Ophiuri tsakanin echinoderms sune mafi yawan dabbobi ta hannu. Suna motsawa tare da taimakon haskoki, kuma wani lokacin kawai don wannan dalili suna amfani da kafafun ambulacral. Kodayake ophiurs suna da tsarin fuka-fukai, suna nuna halayen dabbobi masu daidaituwa yayin motsawa. Haka kuma, hannayensu na katako biyu ko hudu sun lanƙwasa ta wata fuska mai kama da igiya, kuma katakon wuta a wannan lokacin ana iya zuwa da shi gaba ko baya, kuma fayaɗinsa yana tashi sama da abin da ya canza.
Amince da ophiur, akwai wasu hanyoyin motsawa. Don haka, kowane nau'ikan wasu nau'ikan ophiur, suna kama abubuwa tare da haskoki guda ɗaya ko biyu, ana jan su zuwa gare su, yayin da sauran haskoki ke motsa su. Haka kuma akwai wasu nau'in halittu waɗanda, duk da kasancewar ampoules da kofuna masu tsotsa, suna amfani da ƙafafun ambulacral yayin motsi, yana ɓoye su daga ƙasa mara kyau. A kan ingantaccen farfajiya, kamar bangon gilashin akwatin ruwa, snaketail na iya rarrafe tare da kafafu ambulacral. A wannan yanayin, ƙwayoyin glandular na ophiur suna ɓoye ƙwayar viscous ta musamman, saboda abin da ƙafafunsu ke ɗauka suna manne da farfaɗar keɓaɓɓun. Ana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta ƙafafun ambulacral kuma lokacin tono ophiur a cikin ƙasa.
Haskoki da ƙafafun ophiur suna aiki ba kawai don motsawa tare da keɓaɓɓun ba, har ma suna ɗaukar aiki mai ƙarfi a lokacin kama abinci da ci gabansa na gaba zuwa bakin. Hakanan suna ciyar da snaketail kamar ƙananan ƙananan dabbobi, da detritus, wasu nau'in kuma sun gwammace algae.
An kawo ƙananan ƙwayar abinci na ophiura zuwa bakin tare da ƙafafu, kuma manyan dabbobi suna kama su ta haskoki, wanda, yin saƙo, isar da su kai tsaye zuwa bakin. A cikin ophiur na Turai, kamar yadda binciken ya nuna a ciki, detritus, da ƙananan crustaceans, polychaetes, mollusks, matasa echinoderms da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin ruwa, sune tushen abincin (kusan 75-90%). Idan an sa su cikin akwatunan ruwa, ana iya ciyar dasu tare da yankakken kifi.
Ophiuras na iya hango ganima a wani ɗan nesa, bayan wannan sai su yi biris da shi. Binciken bincike na musamman ya nuna cewa ƙafafun ambulacral ne waɗanda ke da damuwa ga tashin hankali na abinci. Kuma idan ƙafafu na ambulacral suna hulɗa da barbashin abinci, to, suna gabatar da ita ga bakin ne, kuma ana fitar da kuzarin da ke cikin abinci da sauri.
Ofiuri sunada matukar dacewa da sauran abubuwan motsa jiki, musamman ga haske. suna amsawa da sauri ga yawancin tasirin ƙirar. Duk da haka, ba a san komai game da gabobin hankalinsu.
Bioluminescence halayyar wasu nau'ikan ophiur ne: i.e. sun sami damar yin haske. Koyaya, yawanci suna haskakawa da haske ne, kuma a wasu lokuta garkuwar baka. Kyakkyawan haske mai launin shuɗi-mai launin rawaya shine mayar da martani ga haushi na inji, misali, taɓa ophiura. Yawancin shawo kan matsalar ophiur ba su sanshi ba, wanda sau da yawa yakan dogara da jikinsu, kuma yakan hau zuwa gabobin ciki na ophiur.
Halin rayuwar salon salula na ophiur, kazalika da kwarangwal mai karfi, har zuwa wani lokaci yana kare ophiur daga harin kananan abokan gaba. Amma a cikin ophiura zaka iya samun ciliates daban-daban, har ma da mollusks na parasitic, crustaceans, da tsutsotsi. A lokaci guda, parasites da commensals of kaɗan suna da kaɗan, kodayake dabbobi sun wakilta su daga kungiyoyi daban-daban. Daga cikin nau'ikan ma'adanar, akwai wasu nau'in halittun da ke haifar da kwayar halitta a cikin bursa na ophiur, suna kwanciya da ƙwai da yawa a cikinsu, wanda ke yin katsalandan ga al'ada na masu mallakarsu. Mutane daya-daya na iya yin amfani da su zai iya haifar da kirkirarwar wasu kananan abubuwa kamar gallop-ray swelleta a gindin haskoki na snaketail.
Ophiuras suna da haɗari ga mazaunin har abada akan wasu kwayoyin, alal misali, a cikin buƙatun ƙwayoyin teku. Don haka, karamin ophiura Nannophiura lagani, wanda girman dijitalsa shine kusan mm 0,5, wanda ya dace da rayuwa akan bakin urchin Laganum depressum. Kusan koyaushe ana samunsa a gefen ventral gefen wannan shingen lebur, inda yake motsawa daga wannan allura zuwa waccan, kamar ƙaramar ɗan jinkiri daga itace zuwa itace. Kusan sau da yawa, ophiurs suna zaune akan murjani da soso. Yawancin wakilan 5-rayed ophiur daga sashin layi na Branch ophiur yawanci suna kan nau'ikan murjani daban-daban, kuma har ma wasu suna ciyar da ƙanƙanin ƙaƙƙarfan rundunarsu.
Haɗin Ophiomaza ofiur tare da filayen ruwan fure daban-daban an kuma lura. Ita kuwa Ophiomaza cacaotisa ophiura akai-akai ana samun ta a bakin wata gabar teku mai zafi mai turanci Comanthus, kofin wanda ya mamaye ta sosai da haskoki. Yawancin lokaci, ophiuras sun fi canza launin launi fiye da sauran echinoderms, amma launi na ophiura Ophiomaza cacaotisa ya bambanta kuma ya dace da na mai masauki .. Akwai wasu nau'in halittun da fentin jikinsu da launin shuɗi mai ruwan hutu ko kyautuka, amma waɗannan ophiuras da wuya su zama sananne saboda ƙarancin girman su. Yawancin lokaci mau kirim, launin kore, launin ruwan kasa ko launin rawaya sune suka fi yawa a cikin launi na snaketail, yawancin lokuta masu launuka masu launuka masu bambantawa ne.
Dukda cewa burbushin halittar ophiur din ba a san shi da yawa ba, saboda haka, basu da cikakkiyar nazari. A lokaci guda, kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan ophiur guda 180 a halin yanzu an san su. Masu rajin haraji a cikin aji na ophiur sun bambanta umarni 3: real ophiur (Ophiurida), oegofiurida (Oegophiurida) da frinofiurida (Phrynophiurida).
Fitowar Halittu na Ophiura
A waje, ophiurs suna kama da kifin kifi. An wakiltar jikin ta hanyar faifan ɗakin kwana, da tsayi 5-10 masu tsayi, ko kuma a hankali, hannaye, nesa da shi.
Faifan tsakiya tare da nisan da bai wuce 10 cm ba, hannayen na iya samun tsawon tsawon 60-70 cm. Hannun wutsiyar maciji ya ƙunshi dumbin vertebrae, fiber tsokoki na haɗe da su, saboda abin da vertebrae ke aiki.
Ophiuras (Ophiuroidea).
Yawancin nau'in halitta suna nuna ikon motsi haskoki kawai a cikin jirgin sama, amma tsattsauran ra'ayi na iya jan hannayensu zuwa ga ciki, wato a bakin.
Kasusuwan ophiura sunadarai ne, abubuwa ne na waje da na ciki suka wakilce su. Bangaren da ke waje ya ƙunshi adadin ruwan tabarau mai ɗumbin yawa, suna ba da babbar motar kama da idanu baki ɗaya. An rufe ciki da baya tare da sikeli na damuwa. Kowane hannu yana da layuka guda huɗu na faranti kwance. Manyan lafazin na sama, ƙananan na baka ne (a gefen bakin), haka kuma layuka biyu a gefe. Tafanan da ke gefen suna da kalae. Akwai nau'ikan shukoki wadanda aka rufe da kashin jikinsu da fata.
An san Ophiuras a cikin burbushin halittu daga farkon Ordovician.
A cikin tsakiyar ciki akwai bakin da ke da siffar pentagon. Wannan nau'in ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa jaws 5, sanye take da papillomas na musamman, suna gudu zuwa cikin kogon baka.
Abun ciki yana kama da jaka, ya mamaye mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren diski na tsakiya. Wadannan echinoderms basu da dubura. Don haifuwa, snaketail yana amfani da bursa - jaka wacce ke da tsari membranous, inda gonad yake buɗewa. Wuraren da glandon suka shiga ciki ana kiransu ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa, suna kan ƙananan diski.
Tsarin hydraulic, ambulacral ofiur yana kama da dukkanin halittun echinoderms, sai dai cewa baida amfani wajen motsa snaketail saboda ƙafafun ambulacral basu da kofuna masu tsotsa. An samo su a hannu tsakanin faranti na ciki da na ciki. Yawancin lokaci launi mai haske na hali ne na ophiur, har ma akwai wasu nau'in halittu masu haske.
Kimanin nau'ikan ophiur 120 suna zaune a Rasha.
Ophiura Habitat
Rayuwar Ofiura yana nufin kasa. Waɗannan su ne irin mutanen da ke zaune a cikin zurfin teku, kuma amplitude na yaduwa yana da girma sosai. Raba iri na An samo shi a cikin yankunan bakin teku, amma galibi snaketail suna rayuwa ne a zurfin da yawa kilomita dubu.
Wadannan nau'ikan abyssal basu tashi zuwa sama ba, an sami mafi zurfi a cikin rami mai zurfin sama da mita 6,700. Gidajen jinsuna daban suna da bambance-bambance: wakilai na aji marasa ƙarfi sun zaɓi duwatsun gaɓar tekun, murjani mai ruɗi da kuma ruwan lemo, masu son zurfafa zurfin teku suna ɓoye.
Burrowing gaba daya a cikin ƙasa, ya rage kawai tukwici na haskoki a farfajiya. Yawancin nau'ikan ophiur suna haɗuwa tare da jin daɗi tsakanin buƙatun ruwan urchins na teku, a cikin rassan murjani ko akan soso da algae.
A wurare, akwai tarin yawa na ophiur, samar da abubuwa daban daban, suna mamaye babbar rawa a rayuwar al'ummomin ruwa. Wadannan nau'ikan suna da tasiri sosai ga tsarin aikin ruwa, saboda suna cin abubuwa da yawa na abubuwa, kuma, bi da bi, abinci ne ga sauran rayuwar ruwa.
Bayanin:
Yawancin wutsiyar maciji da aka sani duka mallakar wannan tsarin ne. Faifan waɗannan ophiur galibi an rufe shi da sikeli, kuma haskoki an rufe shi da faranti. Rays ba reshe ba kuma yana ƙasa da na wakilan wanda aka yanke a baya. Suna tanƙwara kawai jirgin sama na kwance, tunda ƙirar vertebrae ya fi rikitarwa - tare da taimakon tubercles da ramuka.
Ofaya daga cikin mafi yawan iyalai na wannan tsari - Ophiacantliidae (Ophiacantliidae) - ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa da ke yaduwa a cikin tekun, kuma yawancinsu suna rayuwa a wurare masu zurfi. A cikin ofpakantpd, faifan a gefen ƙasan an rufe shi gaba ɗaya tare da murfin Babu mai matuqar jigilar ƙananan bututun, spikop ko allura, rufe fuskokin diski. Ana bayar da haskoki tare da adadi mai yawa na tsayi da ƙyalli. Mafi kyawun wakilcin dangi shine dattin na biyu na toakhed (Ophiacanlha bidentata), yawancin lokuta ana samunsa a cikin Arctic, Atlanta da tekun Pacific a zurfin 10 zuwa 4500 m.To mafi kyawun launin ophiura mai launin ruwan kasa, tare da dijital diski na 12 mm, yana da ikon yin haske.
Toarfin haske shine yafi yaduwa a tsakanin wakilan wani dangi - ofiocomid (Ophiocomidae). Opliiopsila anniilosa da O. arenea suna haske sosai, suna zaune a cikin tsaunin Bahar Rum "a zurfin har zuwa 100 m. Waɗannan ophiurs sun fara haske da ƙarancin fushi. Ya isa a taɓa tare da wand ko hancin kumburin zuwa ophiura, kamar yadda yake ɗaukar haske nan take da farko a wurin taɓawa, sai haske ya rufe sauran haskoki. Tare da fushi na tsawon rai, waɗannan snaketail suna haskakawa da haske mai haske mai launin shuɗi-mai-haske, kuma da alama hasken yana fitowa daga dukkan yanayin ophiura. Koyaya, binciken ilimin tarihin game da wadannan nau'ikan ya nuna cewa sel wanda glandular, asirin wanda yake haifar da haske, ana samun su ne a wasu wurare na jikin ophiur. Abubuwan allura, faranti da na gefen faranti na haskakawa. An yi amfani da wannan fasalin na jinsunan da aka yi la'akari da su cikin binciken yadda suke rayuwa. Dukkan jinsunan biyu suna aiki da dare, cikin hasken rana suna ɓoye a cikin yashi. ”Ikon haskakawa ya sa ya yiwu a lura da waɗannan dabbobin da dare ba tare da ƙarin haske ba. Abin da ya juya ya nuna cewa abincin da ake ci yana tona asirin rana uku daga matsugunin, yana sanya su sabanin kwarara sannan kuma suna kamawa da kuma tace barzanar abinci da ruwa.
Kyakkyawan kyakkyawa shine kyakkyawan ofionoma (Ophiocoma delicata), wanda aka samo a zurfin kusan mil 35 daga kudu maso gabashin tekun Australia. Wannan ophiura tana da ƙananan fentin, ƙananan faifai na launuka kirfa mai launi iri-iri tare da aibobi masu kyau, kowane yana da iyaka mai faɗi. Haske na haskoki shima sautin magana biyu ne: bangare ɗaya duhu ne mai ruwan shuɗi, ɗayan kuma kusan fari ne, haskoki suna kama da hasken wuta.
A murjani na murƙushe na Pacific na wurare masu zafi, kuna iya samun sauƙin samun wakilin ofiocomid - Ophiomastix annulosa.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da dangin amphiurid (Amphiiiridae), waɗanda suka bambanta musamman akan tsarin kusurwa ta baka, wanda saman papillas na baka biyu ke kasancewa, shima yana iya haskakawa. Yana da ban sha'awa mu tuna cewa an fara gano hasken ophiur ne sama da shekaru 170 da suka gabata: an gan shi a cikin Amphipholis squarnata. Ya juya cewa mutane masu rai ne kawai ke iya yin haske, tare da babban hasken da ke zuwa daga tushe na allura, da kafafu, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba sa haske. Mene ne ma'anar ma'anar haske game da snaketail har yanzu ba a fayyace shi ba. Mai yiyuwa ne haske mai haske wanda ke faruwa lokacin taɓa ophiuras yana tsoratar da kifin da yake bisansu. Ophiuras game da shi sami damar ceto. Abin sha'awa ne cewa wannan karamin ophiura, wanda diamitarsa ta diski ba ta wuce mm mm 4-5, ya sami damar daidaitawa da yanayin rayuwa mai ban sha'awa da yaɗa kusan ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi da yanayin canji na tekun. Ana iya samunsa a yammacin Tekun Barents. Launin ophiura mai launin shuɗi ne ko launin toka-fari. Yana zaune a kan dabbobi da kuma sauka zuwa zurfin 250 m. Wannan snaketail shine hermaphrodite. Kayanta sun girma a cikin bursa, kuma lokacin kiwo yana tsawaita lokaci kuma ana iya samo embryos a cikin bursa a duk shekara. Yana da wuya a sami samfuran wannan nau'in tare da faifan disiki, tun da yake sau da yawa a cikin yanayin mummunan, ophiura yana zubar da ɓangaren diski na diski, wani lokacin har ma da ciki da gonad. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk sassan da aka rasa suna sake sabunta su.
Littlean ƙaramin Black amphiur Stepanova (Amphiura stepanovi) shima yana kula da zuriyar. Za a iya samun ƙananan kifi a cikin bursa a farkon bazara da kaka. Yin nazarin ƙungiyar ciki na Stepanov's amphiura, D. M. Fedotov ya ƙarasa da cewa A. stepanovi wani nau'in hermaphroditic ne, wanda aka san shi da haihuwar rayuwa. Tana zaune a cikin yashi ko ta ɓoye a cikin kwarin oysters. Ana iya samun wannan ophiur a cikin Bahar Maliya zuwa zurfin 250 m, har ma a cikin Tekun Marmara.
A cikin Bahar Rum, ta gabar Turai ta tekun Atlantika da yammacin gabar Afirka, wata nau'in da ke da kusanci da wacce ta gabata ta kasance - Amphiura chiajei. Kwanciya a kan yashi, wannan nau'in snaketail da sauri ya haƙa a ciki tare da taimakon ambulacral kafafu, yana barin tukwici ne kawai na haskoki wanda yake saman sama da ƙasa. Ofiura yana ƙarfafa ganuwar baƙin ciki da aka yi a cikin yashi tare da gamsai don kar su yi ruri, kuma motsi-kamar motsi na haskoki da kuma diski daban-daban suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar ruwa a cikin kofofin, yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau don numfashi. Abubuwan lura da samfuran da ke cikin akwatin ruwa sun nuna cewa kusan watanni 18 ophiurs din na iya binne su a cikin yashi, ba su taɓa barin ikon zaɓin kansu ba. Suna iya yin tare da taimakon haskoki kawai ƙananan motsi a cikin ƙasa. Jirgin ophiur ya ciyar da sinadarin detritus da aka dakatar a cikin ruwa, wanda suka kama ta haskoki na coccyx wadanda aka fallasa saman farfajiya. Abubuwan da ke da niyyar motsawa an motsa su zuwa bakin tare da taimakon ambulacral kafafu, kuma mafi girman barbashi an ɗauke su ta hanyar haskoki kansu. Ya juya cewa wannan nau'in ba ya kama ganima. Koyaya, ba duk ƙananan ƙwayoyin abinci da aka kawo ga bakin shigar da shi ba. Legsafafun bakin kusa-irin nau'in abinci da kuma watsar da shi. Sun kuma zubar da shararrun shararrun abubuwa.
Ana iya samun wakilan kwayoyin halittar Amphioura a sassa daban daban na teku. Misali, ana samun Amfiura antarctica a cikin ruwan Antarctic. kuma a cikin Yankin Tekun Atlantika na wurare masu zafi, ba a kula da ƙananan yara A.. A cikin tekunmu na Gabas, cikin Tekun Japan, a Tatar Strait, a Tekun Okhotsk, a cikin ruwa mai zurfin tsibirin Kudancin Kuril, babban ophiura AmphioHia fissa mai duhu sosai-yafi son karamin zurfi. Ana amfani dashi azaman abinci don ƙananan kifi.
Babu ƙarancin zama ruwan dare a cikin tekunmu na Gabas da Arewacin Atlantika, da kuma a cikin Barents, White, da Kara Seas, ingantaccen spaketail (Ophiopholus aculeata), mallakar gidan ophiactids (Ophiactidae). Ana samun shi sau da yawa tsakanin gunbin, duwatsu, da algae mai zurfi a cikin zurfin 5 zuwa 500. Tsutsogin maciji masu dafi suna da launi mai launi na launin ruwan hoda-shuɗi ko launin shuɗi, wasu lokuta tare da tsarin launin kore. Ana kwance faifai tare da ƙananan allura, yawancin launuka masu yawa.
A cikin dangin ophiactid, an samo nau'ikan da zasu iya haifar da asexually. Smallaramin 6-beam ophiura Ophiaclis virens, wanda ke zaune a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum da Tekun Atlantika, ana yadu dashi ta hanyar rarraba jikin zuwa sassa biyu. Bayan rarrabuwa, kowane bangare da sauri ya dawo da batattu kuma ya sake zama 6-katako, duk da haka, galibi haskoki sun bambanta da girma. Aysa'idodin hanyoyi suna haɓaka sabili da ƙarin sabbin sassan a ƙarshen su, saboda haka, sassan tsofaffin suna kan gindin haskoki.
Wakilai na dangin Ophiotrichidae (Ophiotrichidae) galibi ana samun su a cikin ruwa mai zafi a kan ruwan coral. halin musamman saboda gaskiyar cewa basu rasa maganin papillas, kuma a saman jaws akwai gungun papillas. Disc na ophiotrichids an rufe shi da Sikeli wanda za'a iya rufe shi da murfin murfin katako mai ƙarfi da ƙananan allura. Suna da kyau launuka kuma suna da tsarin zalla. Ophiomaza sasalica, yana zaune akan furannin ruwan teku, galibi yana canza launin launi na mai watsa shiri. Kyakkyawan shuɗi mai launin shuɗi na Ophiothrix coerulea. An samo shi a Tekun Pacific kusa da tsibirin Liu Kiu. Doasan bakin wannan ophiura yana da sifar halayya tun lokacin da aka kera garkuwar radial ta farin abu, kuma haskoki tare da zobba mai duhu, a tsakanin wannene ɗigon haske ya tsaya akan abin ƙyamar garkuwar ta haskoki. Allura haskoki tare da tint na shunayya.
Ophiura Ophiotlirichoides pulcherrima, wanda aka samo a can, ba shi da kyan gani. Sunan wannan snaketail a cikin fassara zuwa harshen Rashanci yana nufin "mafi kyawu." Wannan ophiura yana da diski tare da madadin launuka masu launin shuɗi da rawaya. Mouth flaps rawaya tare da babban blue tsare. Rays tare da madadin garkuwar shuɗi da shuɗi. Rays allura suna gilashin haske tare da ƙarewar haske.
Kadai wakilin dangin Ophiotrichid a cikin faunarsa wasu lokuta ana samun su a Kudancin Black Sea. Wannan ingantaccen ophiotrix ne (Ophiothrix fragilis), yadu sosai a Tekun Atlantika tare da gabar Turai da Afirka, da kuma Tekun Bahar Rum. Ana samun ophiotrix mai fashewa daga daga cikin garken dabbobi zuwa zurfin 1200 m. Wannan ophiura yana ciyar da dabbobin da ke ƙasa - tsutsotsi, mollusks da ƙananan urchins na teku. Ingantaccen maganin ophiotrix yawanci yana zaune a cikin matsuguni daban-daban, tsakanin duwatsu, a cikin ɓarna na ɓarna.
Wakilan dangin ofiodermatids (Ophiodermalidae) ana rarrabe su a cikin tsaunin teku. A cikin Gulf of Mexico da Caribbean Sea, opioderma mai gajeren zango (Ophioderma brevispina) yana zaune ne a kan dabbobi. Ba kamar sauran ophiur da ke motsawa tare da taimakon haskoki ba, wannan ophiura yana amfani da ƙafafun ambulacral yayin motsi, yana manne da ƙyalli na substrate.
A cikin tekunmu, mafi yawan lokuta sukan haɗu da jinsin ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyayen snaketail - dangin Ophiuridae na ainihi. Wannan dangi ya hada da babban halittar halittar Ophiura, wacce ta cika ko'ina a cikin tekuna. Mafi shahararren wakilin halittar Ophiur shine Ophiura Sarsa (O. sarsi), wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin tekun Arctic, a arewacin tekun Atlantika da Pacific Ocean daga ruwa mai zurfi zuwa zurfin 3000 m. Kamar sauran wakilan wannan dangi, Ophiura Sars yana da diski mai kauri, wanda ke da Tushen haskoki a gefen ƙashin bayan wuya, an yi layi tare da papillomas, da kuma haskoki kaɗan.
O. umllispina suna zaune kusa da bakin tekun Australia, wanda ke da kusanci da Sarsa ophiura da aka bayyana a sama. An kuma rufe faifai ta cikin manyan faranti, kuma haskoki suna da ɗan gajeru, wanda hakan ya ba wa ophiura “kyawawa” kallon.
Har ma mafi yawan wakilan wakilan halittar Amphiophiur (Amphiophinra). Faifan su yayi yawa ”lokacin farin ciki, an rufe shi da m, faranti sau da yawa, fukai masu ƙarfi, kusan sashe uku a sashin giciye. Abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan kwayoyin sun zama mafi yawan gama gari. A cikin Tekun Okhotsk, kusa da Kudancin Kuril, a bakin tekun Japan, kazalika a cikin yankin Alaska da California a zurfin 130 zuwa 1076 m, pondcrosa na ophiura Amphiophinra yana zaune. Wannan murjani mai launin ja na ophiura yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin rukunin ophiur na gaske. Faifan dijital sa, an rufe shi da faranti na kumbura, wani lokacin yana da nisan kusan 5 cm, haskoki sau 4 zuwa 5 sun fi tsayi da girman faifai.
Wakilan kwayoyin halittar Ophiopleura (Ophiopleura) suna da diski, an rufe su da fata mai laushi, suna ɓoye ƙananan sikeli. Mafi yawan nau'in halittarmu a cikin tekunmu na arewa shine O. borcalis. Dufinta ta bayyana kamar satin. Wannan shi ne ɗayan mafi girman ophiur, diamita na faifansa a wasu lokuta ya wuce cm 4 launin launi na wannan ophiura yana da ja, shuɗi-orange ko lemo.
Za'a iya samun nau'ikan dangin waɗannan ophiur a cikin ruwan Antarctic. Wasu daga cikinsu suna kula da zuriyar. Musamman sha'awa shine Ophionolns hexaclis, wanda ƙananan yara ke haɓaka a cikin ovaries na mace. Ana samun wannan ophiura mai launin shuɗi-6 da ke da faɗin diski na kusan 3 cm a zurfin zurfin Kerguelen Island. Kwancen diski na mace yakan ninka da yawa tsakanin manyan uffan, girman diski wanda zai iya zama kusan 1 cm kuma tsawon haskoki shine 2.5 cm .. Kwayoyin suna kama da vesicles, kuma a kowane ɗayansu guda ɗaya ne kawai balagayen kwai, wanda ya faɗo cikin gindin ƙwayar kwai ya ci gaba a can bayan hadi a cikin karamin ophiura. Sauran qwai sun lalace, yana iya yiwuwa suje abincin amfrayo. Yadda ake hadi da qwai har yanzu ba a fayyace ba. A bayyane yake, maniyyi ya shiga cikin bursa tare da ruwa mai gudana kullun. Oparamin ophiur yana fitowa, tabbas ta hanyar ƙwayar bursal, ƙwayar ciki da ke ciki an rage sosai.
Ba ƙarancin sani ba sune macizai na maciji, tare da kamanninsu na asali suna kama da wani abu tsakanin tauraro da kuma ophiura. Daga nan ne sunan su - starfiura (Astrophiura). Koyaya, binciken da aka yi a hankali game da waɗannan dabbobin ya nuna cewa basu da abin da ya shafi taurari, amma ainihin halaye ne. Suna da faranti da dama da haskoki suna girma sosai kuma suna samar da wani abu kamar garkuwa, kuma rayayyun sassan haskoki sun zama mai rauni sosai. Wadannan sassa na haskoki an hana su daga ciki da kuma sikeli, da kuma ambulacral pores tare da tsawon kafafu. Ba a san salon rayuwar waɗannan ophiur mai ban sha'awa ba. Koyaya, tsarin domed na garkuwar diski, mahimmancin ci gaba na ƙafafun ambulacral na ɓangaren garkuwar sun ba da shawarar cewa tauraron dan adam ya haɗu da kankara da duwatsun da abinci, yana tace ruwan tare da murfin ambulacral na baka. Akwai kawai jinsuna 6 a cikin halittar starfioura, biyar daga cikinsu ana samun su a yankuna daban-daban na Tekun Pasifik kuma ana samun nau'in guda ɗaya a gefen iyakar Afirka ta Kudu kuma a cikin ruwan teku na Tekun Indiya. An samo dutsen-Star a cikin zurfin 90 zuwa 3080 m. An gano tarinncin Astrophiura a cikin Tekun Bering (arewacin tsibirin Kwamandan) a zurfin zurfin 2440 m. Tare da bakin tekun California a zurfin ƙasa da 1000 m A. rnarione aka samo.
Smallaramin dangin ophioleucid (Ophioleucidae) ya ƙunshi haɓaka 5 kawai da ɗaya da rabi dozin, rarrabu mafi yawa a cikin yanki mai zafi. Koyaya, jinsi ɗaya na wannan iyali - Ophiostriatus striatus - suna zaune a tekun Arctic (arewacin Tekun Kara), a Tekun Laptev da arewacin Iceland. An gano shi a zurfin 698 zuwa 4000 m.
A cikin arewacin yankin tekun Pacific (a cikin yankin Islands Islands), a zurfin 2440 m, wakilin wani nau'in ofnoleucid, Ophioleuce oxycraspedon, an sadu. Wannan nau'in yana sanannen ɗakunan ciki na diski da kasancewar ƙarancin papillas a gefen gefenta.
A cikin 1972, an bayyana sabon nau'in ophioleucid mai zurfi-teku, Bathylepta pacifica. An gano wannan ophiura a kudu maso yammacin tekun Pasifik (gabas na Pova Caledonia) a zurfin zurfin mita 6680-6830 yayin balaguron jirgin ruwan binciken na Vityaz.
Ba a samun nau'ikan iyalai uku - Ophionereididae, Hemieuryalidae da Amphilepididae - a cikin fauna mu. Gaskiya ne, ɗayan dangi na ƙarshen - Amphilepis norvegica, wanda aka rarraba a cikin Tekun Atlantika daga tsibirin Canary da Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa gabar Norway da tsibirin Lofoten a zurfin 100 zuwa 2900 m, yana iya yiwuwa ya zauna kudu maso yammacin ɓangaren Barents Sea, amma har sai an gano can.
Abinci na Ophiura da salon rayuwa
Ofiurs ana samun su a kasan, zurfin wanda ya tashi daga 6 zuwa 8 km. Koyaya, yawan adadin yana rayuwa a zurfin sama da 500 m, wani lokacin rerals murjani na iya zama wurin zama. Suna tafiya a ƙasa, suna birkice ƙasa kuma suna lanƙwasa haskoki. Movementsungiyoyi suna da ban tsoro, na farko an fiɗa katako biyu a gaba, sannan su sake jefa su. Lokacin cin abinci, haskoki suna tashi sama.
Sunan Rasha "snaketail" takarda ne na ganowa daga sunan kimiyya na ophiura.
Tunda hannayen wasu daga ophiur an birge su, suna tarawa a yawan gaske, sun yi kama da abin magana a buɗe, yana ƙunshe da bukkoki. Haɗewar haskoki, ophiurs suna ƙirƙirar tarkuna waɗanda ƙananan mazaunan ƙasa ke faɗi, misali, jellyfish, tsutsotsi, ko katako. Wasu nau'ikan suna cin abubuwan mutu.
Wormtail zai iya dawo da haskoki mai haskakawa, duk da haka, tare da asarar duk hannaye, suna mutuwa da sauri. A wuraren zama, yana da sauƙin zama kifi. Wani lokacin sukan zauna akan mayukan teku, murjani da algae.
Sun samo sunansu ne ta hanyar safarar mutane.
Yaduwa da haɓaka ofiur
Yawancin snaketail an rabu da jinsi, amma wasu lokuta hermaphrodites kuma suna faruwa. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa akwai wasu speciesan halittun da suka fara haifuwa biyu, tare da sake dawowa da sassan jikin da ya ɓace. Suna haɓaka, suna fuskantar metamorphosis, tare da haifar da tsutsa - ofiopluteus. Idan haɓaka ta kai tsaye, ba tare da metamorphosis ba, to ƙwai ya wuce matakai na haɓakawa a cikin bursa, waɗanda su ma kwayoyin halittar mutum ne. Daga baya, matasa masara ta fita ta bursa, zuwa cikin ruwayoyin.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Siffofin Fasalin Ofiura
A hoto naiura kama da wani kifin kifi, duk da haka, wannan kaman yana iyakance kawai da wasu alamun alamun waje. Tsarin ciki da tarihin ci gaban waɗannan nau'ikan biyu sun sha bamban.
Juyin Halittar ophiur ya koma ga cigaban haskoki, ko “hannaye” na dabba, wadanda sun banbanta da babban jikin. Tare da taimakonsu, ophiuras suna tafiya daidai da bakin tekun.
Faifan ɗakin katako na jiki a ƙasan diamita bai wuce 10-12 cm ba, yayin da haskoki da ke fitowa daga gareta ya kai cm 60 a tsayi .. Babban bambanci tsakanin ophiur da sauran wakilan echinoderms suna cikin tsarin waɗannan haskoki.
Yawancin lokaci akwai guda biyar, amma a wasu nau'in adadin zai iya isa haskoki goma. Sun ƙunshi yawancin vertebrae, waɗanda aka ɗaure su tare da ƙwayoyin tsoka, tare da taimakon wanda "makamai" suke motsawa.
Godiya ga irin wannan haɗin gwiwa tsarin tsari haskoki na wasu nau'ikan suna iya jan birki zuwa ƙwallo daga ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa babban jiki.
Motsawar ophiur yana faruwa ne cikin yanayi mai ban tsoro, tare da jefa wasu haskoki guda biyu gaba, wadanda suka manne da rashin daidaituwar tekun da ke jan duk jikin. Hannun vertebrae a waje ana kiyaye shi ta faranti bakin ciki, wanda ya ƙunshi layuka huɗu.
Flayallan ciki suna zama murfin gaɓar ambulacral, faranti na kusa an sanye su da allura da yawa suna da tsari da fasali daban.
An rufe sashin waje na kwarangwal tare da ruwan tabarau mai kwakwalwa. Wannan wani nau'i ne na gama-gari na ido. Don rashin gabobin gani, wannan aikin yana gudana ne ta hanyar carapace da kansa, wanda ke da ikon amsa sauye sauyen haske.
Ba kamar kifin katako ba, ƙafafun ambulacral suna fitowa daga ramuka a kowane vertebra radial ba su da ampoules da kofuna masu tsotsa. Suna da wasu ayyuka: tacsi da kuma numfashi.
Kamar haskoki, skaketail disc an rufe shi da faranti kwarangwal a cikin sikeli. Yawancin lokaci suna sanye take da allura daban-daban, tubercles ko setae. A cikin tsakiyar gefen ciki akwai bakin pentahedral.
Maƙancin bakin yana magana da muƙamuƙi - protrusions sau uku na gado tare da faranti na bakin. Tsarin bakin da jaws yana bawa ophiur ba kawai ga nika abinci ba, har ma ya kama ya rike ta.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Wormtail yana ciyar da abubuwa daban daban na ruwa. Abincinsu ya ƙunshi tsutsotsi, plankton, ƙananan ƙwayoyin marine, algae da laushi murjani. Haske na ophiura da kafafunsa galibi suna cikin kamawa, riƙe shi da kawo abinci zuwa ramin baka.
Partarfin ƙananan abubuwa da ƙasan dendrite suna jan hankalin ƙafafu na ambulacral, yayin da mafi girma ke ɗaukar abin haskoki, wanda, juyawa, yana kawo abinci ga bakin. Canjin hanji zai fara da bakin karar, ya kunshi:
- Karfin Esophagus
- Abun ciki, yana mamaye yawancin jiki
- Cecum (bude bude ba ya nan)
Kusan duk ophiuras sun iya fahimtar ganima a nesa. An taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan ta hanyar ƙafafu, wanda ke kama warin abinci a nan gaba. Tare da taimakon haskoki, dabba tana motsawa daidai, ta hanyar yin shuru akan burin.
Lokacin da dabbobi ke ciro abinci ta hanyar sikeli, dukkann hankuna ana karkatar da su zuwa sama. Manyan al'ummomin ophiur na gargajiya suna amfani da haskoki na “shaggy” don ƙirƙirar tarkunan da ke cikin ƙananan tsutsotsi, tsutsotsi ko jelfish.
Irin wannan keken raƙuman ruwa masu kama da sauƙi suna ɗauka da dakatar da abincin marine (plankton). Wannan hanyar abinci mai gina jiki tana nufin kayan sarrafawa zuwa masu ɗaukar hoto na mucoal-ciliary filtrators. Akwai echinoderms da masu cin gawa.
Wasu nau'ikan ophiur, misali, bakar fata ophiuraza a iya sa a cikin akwatin kifaye. Irin waɗannan dabbobin ana ciyar da su da ƙwayoyin ruwan marmari na musamman, amma kuma zaka iya ɗaukar ƙaramin ƙananan kifin mai.