• BAYAN gaskiyar
• Lokacin rayuwa da mazauninta (lokacin): Triassic - Cretaceous (farawa) lokacin (kimanin shekaru 199.6 - 65.5 shekaru da suka gabata)
• An kafa: a karon farko a shekarar 1824, Ingila
• Masarauta: Dabbobi
• Era: Mesozoic
• Nau'i: Chordates
• Kungiya: Plesiosaurs
• Class: Abubuwa masu rarrafe
• Squadron: Zavroperterigia
• Iyali: Plesiosaurus
• HALITTA: Notosaurs

Ganin hotuna a cikin wannan babban katon pangolin, mutane da yawa suna rikitar da shi tare da Loesses Monster. Akwai da yawa subspepes na plesiosaurs - mai tsawo da kuma ƙarancin wucin gadi pliosaurs.

Plesiosaurus yana da girma, yana zaune a ruwa, kuma babban tsaro shine kashin kansa wanda ba zai iya kwance ba, godiya ga wanda kasusuwarsa har yanzu suke da kyau.

Me kika ci kuma wane salon rayuwa

Ya zauna a cikin tekuna da teku. An gano ragowar Plesiosaurus a kan dukkan nahiyoyi, har ma a Antarctica. Kusan duk rayuwata na kasance cikin ruwa, wani lokacin dole sai inzo in zubo iska. Hakanan, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, mutane masu doguwar wuyan wulakanci sun fito don kamo tsuntsayen da ke tashi don abinci, saboda tsawon wuya ya basu damar yin wannan, amma har yanzu babban abincin shine kifi. Kamar kakanninsu, notosaurus, plesiosaurus sun sanya kwai a cikin yashi.

Domin akwai wasu nau'ikan Plesiosaurs, sun farauta daban. Liwararrun maɗaukaki masu saurin kai tsaye suna da sauri kuma sun farma babban ganima daga kusa, suna saukad da sassan jikinsu duka akan wanda aka azabtar. Saboda dogon wuyansu, gidajen yanan sun yi amfani da abin zamba, suka bi makarantar kifaye daga nesa kuma suka sami kwaɗayi cikin kawunansu, sannan kuma daga baya suka kama abin da suka farauto.

Cikakken bayanin jikin

Plesiosaurus babban shayarwa ce, jikin yana kama da ganga, wuya da wata gabar jiki daban sun bambanta sosai da tsayi da fadi. Yayi mafi tsawo, amma gajerar wutsiya gajere yayi aiki don motsawa cikin ruwa. Kasusuwan ya kasance mai ƙarfi sosai kuma ya sami ingantacciyar kariya ta jiki da gabobin daga matsin ruwa, yana da mahimmanci ga pangolin, saboda ya ƙaunace ya sauka zuwa zurfin zurfin teku kuma ya sami riba daga makarantun kifaye.

Banbancin ra'ayi

Akwai ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa guda biyu na plesiosaurs - plesiosaurids mai ɗaukar hoto (gami da gidan cymoliazavros) da kuma gajere na wucin gadi.

Mafi girman pliciosaurs sune sune na abubuwan da ke haifar da Kronosaurus (Kronosaurus) daga Babban Cretaceous na Australia da lyopleurodon (Liopleurodon) daga Babban Jurassic na Turai, Rasha da Kudancin Amurka. Duk waɗannan suna, kuma wani zai iya kaiwa mita 15 a tsayi.

Tafiya ta BBC tare da Dinosaurs ta bayyanar da wani tsaiko mai girman mita 25. Amma waɗannan lambobin kaɗan ba ƙari bane. Ragowar da ake zaton mallakar wata babbar tamolauro daga Ingila a zahiri mallakar babban dinosaur ne. Koyaya, a cikin 2005, an gano ragowar manyan kwalaben ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin Meziko, tsawon sa, wanda yin hukunci da lissafin, ya kai m 20. Amma waɗannan lambobin suna da alaƙa.

Haraji

• SquadSauropterygia
  • Kausar
  • Oda: Plesiosaurs (Plesiosauria)
    • Orderasashe Plesiosauroidea
      • Yamara
      • Iyalin Plesiosauridae
      • Taska Euplesiosauria
        • Superfamily Cryptoclidoidea
          • Iyalin Cryptoclididae
          • Taska Tricleidia
            • Iyalin Tricledidae
            • Iyalin Cimoliasauridae
            • Iyali Polycotylidae
            • Iyalin Elasmosauridae
    • OrderasasheLankaraniya
      • Bishanopliosaurus
      • Megalneusaurus
      • Pachycostasaurus
      • Sinopliosaurus
      • Samartawararara
      • Archaeonectrus
      • Attenborosaurus
      • Eurycleidus
      • Iyalin Rhomaleosauridae
      • Iyalin Leptocleididae
      • Iyalin Pliosauridae

Kiwo

Muhawara game da hanyoyin kiwo na plesiosaurs ya kasance yana gudana tsawon shekaru 200.

Yawancin masana sun yi imani cewa saboda nauyin nauyi yana da wahalar zuwa bakin teku da kwanciya, wannan kuwa, dole ne su kasance masu yin viviparous. An samo tabbataccen tabbaci na farko game da wannan bayan binciken da aka yi a hankali game da burbushin halittun plesiosaurus (sun kasance cikin ginin gidan kayan tarihin Tarihi a Los Angeles na kusan shekaru 20).

Plesiosaurs a cikin al'adun duniya

Plesiosaurs sun bayyana a yawancin ayyuka na zane-zane. Littafin farko da aka ambata plesiosaurus shine Tafiya ta Jules Verne zuwa Cibiyar Duniya, inda za'a sami plesiosaurus mai tsawo. A cikin labari na A. Conan-Doyle “Duniya ta ”asa”, an ambaci ƙaramin plesiosaur ruwa mai tsabta, wanda ya rayu a tsakiyar tafkin plateau. A cikin labari ta V.A. Obruchev akwai kwatancen plesiosaurs biyu suna faɗa akan kifi. Ana samun hoto mafi aminci na plesiosaur a cikin aikin Harry Adam Knight "Carnosaurus".

Plesiosaurs suma sun fito a fina-finai da yawa. Mashahurin fim ɗin da aka fi sani da tunawa shi ne fim ɗin tsoro na Jafananci The Legend of Dinosaur da fim ɗin fim din Burtaniya The Land mantawa da Lokaci.

A cikin fina-finai, plesiosaurs galibi sune wakilai masu ban dariya na jini. Amma wannan hoton ya yi nisa da gaskiya. A zahiri, plesiosaurs an nuna su a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC Walwala tare da Dinosaurs.

Leswalar plesiosaurus tana fitowa a cikin 22 na kakar 3 daga jerin fayilolin X, Quagmire.

Plesiosaurs kuma sun bayyana a cikin wasan bidiyo na Dinosaur Rikicin 2 da Turk: Juyin Halitta.

Plesiosaurs a cikin mythology na zamani

• Sanannen Nessie, mai yiwuwa yana zaune a cikin Lake Loch Ness na Scottish, a cewar wasu masu binciken, na iya kasancewa wakilin karshe na plesiosaurs. Ana iya hangen Plesiosaurs a cikin bayanin wasu dodannin tafkin. Duk waɗannan tabkuna suna cikin manyan wurare na Arewacin Hemisphere kuma suna da kurakuran karst a ƙasa.

Bayanan kula

1. ↑De la Beche, H.T., da W.D. Basira, 1821, "Bayanin gano sabon dabba, samar da wata alaƙa tsakanin Ichthyosaurus da macizo, tare da jawabai gaba ɗaya game da ilimin halittar tarihin Ichthyosaurus", Ma'amaloli na Kungiyar Masana kimiyya ta London5: 559—594.
2. ↑Plesiosaurs bai sa ƙwai ba, masana kimiyya sun ce

Duba menene "Plesiosaurs" suke a cikin wasu ƙamus.

Plesiosaurs - wani yanki mai gurɓataccen ruwa mai rarrafe na ƙungiyar sauroperigia. Tsawon har zuwa m 15. Suna da dogon wuya. Sanan daga Tsakanin Tsakiyan Triassic zuwa Late Cretaceous a cikin ruwan tekuna na dukkan nahiyoyi (banda Antarctica), ciki har da Russia (yankin Volga, ... ... Babban Encyclopedic Dictionary

Plesiosaurs - (Plesiosauria), jerin abubuwa masu ƙarewa masu lalacewa. sauroterigius. An san daga Tsakiyar Triassic zuwa ƙarshen Marigayi na Eurasia, Afirka, Ostiraliya, Amurka, kan yankin. USSR a yankin Volga, yankin Moscow, Ukraine, a cikin Urals, Siberiya. Cigaban wadatar arziki a cikin Jurassic…

mawajan - wani yanki mai gurɓataccen ruwa mai rarrafe na ƙungiyar sauroperigia. Tsawon har zuwa m 15. Suna da dogon wuya. An san su daga Tsakiyan Triassic zuwa Late Cretaceous a cikin ruwan tekuna na dukkan nahiyoyi (banda Antarctica), ciki har da a Rasha (yankin Volga, ... ... damus na Encyclopedic Encyclopedic

Plesiosaurs - (Plesiosauria) mafi girman yanki mai haɓaka ƙananan burbushin halittu masu rarrafe na sauroopterygian oda na ƙaramin komputa na synaptosaurs (Dubi Synaptosaurs). Sun rayu a Triassic Cretaceous. Jikin har zuwa 15 m tsawo, vertebrae 100 100 ne tare da shimfidar wurare masu santsi,… Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Plesiosaurs - kwaro na kwaro mai ƙarewa. dabbobi masu rarrafe. sauroperigia. Don har zuwa m 15. Suna da dogon wuya. Aka sani daga Triassic zuwa Late Cretaceous a cikin annoba. sediments na nahiyoyi (sai dai Antarctica), gami da kan ƙasa. Rasha (yankin Volga, yankin Moscow, Siberiya). P. ... ... Ilimin halitta. Kundin sani

mawajan - (gr. Plesios kusa +. Saur) gungun manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe na ruwan teku na zamanin Mesozoic tare da ƙaramin kwanyar kai da dogon wuya, da farko yakamata ya danganta da plesiosaurs da lizards, wanda yake nunawa a cikin sunan (duba kuma pliosaurs) ... ... harshe

Plesiosaur -? Les Plesiosaurus Plesiosaurus Tsarin ilimin kimiya: Mulkin dabbobi Type: Chordata Class: Abubuwan rarrafe ... Wikipedia

Gabaɗaya4 - Abubuwa masu rarrafe idan aka kwatanta su da amphibians suna wakiltar mataki na gaba na karbuwa na hanyoyin karkarwa zuwa rayuwa akan ban kasa. Waɗannan su ne farkon yanayin ƙasa na gaskiya, waɗanda ke haɓaka da gaskiyar cewa suna haifuwa akan ƙasa ta ƙwai, numfashi ... ... Encyclopedia Biology

GASKIYA - Ilimin kimiyyar tsari da tarihin duniya. Babban abubuwan bincike sune kankara, wanda ke nuni da bayanin yanayin kasa, da kuma hanyoyin tsaran halitta da hanyoyin da suke aiki a saman ta da kuma cikin kwari, ... ... Collier Encyclopedia

Abunkula -? † Wajan Sauke abubuwa na… Plugsaurids… Wikipedia

Labarin Gano

Burbushin burbushin kasusuwa na halittun dabbobi suna daga cikin farkon burbushin halittu masu rarrafe wadanda suka zama sananne ga kimiyya. A cikin 1605, Richard Verstegen daga Antwerp, wanda aka nuna a cikin aikinsa shine farkon vertebrae na plesiosaurus, amma ya kirga su kasusuwa na tsohuwar kifayen kifi, ya kuma bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa Birtaniyar Ingila tana da alaƙa da yankin Turai. A cikin 1699, Edward Lewid, a cikin aikinsa, ya haɗa da hotunan ƙasusuwa na ƙwayar plesiosaurus, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗaukar kifi vertebrae na halittar Kawarshan. Sauran masana kimiyyar halitta na karni na 17, kamar John Woodward, sun sami kasusuwa na ƙwayar plesiosaur a cikin tarin su, wanda har yanzu ana iya gani a Gidan Tarihi na Sedgwick, Jami'ar Cambridge, England.

Farin Farko na Plesiosaurus, 1719

A cikin 1719, Baƙon Ingilishi William Stuckley ya bayyana ɓangaren farko na ɓoɓin ɗarin plesiosaur, wanda Robert Darwin ya zo da shi, daga Elston. An yi jana'izar dutse tare da burbushin halittu a kusa da garin Fulbek. Stuckley ya yi imani da cewa wadannan kasusuwa suna wakiltar wasu irin halittun teku, wata kila ko dabbar dolphin. A yau, wannan samfurin, karkashin lambar mai lamba BMNH R.1330, ana adana shi a Gidan kayan tarihin Tarihin Landan kuma shine farkon gano ɓangaren kasusuwan ruwan teku daga tarin kayan tarihin.

Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus (W. Conybeare, 1824)

A farkon karni na 19, pleiosaurs har yanzu ba'a san shi ba. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1821, wani ɓoyayyen ƙasusuwan, daga tarin Thomas James Birch, William Coniber da Henry Thomas De la Beche suka bayyana a ƙarƙashin sabon salo, wanda suka kira da suna plesiosaurus - Plesiosaurus. An samo sunan ne daga Girkanci p (plesios) - “kusa” da Latin saurus, ma'ana “lizard” kuma yana nufin cewa plesiosaurus ya samo asali ne daga wasu halittu masu rarrafe, kamar kada, kamar ichthyosaurs, wanda ke da kamannin kamannin kamun kifi. Cututtukan wannan misalin suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Halittar Tarihi, Jami'ar Oxford.

Plesiosaurus wacce Maryamu Enning ta gano a watan Disamba na 1823

Ba da daɗewa ba sabon binciken mai ban sha'awa ya biyo baya. A shekara ta 1823, Thomas Clark ya ba da rahoton kusan kwanyar da ke tattare da cutar plesiosaurus (wataƙila kasancewar thalassiodracon Samartawararara), wanda British Geology Survey ya bayyana shi a matsayin samfurin BGS GSM 26035. A wannan shekarar, mafarautan burbushin halittu, Mary Anning, ta gano kusan kwarangwal a Lyme Regis, kusa da Dorset, a cikin abubuwan kwantar da hankali wanda a yau ake kira "Jurassic Coast." Duke na Buckingham ne suka saya wannan kwafin, wanda ya ba da ita don nazari ga Farfesa William Buckland. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1824, William Coniber ya gabatar da wannan samfurin a yayin laccar da Kungiyar Masana kimiyya ta Landan karkashin Landan ta shirya. Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, sunan nau'in yana nufin "mai kusan-gaba", a taron guda, an gabatar da sabon dinosaur - wani megalosaurus - a kimiyance. Plesiosaurs ya zama sananne ga jama'a gaba daya saboda irin zane-zane na Thomas Hawkins: "Memoirs of Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs" na 1834 da kuma Littafin Babban Ruwan Doki na 1840. Hawkins ya bayyanar da wani irin yanayi na dabbobi, yana kallonsu a matsayin manyan halittun shaitan, a kwanakin da suka gabata tarihin Adam na duniya (kafin bayyanar bil'adama). Ana iya ganin waɗannan zane a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Burtaniya.

Plesiosaurus macrocephalus (1894)

Burbushin, wanda ya zama samfurin na biyu da Maryamu Anning ta gano a cikin Lyme Regis, a cikin Disamba 1830, William Buckland ne ya nada shi a cikin 1836 karkashin sunan Plesiosaurus macrocephalus. Ya sami sunan ta saboda girman kansa babba, idan aka kwatanta shi da plesiosaurus na baya. William Willoughby, Lord Cole, daga baya Earl Enniskillen (kuma mai bincike a Kungiyar Masana ilimin halittu) ya samo burbushin a cikin 1831 don adadi mai yawa na guineas 200 - Ingilishi na zinari. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1838, Richard Owen, a taron ƙungiyar Geology Society of London, ya gabatar da littafinsa Bayanin Viscount Cole Plesiosaurus macrocephalus". Misalin BMNH R1336 yana kunshe da lafiyayyen kwarangwal na saurayi, mai tsayin mita uku, an fitar dashi da wani shinge na dutse. Yanzu ana samfurin samfurin a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Biritaniya.

Hotunan Demonic na Thomas Hawkins plesiosaurs.

A farkon rabin karni na 19, yawan binciken abubuwan plesiosaurs ya karu akai-akai, musamman godiya ga binciken da aka samu a cikin adana kayan ruwa na Lyme Regis. Sir Richard Owen ne kawai ya ba da suna kusan sabbin nau'ikan ɗari, duk da haka, mafi yawan kwatancinsu sun dogara ne da ƙasusuwa, ba tare da isasshen binciken da zai iya bambanta su da sauran nau'in halittun da aka riga aka bayyana su a baya ba. Yawancin waɗannan "sabon nau'in" da aka bayyana a wannan lokacin an bayyana su ba su da inganci, yayin da sauran an sanya su gaba ɗaya ga sauran janareto ko dangi. A shekara ta 1841, Owen ya sanya wa sabon suna Pliosaurus - Kwatancen mahaifa. Ilmin jikinsa ya fara ne ga plesiosaurus na farko kuma an samo shi ne daga Hellenanci. wen (pleios) - “ƙari,” a cewar Owen, yana da kusanci da masu haɗari sama da na yara. Takamaiman sunansa yana nufin "gajere-ne". Daga baya, an tabbatar da cewa abubuwa masu canzawa kamar yadda suke a zahiri daban-daban daga plesiosaurids. Iyali Plesiosauridae John Edward Gray ya riga ya ba da shi a cikin 1825, kuma a cikin 1835, Henry Marie Ducrot de Blainville, ya ba da izinin ware mai zaman kansa Plesiosauria.

A rabi na biyu na karni na 19, an samo mahimman abubuwa a wajen Ingila, galibi ƙasusuwa na plesiosaurs da aka samo a cikin tekun ofasar Cretaceous Western Inland Sea, daga Nyobrara. Daya daga cikin burbushin halittu, musamman, shine ya nuna farkon yakin Bonewa tsakanin masu ra’ayin rikau Edward Drinker Cope da Otniel Charles Marsh. A cikin 1867, Dr. Theophilus Turner ya gano wani kwarangwal a kusa da Fort Wallace a Kansas, wanda ya ba Cope. Cope yayi yunƙurin maido da dabbar bisa lafazin da aka ɗauka cewa mafi tsayi daga kashin baya shine wutsiya kuma gajeriyar sashi shine wuya. Nan da nan ya lura cewa kwarangwal din da ya bunkasa a hannunsa yana da wasu halaye na musamman: ƙwayar mahaifa yana da chevrons, vertebrae wutsiya sun koma baya. Bayan haka, Cope ya yanke shawarar cewa ya gano sabon gungun 'yan dabbobi masu rarrafe: Raunin (streptosaurus) ko kuma “Lizards masu jujjuyawar”, wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar vertebrae na baya, rashi gajerun kafa da wutsiya, suna samar da babban motsi. Bayan buga bayanin wannan dabba a cikin 1868, kuma ya ba da wani kwatanci a cikin aikinsa game da halittu masu rarrafe da 'yan iska, Cope ya gayyaci Marsh da Joseph Lady don su yaba da sabon dabbar da ya sanya wa suna Elasmosaurus platyurus - elasmosaurus.

Kuskure sake gina Elasmosaurus (Cope, 1868)

Gyara Ellasmosaurus sake gini (Cope, 1869)

Bayan sauraron fassarar Cope, Marsh ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi sauƙin bayani game da bakon abu shine Cope ya fassara fasalin kashin baya. Lokacin da Cope ta yi fushi da wannan shawara, Lady ta ɗauki kwanyar ta aza shi bisa zargin cinya ta ƙarshe, wanda ya fi dacewa ya kusanto: a gaskiya ita ce farkon vertebra na mahaifa. Matsakaici Cope ya yi ƙoƙarin janye karɓar ayyukansa, amma lokacin da wannan ya gaza, ya buga ingantaccen ɗab'i tare da hoton da aka gyara, amma tare da kwanan wata sanarwa. Bai yarda da kuskurensa ba, yana mai cewa Lady ne ya yaudare shi, wanda, ya ba da misali Cimoliasaurusya kuma juya kashin kashin baya. Daga baya Marsh ya ce wannan karar ita ce dalilin kishiyarsa da Cope: "Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya zama abokin gaba na makiyi." Daga baya, duka Cope da Marsh, a cikin kishiyar su, ana kira da yawa sabbin halittu da nau'in plesiosaurs, yawancinsu ana ganin ba su da inganci.

Plesiosaurs daga Abubuwan Ruwa na Ruwa da na Yanzu, hoton Albert Kull, 1914.

A farkon karni na 20, mafi yawan karatun plesiosaurs an yi su ne daga wani tsohon dalibi na Marsh, Farfesa Samuel Wendell Williston. A shekara ta 1914, Williston ya buga littafin sa mai suna, "Ruwayen Abubuwan Ruwa na Zamani da na Yanzu," wanda shekaru da yawa suka kasance mafi girman jigon rubutu game da rayuwar plesiosaurs. A cikin 2013 ne kawai littafin farko na zamani wanda Olivier Rippel ya buga. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, Amurka ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar bincike, musamman saboda binciken Samuel Paul Wells. A cikin karni na 19 da kuma yawancin ƙarni na 20, an bayyana sabbin plesiosaurs a cikin uku ko huɗu na samar da kowace ƙarnin, amma ba zato ba tsammani wannan ƙaruwa ya ƙaru a cikin 1990s: an bayyana sabbin sunaye goma sha bakwai don plesiosaurs a wannan lokacin. Hanyar ganowa tayi kara kuma a farkon karni na 21, kowace shekara akan bayyana sabbin plesiosaurs uku ko hudu. Wannan yana nuna cewa an sami sakamakon wannan sakamakon sakamakon bincike mai zurfi na bincike mai zurfi.

An dauki lokaci mai tsawo, ragowar halittun ruwa masu rarrafe a ruwa sun samo asali ne daga wannan asalin. Da dama daga cikin jinsunan da aka riga aka haɗu da su cikin plesiosaurus yanzu an sake suna da yawa kuma yawancinsu basa cikin gidan Plesiosauridae. Misali, an sake kiran Plesiosaurus rostratus da Plesiosaurus conybeari Archaeonectrus (archeonectrus) da Attenborosaurus (Attenborosaurus), bi da bi, duka biyun suna da kusancin pliosaurids.

Storrs a cikin 1997 ya rage yawan ingancin nau'in plesiosaurus zuwa uku. Koyaya, biyu daga cikinsu sun nuna halaye na musamman waɗanda ke buƙatar rabuwa da farillan: "Plesiosaurus" guilielmiiperatoris ana ɗauka a yau kamar Seeleyosaurus, sunan da aka gabatar shekaru da yawa da suka gabata kuma ya sake ta Grossman (2007), kuma yanzu an san shi da "Plesiosaurus" brachypterygius a matsayin hydrion - Hydrorion. A halin yanzu, halittar Plesiosaurus ta ƙunshi nau'in jinsin daya ne kacal - P. dolichodeirusamma wasu nau'ikan da suka danganta da ƙwayoyin cuta suna har yanzu suna rigima. Misali, "Plesiosaurus" macrocephalus na iya kasancewa saurayi Romaleosaurid. Rhomaleosauridae - Wannan dangi ne na Jurassic plesiosaurs, suna riƙe da matsakaiciyar matsayi tsakanin plesiosaurs da pliosaurs, musamman suna da ɗan gajeren gajere da wuyan kai.