamako mafi girma, matakan kulawa da yawa suna yiwuwa.
Nau'in | Dubawa | Rarrabawa | Matakan da aka kaiwa hari | Yankin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parasites da parasitoids | Chrysomelobia labidomerae | Acari | imago | Amurka, Mexico |
Edovum puttleri | Hymenoptera | qwai | Kolumbia, Mexico, Amurka | |
Anaphes flavipes | Hymenoptera | qwai | Amurka | |
Abubuwanda suka gabata na myiopharus | Diptera | imago | Amurka | |
Myoryharus doryphorae | Diptera | larvae | Kanada, Amurka | |
Meigenia mutabilis | Diptera | larvae | Rasha | |
Megaselia rufipes | Diptera | imago | Jamus | |
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | Nematoda | imago | cosmopolitans | |
Heterorhabditis heliothidis | Nematoda | imago | cosmopolitans | |
Masu Kulla | Lebia grandis | Coleoptera | qwai, larvae | Amurka |
Hippodamia convergens | Coleoptera | qwai, larvae | Amurka, Mexico | |
Karawanci | Coleoptera | qwai, larvae | cosmopolitans | |
Euthyrhynchus floridanus | Hemiptera | larvae | Amurka | |
Oplomus mai wadatarwa | Hemiptera | qwai, larvae | Meziko | |
Kwayar halittar Perillus | Hemiptera | manya, qwai, larvae | Kanada, Amurka, Mexico | |
Podisus maculiventris | Hemiptera | larvae | Amurka | |
Pselliopus cinctus | Hemiptera | larvae | Amurka | |
Sinea diadema | Hemiptera | larvae | Amurka | |
Stiretrus anchorago | Hemiptera | larvae | Amurka, Mexico | |
Pathogens | Bacillus thuringiensis | Kwayar cuta | larvae | Amurka, Kanada, Turai |
Littankhabdus luminescens | Kwayar cuta | manya, larvae | cosmopolitans | |
Spiroplasma | Kwayar cuta | manya, larvae | Arewacin Amurka, Turai | |
Beauveria bassiana | Ascomycota | manya, larvae | Amurka |
Irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro
Gaske irin ƙwaro dankalin turawa za'a iya rikita shi ƙarya dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro (Leptinotarsa juncta) Latterarshen ba mummunan kwaro bane na noma - yana ciyar da ciyayi daga dangin Namiji, alal misali, taba, Caroline Nightshade (Solanum carolinense), kazalika da bittersweet nighthade da nau'ikan physalis. Da wuya ya ci dankali ba ya kiwo a kan ire-irensa.
Yaya kwalliyar ƙwayar dankalin turawa take?
Irin ƙwaro dankalin turawa, Colorado, bayyanar, hoto
Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro yana zuwa ga tsari Coleoptera, dangin ganye irin ƙwaro.
Jikin irin ƙwaro yana da siffar kwai: ɓangarensa na biyu yana da convex, ƙasan yana da lebur. Tsawon jikin mutum shine 8-12 mm, girman kuma shine 6-7 mm. Shugaban yana da siffar zagaye, girmansa ya fi tsawon tsawo, an sake jansa kuma an kusan shi tsaye. A kan shugaban dankalin turawa dankalin turawa, akwai alamar baki a cikin alwatika. Idanun irin ƙwaro suna cikin nau'i na wake da baƙi, suna kan ɓangarorin kan kai.
Antennae da ta ƙunshi bangarori 11 ana zaune a matakin yankin ido na ciki: 5 na farko masu launin ruwan kasa ne, ragowar 6 baƙi ne.
Abun ciki ya kunshi bangarori 7 na launuka masu launi mai haske tare da launin toka. Elytra kusa da jikin irin ƙwaro; suna da launi masu launuka masu yawa, wanda ya kunshi launuka masu rawaya da baƙi. Irin ƙwaro yana da haɓaka fuka-fukai mai kyau, godiya garesu irin ƙwaro na iya yin dogon saurin tashi, musamman ma yanayin iska.
Kafafu na kwari suna da rauni da na bakin ciki, saboda haka irin ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado ba zai iya tafiya ba, kawai ja jiki.
Mata a cikin ƙwaro suna da girma kuma sun fi ƙarfin, matsakaicin nauyinsu shine 160 MG, kuma maza - 145 MG.
Qwai irin ƙwaro na Colorado
A yanayin zafin jiki na + 21 ° C da zafi na 70%, haɓakar kwai yana ɗaukar makonni 1-2.5, amma idan zafin jiki ya sauka zuwa + 11 ° C, tsari zai tsaya.
Ƙwai na ƙwaro suna da siffar m, sarari mai laushi da haske, faɗin su ya kai mm 0.8, kuma tsayin su ya kai mm 1.7-1.8. Lokacin da mace ta sanya ƙwai, sun sami launin rawaya mai haske, sannan a hankali duhu ya zama kusan orange.
Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro
Kimanin kwanaki 5-17 bayan haka, larvae ƙyanƙyashe daga qwai, adadin adadin ranakun ya dogara da yanayin yanayi. A larvae suna da karamin baki kai da fleshy jiki, shi ne lebur a kasa kuma mafi convex sama. A gaban jikin akwai wasu gajere nau'i biyu na kafafu na launin baƙar fata, warts baki suna kan bangarorin a cikin layuka biyu.
Tsutsawa ya shiga matakai 4 na ci gaba:
- Shekarun farko: an rufe jiki da gashi kuma yana da tsawon 1.5-2.4 mm, ana fentin cikin launin toka mai duhu. A wannan lokacin, larvae ciyar a kan ƙananan ɓangare na ganye nama.
- Shekaru na biyu: jiki yana canza launi zuwa launin ja mai haske, tsawonsa yana ƙaruwa zuwa 2.5-4.5 mm, adadin gashi yana raguwa. Larvae ciyar a kan dukkan jikin ganye, barin kawai streaks.
- Shekarun na uku: tsayin jikin mutum shine 4.6-9 mm, launi ya canza zuwa bulo, gashi ya shuɗe. Gwoza sune hanyoyi don motsawa zuwa tsire-tsire makwabta kuma ku ci naman ganyayyaki da harbe-harbe matasa.
- Shekaru hudun: jiki ya kai mmz 9 mm zuwa tsayi, launi ya zama daga ruwan-leba zuwa rawaya-ja.
Launi mai ruwan orange na larvae saboda gaskiyar cewa babban abin canza launi a jikinsu shine carotene.
Kowane mataki na larval ci gaban ƙare da molting. A wannan lokacin, kwari suna ciyar da karfi kuma bayan kwanaki 10-20 suna nutsewa cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin kusan 10 cm kuma pupate.
Pupae da manya daga cikin irin dankalin turawa
Pupa ya yi kama da na datti da mutum kwatankwacinsa, jikinsa yana da kusan mil 9.2 da tsayi 6.4 mm. Pupa yana da ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda ko ruwan lemo-yellow.
Idan ilmin ya faru a cikin kaka, da irin ƙwaro yakan fito daga pupa ya zauna a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu duka, kuma yakan fara bazara ne kawai a cikin bazara.
Bayan irin ƙwaro ya shuɗe daga matakin ɗalibi zuwa na manya, yakan yi duhu cikin fewan awanni kaɗan ya zama launin ruwan kasa.
A cikin tsawon makonni 1-3, kwaro ya sami ajiyar mai. A cikin yanayi mai zafi, godiya ga tanadin makamashi, yana da ikon iya tashi da nesa-nesa. Af, beetles tashi sama a cikin iska weather kuma zai iya isa gudu zuwa 7 km / h.
Ina ne kwalliyar Colorado? Gidajen su
Wurin haifuwa na ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado shine Meksiko, wato yankin yanki na Sonora. Lalacewa ta farko ga dasa dankalin dankalin Turawa ta Colorado dankalin turawa, an lura dashi a Nebraska a 1855.
Ya samu sunan ta saboda taron da ya faru a shekarar 1859 a Colorado. A wannan shekara, kwari sun lalata babban filin shuka dankalin turawa a cikin wannan jihar. Amma akwai wani ka'idar bayyanar irin wannan suna: daga harshen Mexico ana fassara kalmar "colorado" a matsayin "mai launi", wanda ya dace da bayyanar kwaro na kwaro.
Irin ƙwaro da sauri yada cikin Arewacin Amirka. Daga baya, a 1876-1877, ya zo Yammacin Turai a kan dankalin Turawa da aka kawo daga kasashen waje. Gabaɗaya, a wancan lokacin babu mawuyacin hali tare da kwari na Colorado, tunda dukkanin halayen kamanninsu sun lalace. Amma komai ya canza a cikin 1918, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, kwaro ya sami damar yin asali a Faransa, a yankin Bordeaux.
A lokacin Yaƙin Jiha na Patriotic, kwari sun riga sun kasance kan iyakar USSR.
A karo na farko a kan tsohuwar USSR, an hango ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin 1949 a yankin Lviv, a cikin 1953 sun fara samo su a cikin Kaliningrad, Volyn, Grodno da Brest. A cikin 1958, a lokacin watanni masu zafi da iska daga Hungary da Czechoslovakia, an yi zirga-zirgar jirgi mai ɗumbin launuka na ƙungiyar Colorado zuwa yankin Transcarpathian da Poland.
A hankali, kwari suka koma zurfi cikin Rasha, inda akwai kayan amfanin gona masu yawa, suka fara ninkawa da sauri kuma suka bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Tun daga tsakiyar 1970s, ana iya ganin ƙwayoyin gwoza a cikin Kudancin Urals, kuma a cikin 2000 - tuni a cikin yankin Terimorsky.
Mahalli na irin dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa, al'ada ce ta daren, ana iya samunsa a kowane wuraren budewa. Ana iya samun waɗannan kwari kusan ko'ina, sai dai ban da na thean Arewa da desertan Hagu.
Siffofi da mazauninsu
Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro (Sunan Latin Leptinotarsa decemlineеata) wani kwari ne daga dangin ganyen bishiyoyi na tsari irin na tsuntsayen fuka-fukan da ke da fikafikai, mallakar nau'in arthropods. A wata hanyar, ana kiranta Colorado dankalin turawa, irinta, tunda abincinta ya ƙunshi fiɗa dankalin turawa da sauran andan tsire-tsire na dare.
Wannan irin ƙwaro na ganye yana da babban yanki maimakon babban irin ƙwaro, wanda ke da siffar zagaye (oval), tsawon mm mm 10 mm kuma kusan 5-7 mm. Tsarin launi na fikaɗin wannan kwaro na dabba an halitta shi ne ta hanyar launuka masu launin shuɗi da ruwan lemo (karas).
A hoto na irin ƙwaro irin ta Colorado zaka iya ganin rarar baƙi madaidaiciya akan fikafikai, guda goma ne kacal, biyar cikin kowane fikafikan. Yana da daidai saboda wannan cewa kalmar "decemlineata" ya bayyana a cikin rarrabuwa na Latin na wannan irin ƙwaro, wanda a cikin fassarar kai tsaye aka fahimci "layuka goma."
Fuka-fukan wannan irin ƙwaro suna da taurin gaske kuma suna da siffar convex zuwa saman tears ɗin. Dankalin dankalin turawa yakan tashi da kyau kuma yawo na dogon jirgi da fasaha yana amfani da iska mai ƙarfi wanda ke iya ɗaukar ta tsawon lokacin tsawon kilomita da dama.
Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro Haske mai launin rawaya mai launi mai launi a matsakaita yana da tsawon 14-15 mm. A tsawon lokaci, tsarin launi na tsutsa ya canza launin zuwa launin rawaya mai haske, sannan kuma zuwa launi (karas) launi saboda yawan ƙwayar carotene a saman jikin, wanda ke ƙunshe cikin ganyen dankalin kuma ƙashin baya narke shi gaba ɗaya.
Shugaban tsutsa yana da duhu, ya fi zuwa baƙar fata, a gefan jikin mutane launin dige ne a cikin layuka biyu. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa a tsarin jikin tsutsa shine kasancewar idanu biyu daga idanuwa a gaban bangarorin kai, wanda ke ba shi damar tafiya daidai gwargwado.
Wannan kwaro ya gano, ko kuma akasin haka, masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar ɗalibi ɗan ƙasar Amurka Thomas Say a cikin 1824. Rarrabarsa a duniyarmu kwari kwaro mai ƙwaro farawa daga Arewacin Amurka, ko kuma a maimakon haka, za a iya la'akari da mahaifar mahaifin wannan irin ƙwaro a gabashin-gabashin Mexico.
A cikin hoto tsutsa cikin ƙwayar dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro
An samo sunan ne bayan cin yawancin filayen dankali a Colorado, Amurka. A ƙarshen karni na sha tara, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta Colorado ta ƙetare teku a cikin jiragen ruwan dakon kaya waɗanda ke jigilar kayan lambu zuwa Turai kuma tun daga lokacin ne suka fara yadu zuwa yankin Eurasia.
Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II a ƙarshen 40s, ya bayyana a sararin ƙasan ƙasar Yukren ta Soviet Union, daga inda ya bazu ko'ina cikin CIS ta zamani. A farkon karni na XXI, an gano mutanensa a cikin manyan filayen Gabas ta Tsararru a cikin Primorsky Territory, inda yanzu ma ya faru. yi yaƙi tare da dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Cikakken kwari kwari da larvae ko da yaushe suna zaune da kuma hunturu kusa da shafukan da germination na Noman amfanin gona. Baya ga jirage na kwari irin ƙwaro kwari hade da rashin isasshen abinci a cikin tsohon wuri.
A larvae suna da shekaru hudu kungiyoyin (matakai na ci gaba): a lokacin farko shekaru biyu, da larvae ci kawai m matasa na shuke-shuke Nighthade, saboda haka suna zauna a saman kara, a na uku da na hudu matakai da suka watsa a ko'ina cikin shuka da kuma fara ci ganye daga kowane iri (yara da tsofaffi), suna barin kawai farin ciki veins.
Bayan cin abinci guda ɗaya, a hankali suna birgima zuwa maƙwabta waɗanda ke kusa da ita kuma lalata su gaba ɗaya, wanda ke haifar da Colorado irin ƙwaro cuta filayen dankali da sauran tsire-tsire na dare da mutum ya shuka.
Adadin ci gaban da tsutsa daga amfrayo har zuwa lokacin da ya girma ya dogara da yanayin waje (kan yawan zafin jiki na duniya da iska mai kewaye, a kan adadin da girman hazo, a kan saurin iska, da sauransu).
Bayan ya kai shekara ta huɗu, tsutsa cikin saurin saukowa zuwa ƙasa ya yi ƙasa zuwa zurfin zurfin santimita goma na ɗalibi, yawanci wannan yakan faru ne a sati na biyu ko na uku na haɓaka.
Tsarin Pupa yana faruwa ne tsakanin kwanaki 10-15, gwargwadon yanayin muhalli, bayan haka kuma ƙwaro tsoho ya samu zuwa farfajiya don ci gaba da kasancewarsa.
Idan irin ƙwaro ya kasance ta hanyar kaka mai sanyi, to, zai iya, ba tare da fita daga ƙasa ba, nan da nan ya shiga cikin ɓacin rai kafin farkon yanayin zafi a bazara.
Wani abin lura mai ban sha'awa shine cewa ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa na Colorado na iya fada cikin diapause har ma da yawa shekaru, yawanci saboda yanayin sanyi a lokacin rani ko adadi mai yawa na waɗannan kwari a cikin ƙaramin yanki, wanda ke tattare da isasshen abinci ga duk mutane.
Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro
Kamar yadda ya bayyana a sarari daga duk abin da aka bayyana a sama Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro wannan cikakkiyar masifa ce ga dukkanin manoma da makiyaya lambu. Cin ganyayyaki ɗaya na shuka bayan wani, waɗannan kwari, masu ninka da sauri, na iya lalata kadarar gonakin da aka dasa.
Baya ga fi dankalin turawa, filo na dankalin turawa na Colorado yana amfani da ganyen kwai, tumatir, barkono mai daɗi, physalis, nighthade, dereza, mandrake har ma da sigari.
Don kada kwari da suka bayyana a kan shingen ba su lalata amfanin gonar gaba ba, mutum ya ƙirƙira da yawa magunguna don ƙwayar dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro. A cikin manyan gonaki a kan ƙwayar ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, galibi, ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari iri-iri.
Rashin ingancin irin waɗannan ayyuka shine a hankali ake samun kwari da magungunan kashe ƙwari kuma, da zarar sun kara dacewa, suna ci gaba da cin ganyayyakin da aka shuka, kuma mutane suna rashin gaskiya game da cin dankalin mai.
A cikin ƙananan lambuna na gida, lambu suna sarrafa tsire-tsire daga ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado tare da ash ash. Hakanan guba ga irin abincin dankalin turawa na Colorado kuma larvae shine maganin urea, kuma lokacin amfani da irin wannan maganin, ƙasa kanta tana haɗuwa da nitrogen.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan kwaro yana da mummunar wari mai ƙanshi, baya son warin ƙanshi mai ƙarfi, saboda haka yana yiwuwa rabu da mu da dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro Kuna iya fesa infusions daban-daban, alal misali, jiko na dandelion, wormwood, horsetail ko decoction na albasa Sikeli.
A cikin makircin gida, ƙwayar ƙwayar dankalin turawa a mafi yawan lokuta ana girbe da hannu, sannan a ƙone ko a lalata, wanda kuma ɗayan ingantattun hanyoyin magance wannan kwari.
Kamar abin da za a guba da dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa mai mallakar filayen da aka noma da lambuna koyaushe yana yanke hukunci, amma kwanan nan mutane suna ta kokarin amfani da ire-iren abubuwan guba a ƙasa da ɓata lokaci don samo sabbin ire-iren albarkatun gona da baƙar ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado ba ta ci.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Bayan hunturu a farkon lokacin bazara, lokacin da ranakun farko na rana suka isa, manya-manyan ƙabilun Colorado suna tashi daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma nan da nan zasu iya fahimtar juna.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan hadi, mace ta sa ƙwayayensu, yawanci sukan ɓoye ƙwai ko a cikin ganyayyaki ko kuma rabuwa da mai tushe. A cikin rana guda, macen zata iya yin kwanciya har zuwa qwai 70, kuma domin lokacin hadi mai yiwuwa ne daga lokacin bazara zuwa kaka, yawan qwai na iya isa dubbai.
Bayan mako daya ko biyu, daga kananan qwai, kusan 2-3 mm a girman, kyankyasar kwan daga ƙwai wanda aka dage farawa, wanda daga farkon minti na rayuwa ya fara ciyarwa, da farko cin ƙwayayen kansa da sannu a hankali ya sauya zuwa ƙuruciya matasa.
Bayan makonni biyu, tsutsa ya shiga matakin karatun kuma makonni biyu bayan haka, an zaɓi wani mutum mai zaman kansa mai cikakke daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda, bi da bi, yana shirye don zuriya.
A cikin yankuna na kudanci, lokacin kakar daga bazara zuwa kaka, ƙarni biyu ko uku na kwari zasu iya girma, inda yanayin yanayi na sanyi, galibi ƙarni ɗaya ya bayyana. A matsakaita, ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado tana rayuwa shekara ɗaya zuwa biyu, amma idan ta fadi cikin tsawon lokacin diapause, to kwaro zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru uku.
Abubuwan halaye na waje
Idan baku taɓa cin karo da wannan kwayar gonar gama gari ba, zaku iya samun masaniya akan Intanet. Cibiyar sadarwar tana da hotuna da yawa na ƙwayar ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado, wanda za ku iya bincika dalla-dalla yadda yake. A cikin ƙasar ƙasarmu, wannan kwaro yana rayuwa kaɗan - kusan shekaru saba'in.
A cikin Kalmomin kimiyya, da dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa, na gidan ganye yake, "irin ƙwaro." Duk tsutsa da ɗan kwalin dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro a kan ganye da furanni na ciyawar shuke-shuken daren.
Jikinta yayi kyau, yana kama da kwai kaza a tsari. Kusa da kasan, jikin yayi laima. Manyan mutane na waɗannan kwari suna girma cikin tsayi daga milimita bakwai zuwa goma sha biyu. A fadi, jikin su 5 millimita 5-10.
Lura!
Shugaban irin ƙwaro yana tsaye a tsaye tare da girmamawa ga jiki. An zana shi kuma cikin gani kusan ba'a ganuwa. Bambancin halayyar ƙwayar ƙwaro shine kasancewar alamar triangular a kan kai, wanda ke da launin baƙar fata. Idanun suna convex, m, sanya a kan bangarorin kai. Irin ƙwaro yana da eriya mai tsawo.
Saboda tsarin musamman na ƙafafu, ƙwakwallan Colorado baƙaƙen fata kawai. Basu iya gudu ba. Dankalin dankalin turawa na dankalin turawa suna da tsayayyen lemuka guda biyu na fikafikai. Launin fikafikan an daure, ratsi baƙaƙa da fari. Pairan ƙananan ƙananan fuka-fuki sune orange, suna da bakin ciki, translucent. Launi na ciki na irin ƙwaro shima orange ne, ya kasu kashi biyu.
Yana da kyau a sani cewa matan wadannan kwari sun fi maza girma. Bayan rashin haila, matsakaicin nauyin mata kusan gram 160, da maza - giram 145.
Daga ina kuke?
Duk da sunan, waɗannan kwari sun fara bayyana a Mexico. Kuma kwari sun sami sunan su saboda yawan lalata amfanin gona a Colorado.
Wannan taron ya faru ne a shekarar 1859. 'Ya'yan ƙwayoyin tsuntsaye cikin sauri suna haɓaka tare da dankali, waɗanda aka shigo da su daga Amurka zuwa wasu ƙasashe na duniya. A ƙarshen karni na 20, kwari masu ƙwari sun riga sun kama Turai da yankin Soviet Union.
A karo na farko a kan asashe na Soviet, an yi ta raha da hare-hare ta ƙwakwallan Colorado a yankin Volyn. Don kare kansu daga bala'i, hukuma ta ɗauki tsauraran matakan keɓewa. Duk da wannan, kwari ba su shuɗe ba. Tsarin microclimate na gida ya dace da rayuwa da haɓaka ƙwai irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro.
Shirye-shirye
Magungunan kwari da ke kashe kwari suna kan kasuwa. Don nemo ingantaccen magani don irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro irin ƙwaro, kuna buƙatar kulawa da abun da ke ciki. A abubuwa masu aiki irin wannan poisons ba su shafi daidai dankalin turawa, irin.
Abubuwan da ke kashe kwari suna kashe manya da larvae. Maganin an cakuda shi cikin gwargwado da aka ƙayyade a cikin umarnin, an zuba cakulan da aka gama a cikin fesa. Lokacin aiki da magungunan kashe kwari, yana da matukar mahimmanci kula da lafiyar ka.
Akwai kwayoyi waɗanda aka tsara don bi da tubers kafin dasawa. Ya isa yayyafa dankalin da rufe su a ƙasa. A cikin ƙasa, tubers yana karɓar kariya daga irin ƙwaro dankalin turawa. Dankali yana da kariya daga wasu kwari da ke cikin ƙasa.
Sabbin tsaran cututtukan kwari suna halin da sakamako masu lalacewa. Irin wannan guba daga ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado yana da mummunar tasiri a cikin kwari. Yana da matukar wahala a rabu da “kifayen whales”, amma zaku iya lalata babban adadin tsiran gwari.
Abubuwa masu guba na iya maye gurbin gabaɗaya ko kuma a cikin samfuran samfuran halitta. Amfanin wadannan samfuran ba cutarwa bane ga mutane, tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Abubuwan ƙirar halitta sun ƙunshi nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman waɗanda ke haifar da mutuwar kwari. Gaskiya ne, aiwatar da mutuwar ƙwaro ƙwaro yana zuwa lokaci.
Amfani da magungunan kashe kwari akai-akai yana shafar inganci da ɗanɗano dankalin turawa. A saboda wannan dalili, zaku iya madadin amfani da magunguna tare da hanyoyin mutane masu sauƙi.
Fasalin tafiyar rayuwar rayuwa
Ultwararren ƙwaro Colorado suna ɓoye ɓarawon hunturu a ƙasa. A farkon bazara, suna motsawa kuma sun fara lalata kawai tsire-tsire masu hauhawa.
Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na iska ya zama sama da digiri goma, yanayin dankalin turawa na Colorado yana farawa lokacin kiwo. A wasu halayen, ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta tun kafin tafiya zuwa hunturu hunturu. Sannan suna bada zuriya nan da nan bayan farkawa. Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar wakilan wadannan kwari daga shekara daya zuwa uku.
Wannan lokaci na farkawa da karbuwa na ƙwayoyin ƙwaro yana ɗauka daga shekara ɗaya zuwa ɗaya da rabi. Idan akwai tushen abinci mai gina jiki, da sauri tsoho yana ƙaruwa da ƙarfi kuma suna shirye don kiwo.
Larvae yakan fito ne daga qwai mako guda bayan an ɗora su. Jikin larvae ya kasance mai laushi, convex, wanda launin shuɗi ya mamaye shi. Babban aikin waɗannan kwari yana farawa ne bayan ya isa zafin jiki na iska na digiri 15.
Magungunan magungunan gargajiya
Hanya mafi aminci don halakar da ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado ana ɗaukar maganin magunguna. Tsarin aiki mai ƙarfi - tarin kwari da lalata. Yana da sauƙin aiwatar plantings ta amfani da ash, kayan ado na yau da kullun, infusions.
Dry itace ash na iya fitar da bishiyoyin dankalin turawa. Ana amfani da maganin ash wanda bashi da tasiri. 2 kilogiram na ash dole ne a narkar da a cikin lita 10 na ruwa. 1 lita na cakuda da aka cakuda an narke shi a cikin ruwa 10 na ruwa, bayan wannan ana kula da tsire-tsire.
Mazauna rani kuma sun ce mustard yana ba da sakamako mai kyau a cikin yaƙi da kwari mai yaduwa. 100 g na bushe mustard foda an narkar da shi a cikin lita 5 na ruwa mai dumi, an kara 50 ml na vinegar (9%). Sakamakon cakuda dole ne a bi da shi tare da bushes yayin fure.
Yin amfani da magunguna na mutane yana da ka'idodi na kansa:
- spraying ko da yaushe za'ayi a bushe yanayin,
- An bada shawara don maimaita magani bayan kwanaki 7-10,
- ba za a iya adana mafita na dogon lokaci ba, saboda magungunan gargajiya na rasa tasirinsu,
- Ana yin spraying da safe da maraice.
Albasa jiko yana nuna babban inganci a cikin yaƙi da kwari. Gilashin lita uku shine 1/3 cike da albasa, an zuba shi da ruwa mai ɗumi, an bar shi tsawon kwanaki 2. An cakuda cakuda da ruwa (1: 2), ƙara 10 g sabulu a cikin ruwa ruwa.
Kuna iya amfani da harbe juniper, ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai guba na celandine, infusions na wormwood mai ɗaci. Filings na al'ada kuma suna samar da ingantacciyar kariya game da irin ƙwaro. Sawdust an bada shawarar don amfani dashi ciyawa. A hankali rabu da mu kwari zai taimaka farin Clover da aka dasa kusa da gadajen dankalin turawa.
Wadanne kwari ne da tsuntsayen ba su da ƙwaro irin ƙwaro?
Irin ƙwaro dankalin turawa, Colorado, bayyanar, hoto
A gare mu, hanyar da muka saba don magance ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ta Colorado ita ce lalata su da taimakon magunguna daban-daban da magungunan jama'a. Amma akwai wani zaɓi - akwai kwari da tsuntsayen da ke cinye irin ƙwaro irin na Colorado, wanda ke nufin za su iya taimakawa a cikin yaƙi da kwari.
Amma akwai 'yan kananan halittunnan, saboda sunadarai masu guba a jikin jikin irin ƙwaro, ba shi da maƙiyan halitta.
Musamman, uwargidan, karamin creeper da lacewing suna cin ƙwai da larvae na irin ƙwaro, amma basu da ƙarfi a gaban manya. Suna iya taimakawa rage yawan kwari, amma a kowane hali, dole ne kuyi amfani da wasu hanyoyi don magance ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na Colorado.
Mai hadari ga kwari kwari tsuntsaye da turkey. Wadansu sukan fara wadannan kajin domin kauda kwari. Tsuntsaye na iya cin tsofaffi, amma dole ne ya saba da irin wannan abincin. Don yin wannan abu ne mai sauƙi: kuna buƙatar sanya su a cikin abincin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na Colorado, bayan haka za su fara cin waɗancan kwari da suka zo a hanyarsu.
Dankalin dankalin turawa na dankalin turawa, kwaro ne tare da rayuwa mai girma, yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri kuma yana iya yada tsawon nesa. Cire kwandon dankalin turawa na Colorado ba abu bane mai sauki, saboda haka kuna buƙatar fara yaƙar ta da wuri-wuri.
Sauran hanyoyin gwagwarmaya
Beetan ƙwayoyin tsofaffi suna samun dankali da ƙanshi, godiya ga kyakkyawan wari. Don hana kwari a gano bushes, kuna buƙatar dasa ɗayan waɗannan ganye kusa da su: calendula, dill, basil, cilantro, Mint, tafarnuwa, kowane irin albasa, wake. Da gaske, daga wannan adadin ƙwaro zai iya raguwa da kusan sau 10.
Lokacin dasa shuki tubers a cikin bazara a cikin kowane rami, saka ɗan ƙaramin albasa da ash. Irin ƙwaro ba zai bayyana a kan dankalin turawa ba har sai fure, kuma bayan hakan ba zai sake haifar da wata barazana ba, tunda zaƙuwar sabbin ƙabilu yana faruwa a farkon farkon kakar girma.
Kwayoyin cuta
Idan hanyar sarrafawa ta halitta ba ta taimaka mai mahimmanci ba, da akwai ƙwaro iri-iri ko yanki da dankali ya mamaye shi, to, mafi kyawun abin da zaku yi tunanin shi shine kula da tsire-tsire tare da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta. Suna fesa tsire-tsire tare da bayyanar larvae na shekaru 2 da ƙananan ƙwayoyin gandun daji a kansu.
Amma, tun da peculiarity na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro ne mai kyau juriya ga daban-daban sunadarai da sauri karbuwa a gare su, kana bukatar ka canza shirye-shirye, kuma ba fesa su iri daya ba koyaushe. Ba shi da wahala a yi wannan, tunda yanzu mutane da yawa daban-daban magunguna don ƙwayar dankalin turawa irin ƙwaro, zabi daga menene.
Kwayoyin cuta - guba daga irin ƙwaro dankalin turawa - ana iya rarrabasu bisa ga sigogi dayawa. Misali, dukkansu za'a iya rarrabuwa cikin aji: na kunkuntar mai da hankali, yin aiki ne kawai a kan larvae ko kuma akan manya kawai, ko kuma wadanda ke lalata duniya baki daya.
Magungunan na gaba sun fi ƙarfin ƙarfi kuma suna da ƙwaƙwalwa; ba wai kawai suna kashe kwari da aminci ba ne kawai, har ma suna cutar da tsire-tsire, kuma idan aka yi amfani da su ba daidai ba kuma idan adadin ya wuce, sun kuma shafi mutane.
Dangane da hanyar aikace-aikacen, samfuran an yi su ne don miya da fesawa. Tare da maganin da aka shirya daga wakilai na kayan miya, ana fesa tubers kafin a aiko shi don haɓaka ko saƙa a cikin mafita. Hakanan ana shirya hanyar bayani daga masu murɗawa don amfani dashi don fesawa akan ganye da mai tushe.
Dangane da hanyar aiwatar da kwaro, ƙwayoyin cuta suna saduwa, hanji da tsari. Sun bambanta a cikin abubuwa masu aiki. Waɗannan sune avermectins, pyrethrins, phosphorus mahadi da neonicotinoids.
Da yawa daga cikin kwari masu iko kwari ne, ba a ba da shawarar su wajan fitar da tubers ba: ya kamata a yi magani na ƙarshe akalla wata guda kafin a digo sabon amfanin gona. Barin irin dankalin Turawa don dasa shuki na bazara ba'a bada shawarar shi ba.
Hanyar Gudanar da kwaro
Idan kuna mamakin yadda za a rabu da kuɗin dankalin turawa na Colorado, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa. Tun lokacin da mazauninsu na zamanin dankalin turawa na Colorado a cikin latitude ɗinmu ba mahimmanci bane, basu da makiya da yawa a cikin yanayin halitta.
Iri dake tsayayya
Babu wani nau'in da zai zama 100% "mai tauri" don kwaro. Amma akwai nau'ikan iri da yawa sun fi tsayayya wa cin kwaro fiye da sauran. Wannan an cimma shi ba saboda injin-ɗabi'a ba, amma ta hanyar aikin kiwo don samar da nau'ikan da ya bambanta da sauran tsarin ganye.
Yawancin lokaci sun kasance m, fibrous, an rufe shi da hairs, tare da jijiya mai wuya, wanda ke kawo cikas ga lafiyar abinci irin ƙwaro, musamman ƙuruciya matasa. Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa ba sa son ɗanɗano da ganyen ganye tare da solanine da sauran alkaloids. Wadannan mahadi ba kawai dadi ba ne a dandano, amma kuma suna iyakance damar da irin ƙwaro ke haifarwa.
Akwai nau'ikan da ke da girma na sakewa, sabili da haka, har ma an ci abinci ta hanyar kwari, ana mayar da su da sauri, girma sababbin ganye. Wannan yana rage asarar yawan amfanin ƙasa, saboda girmanta yana dogaro ne da yawan kayan kore wanda daga abubuwan gina jiki suka shiga cikin .an takin.
Yana rage yiwuwa da wani irin ƙwaro harin da juriya na dankali ga cututtuka: kwaro fi son bushes ya raunana da cututtuka, ci su da sauri. Don gadaje na gida, zaku iya zaɓar nau'in dankalin turawa masu zuwa:
- Sa'a. A iri-iri ne unpretentious, tare da babban yawan amfanin ƙasa da sitaci abun ciki. Rashin kyau shine cewa za a iya shafa shi ta hanyar nematode.
- A sucker. Tsaka-tsakin yanayi, wanda ya dace sosai don namo a tsakiyar yankin na Tarayyar Rasha. Dankalin yana da dadi, yana zaune har zuwa sunanta.
- Kamensky. Early ripening iri-iri, banda kuma mai 'ya'ya. Haɗe tare da juriya na irin ƙwaro, waɗannan kaddarorin suna sanya shi zaɓi mafi kyau don gadaje iri-iri na gida.
Bayan wadannan, akan sayarwa zaka iya samun wasu karin nau'ikan da ke tsayayya wa irin ƙwaro. Ana iya siyan su a cikin shagunan kan layi ko cikin shagunan kayan lambu.
Nasihu Masu Amfani
Kada ku dogara kawai da iri-iri, komai irin natsuwa. Zai fi kyau a shirya dankalin turawa, saboda bazai samu kwari ba lokacin kakar. Mataki na farko shine germination na tubers. Wannan ya zama dole don harbe suyi hanyar su a kan bene da sauri.
An san hakan Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro yana bayyana a zazzabi na kimanin 15 ° C, kuma idan kun dasa dankali da wuri, to a wannan lokaci bushes ɗin zai sami lokaci don yayi girma mai ƙarfi.Za'a iya yanka manyan tubers zuwa sassa da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da peephole. Gaba ɗayan shuka za su yi girma daga kowace, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa zai kasance mafi girma. Yanki a kan yakamata ya kamata a yayyafa shi da ash.
Dankali ya kamata ya girma a cikin ciyawar. Samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, zai kasance mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, zai kasance da sauƙi a tsayayya wa kwari. Don ƙirƙirar yanayi ingantacce, dole ne a gabatar da takin ƙasa a cikin ƙasa - humus da katako mai tsabta na itace.
Gwanin dankalin turawa na dankalin turawa ba ya kawo wani fa'ida, illa kawai. Rage filayen dankalin turawa, yana rage yawan amfanin gona. Don magance shi, an kirkiro hanyoyi daban-daban; don samun saurin aiki da abin dogara, ba za ku iya tsayawa a ɗayan ɗayan ba, amma amfani da 2 ko 3 yanzu.