Masana kimiyyar Jafananci sun ba da sanarwar gano abin da zai iya ceton rayuka masu yawa. Yau magani ya kai tsauraran da ba a taɓa gani ba, amma har yanzu marasa lafiya sun rasa gabobin da ake buƙata ko jinin ƙungiyar da ake so. Tare da karshen, watakila nan da nan ba za a sami matsaloli ba: masu binciken sun yi nasarar kirkirar jini mai taushi wanda ya dace da zubar da jini ga kowa da kowa.

Dole ne a tabbatar da nau'in jinin marasa lafiya kafin su sami kariyar, saboda haka ba a ba da izinin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na gaggawa da sauran ma'aikatan lafiya su zubar da jini har sai an fayyace su. Fitar da jini na duniya zai ba da izinin aiwatar da aikin tun ma kafin jigilar waɗanda abin ya shafa zuwa asibiti - a cikin dogon lokaci wannan zai ƙara matakin tsira idan akwai rauni.

An riga an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan zomaye, kuma sakamakon, a cewar masana kimiyya, suna da matukar ban sha'awa: shida daga dabbobi goma da ke bukatar zub da jini sun tsira. Ba a lura da mummunan sakamako masu illa ba. Bugu da kari, ana iya adana irin wannan jinin a zazzabi na al'ada fiye da shekara guda. Idan ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun ba da izinin gabatar da binciken a cikin magani, wannan zai sauƙaƙe aikin likitoci da ceton rayuka masu yawa.

Bala'i ya sa masana kimiyyar Rasha suka tuno da shafin ban mamaki a cikin tarihin biophysics na Rasha. Muna magana ne game da wani magani na musamman, wanda a cikin zamanin Soviet aka birge shi a asirce da kuma bala'i tare da haɗarin kisan mahaliccinsa. Me yasa suka yi magana game da maganin, wanda shine musanyawar jini na wucin gadi, dangane da coronavirus? Shin zai iya kasancewa cewa tsarin kulawa, wanda ake amfani da shi yanzu a duk faɗin duniya, ba gaskiya bane?

Gwajin ba don ra'ayi bane: an sanya linzamin kwamfuta mai rai a cikin ruwa wanda yake ci gaba da ci gaba da numfashi. Tabbas, asirin da ke nan ba a cikin dabba bane, amma a cikin adadin oxygen a cikin wannan ruwa. An bambanta Perfluorocarbons ta ikon ikon ɗauka sannan kuma ya ba da isashshen sunadarin oxygen. Yin amfani da wannan dukiya, masana kimiyya sun kirkiro wani abu mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen. Perftoran.

A shekarun da suka gabata a Cibiyar Nazarin Babbar Jagora da Gwaji a cikin Pushchino, masana kimiyya suna haɓaka abin da 'yan jaridu za su kira da kyau “shuɗi jini”. Wannan magani ne wanda zai iya ɗaukar wasu ayyuka na jan jini - alal misali, jikewa da canja wurin iskar oxygen. Gungun masu haɓakawa da Farfesa Beloyartsev ke jagoranta suna ba da lambar yabo ta jihar, amma ba zato ba tsammani binciken ya tsaya. KGB ta bincika Felix Beloyartsev. A cikin Disamba 1985, ya kasa yin tsayayya da matsin lambar, masanin kimiyyar ya rataye kansa a cikin gidan kasarsu.

A ofishin Heinrich Ivanitsky, shugaban cibiyar Pushcha na wancan lokacin, hoton Felix Beloyartsev ya kasance cikin sanannen wuri. Cynically, mutuwarsa ya zama anti-tallatawa na musamman magani. A cikin shekaru, duk nau'ikan sassan sunyi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da lahani.

Henry Ivanitsky, mai kula da Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Gwajin Biophysics na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha: “Mai gabatar da kara ya aike shi zuwa bincike a Ukraine ko za a sami bullar cutar kansa a cikin kwakwa ko a'a. Da kyau, mun aiko da adadin lita na wannan turaren. Na kira Romodanov, na ce: me kuka yi “? Ya ce: kun sani, Heinrich, mun sami wani abin mamaki - muna da dukkan ikon sarrafawa, kuma waɗannan suna rayuwa ne ta hanyar wanda suke zubowa. "

Opayan hoto ne na Beloyartsev hoto ne daga kyautar da aka baiwa gwamnatin 1998 don turare. Masana kimiyya sun sami nasarar adana magungunan, gudanar da bincike, sun samar da kayan abinci, amma sun gaza ceta.

Sergey Vorobyova cikin shekaru Wanda ya kafa kuma jagorar NPF "Perftoran" a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyi da Gwajin Biophysics na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha: “Mun yi kokarin fadada wannan samarwa, amma, abin takaici, kamfanonin kasuwanci sun sayi maganin. Ya, a zahiri, ya tafi, kamar dai, ya kasance cikin iyo. Kimanin shekaru biyar kenan, ba a samu maganin ba, abin takaici, ba a cikin magunguna ba. "

Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da wata hira, shugaban wannan kamfani ya tambaye shi kar ya sake yin rubutu, duk da cewa da alama yanzu ne lokacin da za a yi magana game da turare. A watan Afrilu, masana daga China da Italiya suna wallafa karatu mai zaman kanta. Gabaɗaya, suna ba da shawarar cewa babban burin coronavirus ba shine huhun huhun ba, amma erythrocytes, wanda ke ɗaukar oxygen a jiki. Shi ke inda tasirin hypoxia ya fito, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa injunan yin iska ba koyaushe suke taimakawa ba. A cikin lokuta masu rauni, oxygen kawai baya wuce gaban huhu - babu jigilar kaya. Kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa marubutan, a matsayin magani, suna ba da shawarar bincika zubin jini, wato, watsawar jini. Amma yanzu kusan abin farawa.

Alexander EdigerLikitan ilimin likitancin dabbobi: “Na dauke bayanan da ke, kuma, kun sani, ragowar gashi na sun fara zubewa. Sanadiyar iska ta huhu da ECMO - oxygen mai dauke da kwayoyin cuta - wannan ya hada da tallafin numfashi, suna shakar jini kuma suna cika jini da iskar oxygen. Kuma a nan zaku iya tsaftace jini tare da oxygen ba tare da duk waɗannan ayyuka masu wahala ba, masu ɗaukar lokaci da haɗari. "

Masana kimiyya a Cibiyar Pushkin sun yi nasarar adana karamin yanki don samar da maganin ƙona turare - maganin da ba kowace ƙasa ba a duniya ta ƙirƙira shi. Ba tare da manyan hannun jari ba da kuma masana'antar masana'antu bisa ga ka'idar duniya don ƙirƙirar magunguna, ba za a iya kawo magani a kasuwa ba, amma yanzu ana buƙata, kuma ba kawai ikon canja wurin oxygen ba, masu haɓaka sun tabbata.

Evgeny Maevsky, Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu na Kwayoyin Halittu, Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyi da Gwajin Biophysics, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha: “Idan aka gabatar da turare, to dukkannin kwayar cutar fluorocarbon an kebe ta, ta fitar ta cikin huhu. Wannan shine, huhu yana da mafi kyawun hulɗa tare da fluorocarbons, wanda ke daidaita membranes na dukkanin ƙwayoyin huhu. Shin zaku iya tunanin Haka kuma, wannan lambar tana da tasirin rigakafi! ”

Koyaya, ba a gudanar da binciken kan ka'idodin magunguna na duniya tare da turaren wuta ba. Kuma wannan ita ce hujjar masu shakka.

Subincin Valery, Shugaban Cibiyar Anesthesiology da Kula da Cire Mahimmanci MKSC su. Loginova: “Ganin cewa coronavirus yana lalata sel sel kuma to ka'ida ce, tabbatar, karyata. Yin amfani da kwayoyi tare da tsarin da ba za a iya fahimtar su ba a cikin marasa lafiya tare da mummunar tasiri na kwayar cutar na iya samar da abubuwa masu rikitarwa. ”

Amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa miyagun ƙwayoyi ba ya buƙatar bincika don yaƙi da coronavirus, kamar yadda ake nazarin yawancin magunguna da ke gudana yanzu, musamman tunda suna sha'awar sakamakon irin wannan binciken a duk faɗin duniya.

Mafi aminci jini

Da farko, mutane suna amfani da taimakon gudummawar don rashin wani. Jinin kansa daga mai ba da gudummawa na iya zama tushen haɗari da yawa. Wasu lokuta mutane suna ɗaukar kowane nau'in cututtuka ba tare da zargin shi ba. Gwajin sauri yana bincika jini don cutar kanjamau, hepatitis, syphilis, amma sauran ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtuka ba za a iya gano su ba nan da nan idan mai ba da bai san labarin ba.

Duk da matakan kariya, ana daukar kwayar cutar daban daban tare da jini. Misali, herpes, cytomegalovirus, papillomavirus. Hakanan ana daukar kwayar cutar hepatitis a wasu lokuta, tunda gwaje-gwaje na iya tantance kasancewar hepatitis 'yan watanni bayan ya shiga cikin jini.
Za a iya ajiye farin jini kawai don kwanaki 42 (kimanin) kuma yan 'yan awanni kawai ba tare da sanyaya ba. Statisticsididdigar Amurka ta ce kusan mutane 46 suka mutu a cikin kwana ɗaya sakamakon zubar jini - kuma wannan shine wani dalilin da masana kimiyya (ba kawai a cikin Amurka ba) suke aiki shekaru da yawa don neman wanda zai maye gurbin jinin.

Jinin wucin gadi zai iya kiyaye dukkan matsaloli. Jiki na wucin gadi na iya zama mafi kyau fiye da na gaske. Ka yi tunanin cewa ya dace da marasa lafiya tare da kowane rukuni, an adana shi ya fi tsayi fiye da jinin talakawa kuma a cikin yanayi mai ladabi, ana yin sa da sauri kuma cikin adadi mai yawa. Bugu da kari, za a iya sanya farashin jinin mutum sama da farashin jini daga masu ba da taimako.

Rikon Hemoglobin

Kokarin samar da jinin mutum bai ci gaba ba har tsawon shekaru 60. Kuma idan muka dauki matsayin tushen binciken likitan Soviet Vladimir Shamov akan zubar jini na cadaveric, wanda aka fara aiwatar da shi a 1928, ya zama cewa hanyar da za a zub da jini ba daga masu ba da gudummawa ba kusan shekaru 90 kenan.

Cutar Cadaveric ba ta saka saboda karancin furotin na fibrinogen a ciki, baya buƙatar ƙarin mai kwantar da hankali don ajiya, kuma ana iya watsa shi ga mai haƙuri tare da kowane rukunin jini. Kuna iya samun shi da yawa - gawa ɗaya a kan matsakaita yana ba ku damar shirya lita 2.9 na jini.

A cikin 1930, likitan Soviet da masanin kimiyya Sergey Yudin a karon farko sun yi amfani da zub da jini a wani asibiti don mutanen da suka mutu kwatsam. Bayan haka, kwarewar da aka samu ta kasance cikin nasara a cikin shekarun Yaƙin Duniya na II, lokacin da jini da aka karɓa daga matattu yawanci dama ce kawai don rayuwar sojojin da aka rauni.

Na farko, gwada kwatankwacin nasara tare da jini na roba ya fara ne a cikin 80s na karni na karshe, lokacin da masana kimiyya suka yi kokarin magance matsalar iskar oxygen zuwa ga gabobin. An yi sel sel masu rai daga haemoglobin tsarkakakken mutum wanda ke dauke da iskar oxygen. Koyaya, ya juya cewa haemoglobin wanda yake a waje da kwayar yana hulda da kyau tare da gabobin, yana lalata lahani kuma yana kaiwa ga vasoconstriction. A yayin gwaji na asibiti na waɗanda suka maye gurbin jini na farko, wasu marasa lafiya sun sami bugun jini. Gwaje-gwajen ba su ƙare a wurin ba, kawai a cikin maye gurbin ƙwayoyin jini haemoglobin sun sami murfin polymer na musamman na roba.

Jini. Kawai ka kara ruwa

Kwayoyin kariya masu kariya sune foda waɗanda za'a iya amfani dasu ko'ina ta hanyar zuba ruwa. Ana iya amfani da sel na roba tare da kowane irin jini kuma a adana shi na dogon lokaci a zazzabi a ɗakin. Koyaya, ba za su taimaka da asarar jini mai ƙarfi ba kuma za su tallafa wa mai haƙuri kawai har sai an zubar da jini na gaske daga mai bayarwa.

A cikin wani binciken, an yi amfani da turareorocarbons maimakon haemoglobin. Waɗannan su ne hydrocarbons wanda a duk abubuwan hydrogen suke maye gurbinsu da ƙwayoyin sunadarai. Suna iya narke da adadin gas da yawa, gami da oxygen.

Waɗannan kwalabe suna ɗauke da Oxycyte, farin farin mutum wanda ya kasance mai ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa

Fluosol-DA-20 perfluorocarbon tushen haemoglobin aka haɓaka a Japan kuma an fara gwada shi a Amurka a watan Nuwamba 1979. Wadanda suka fara karbar wannan cutar sune marasa lafiyar da suka ki karbar jini saboda dalilai na addini. Daga 1989 zuwa 1992, mutane fiye da 40,000 suka yi amfani da Fluosol. Saboda matsaloli wajen adana miyagun ƙwayoyi da tsadarsa, shahararsa ta ragu kuma an rufe samarwa. A cikin 2014, Oxycyte perfluorocarbon ya bayyana, amma an dakatar da gwaje-gwaje saboda dalilai da ba a sani ba.

An kuma yi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar madadin jini wanda ya danganta da ƙwayoyin haemoglobin. Jirgin ruwan hemopure ya kasance tsayayye na watanni 36 a zazzabi a cikin daki kuma ya dace da dukkanin kungiyoyin jini. Hemopure ya amince da siyarwar kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu a watan Afrilun 2001. A shekara ta 2009, kamfanin kera Hemopure ya tafi fatara ba tare da samun izinin gwajin asibiti ba a cikin mutane a Amurka.

Hanyar ƙayayuwa ga masu kwaikwayo

Aiwatar da abin rufe murfin polymer zuwa ƙwayoyin haemoglobin tsari ne mai ɗaukar hoto wanda baya rage farashin jinin mutum. Bugu da kari, haemoglobin wani bangare ne kawai na matsalar. Kowane saiti na sel (jayoyin jini, platelet da farin farin sel) suna da nasa ma’ana ga jiki. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin canji a cikin waɗanda ake maye gurbin jini ana nufin su ne kawai don gabatar da aiki ɗaya na jini: samar da kyallen takarda tare da oxygen. Ta wata ma'ana, yankin da ke waje da jigilar oxygen kwayoyin halittar jini ne mai hadarin gaske wanda ba zai iya yiwuwa ba ga masanan kimiyya.

Kamar yadda dan Habasha Mikhail Panteleev ya fada a wata kasida game da matsalolin cutar ta wucin gadi, a shekarun baya-bayan nan yana yiwuwa a sami ci gaba sosai a fagen kwaikwayon platelet, wadanda ke da alhakin gyara raunin da ya shafi karamin zub da jini. Masana ilimin kimiyya suna ɗaukar ɗaruruwan kayan abinci na darposome ko na nanocapsule kuma suna saka mahimman sunadarai a ciki. Rashin farantin wucin gadi yana ba ku damar samun tushe na waɗancan fewan faranti da har yanzu mutum yana tare da asarar jini mai yawa. Amma yayin da jiki ba shi da tatsuniyoyin kansa, abubuwan wucin gadi ba za su taimaka ba.

Duk da gaskiyar cewa platelet na wucin gadi ba su da duk ayyukan sel rayuwa, za su iya samun nasarar dakatar da zub da jini a lokutan gaggawa.

Kamar dai jini ne daga tsutsotsi na teku

Tare da madaidaitan furotin zaku iya yin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa. Masana kimiyyar kasar Romania daga Jami'ar Babesh-Boyai sun kirkiro wani madadin jini na wucin gadi wanda ya danganta da sinadarin hemerythrin mai dauke da sinadarin iron wanda wasu nau'ikan tsutsotsi na teku suke amfani dashi wajen jigilar oxygen. Ofungiyar masana kimiyyar nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Rice ta yi zurfi kuma suka fara amfani da sunadarai daga tsokoki na Whale. Ya juya cewa kifi Whales yana da myoglobin, wanda yake tara oxygen a cikin tsokoki, mai kama da haemoglobin daga jinin mutum. Dabbobin daji masu zurfin teku, da ke da wadataccen isashshen oxygen a cikin tsokoki, na iya zama ba za su daɗe ba. Dangane da binciken furotin whale, zai yuwu a kara karfin aikin haemoglobin a cikin kwayoyin halittar jini na ja.

Abubuwa sun fi muni tare da farin ƙwayoyin jini, waɗanda sune sashe mai mahimmanci na tsarin garkuwar jiki. Kwayoyin jini guda ɗaya, masu ɗaukar oxygen, ana iya maye gurbinsu tare da analogues na wucin gadi - alal misali, ƙanshin turaren wuta da aka kirkira a Rasha. Don leukocytes, ba a ƙirƙira wani abu da ya fi sel karami ba, amma a hanya akwai matsaloli da yawa da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyin sel a kan sabon mai watsa shiri.

Nanoblood

Robert Freitas, marubucin binciken farko na fasaha game da yuwuwar amfani da ilimin likitancin nanotechnology da kimiyar nanorobotechnology na likita, ya haɓaka cikakken aiki don ƙirƙirar ƙwayar jan jini ta wucin gadi, wanda ya kira "iska mai narkewa".

A 2002, Freitas a cikin littafinsa mai suna Roboblood (jini na robotic) ya gabatar da manufar jinin wucin gadi, wanda a maimakon kwayoyin halitta za a iya samun nanorobots tiriliyan 500. Freitas yana wakiltar jinin nan gaba a cikin wani tsari mai rikitarwa na tsarin halittar robotic na dunƙu-dumu wanda ya sami damar musanya gas, glucose, hormones, cire abubuwan ɓarna tantanin halitta, aiwatar da aikin rarrabuwa na cytoplasm, da sauransu.

A lokacin da aka kirkiro manufar, aikin yayi kyau, amma bayan shekaru 15, wannan shine, yanzu, a shekara ta 2017, masana kimiyan kasar Japan sun ba da sanarwar kirkirar microrolecular microrobot wanda DNA yake sarrafawa. Masu binciken Jafananci sun warware ɗayan mafi wahalar ayyukan nanotechnology - sun samar da wata hanyar don motsawar na'urar ta hanyar yin amfani da DNA mai ɗaukar hoto.

A cikin 2016, masanan kimiyya na Switzerland sun buga wani bincike a cikin jaridar Nature Communication game da kirkirar wani samfurin nanorobot wanda zai iya gudanar da ayyukan cikin mutum. Babu injuna ko tsayayyun kayan haɗin kai a cikin ƙirar, kuma jikin kansa an yi shi da ruwa mai ruwa da ke dacewa da kyallen takarda masu rai. Yunkuri a cikin wannan yanayin yana faruwa ne saboda ƙirar kurarrakin magnetic da filin lantarki.

Freitas, wanda waɗannan nazarin suka jagoranta, ya kasance da kyakkyawan fata: yana da tabbacin cewa a cikin shekaru 20-30 zai iya yiwuwa maye gurbin jinin ɗan adam da nanorobots, wanda ke motsa jini da oxygen. Masana kimiyyar Jafananci sun riga sun koyi yadda ake samar da lantarki daga glucose na jiki.

Kara sel jini

Kwayoyin Hematopoietic waɗanda aka samo daga marrow ɗin kashi suna ba da kowane nau'in sel na jini

A shekara ta 2008, abu ne mai yiyuwa a samar da kwayoyin halittar jini daga sel mai lalacewa (masu iya samin ayyuka daban-daban) da aka samu daga gabobin jikin mutum. Kwayoyin kara suna tabbatar da cewa sune mafi kyawun tushen sel jini.

A shekara ta 2011, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Pierre da Marie Curie (Faransa) sun yi ƙaramin kwayar cutar ta farko ga masu sa kai na ƙwayoyin halittar jan jini. Wadannan kwayoyin sun yi kamar kwayar ja ta al'ada, kuma kusan kashi 50% daga cikinsu har yanzu suna ta yawo a cikin jini kwana 26 bayan zubar da jini. A cikin gwajin, an zubar da kwayoyin halitta na biliyan 10 a cikin masu ba da agaji, wanda ya yi daidai da 2 milliliters na jini.

Gwajin ya yi nasara, amma kuma wata matsala ta taso - sel guda ɗaya mai jini da jini ya iya samar da ƙwayoyin jini ja dubu 50, daga baya ya mutu. Samun sabon ƙwayoyin kara ba tsari mai arha bane, saboda haka farashin lita ɗaya na jinin wucin gadi ya yi yawa.

A cikin 2017, masana kimiyya daga jini na NHS da kuma Canjin, tare da abokan aiki daga Jami'ar Bristol, sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da ƙwayoyin sel na sitarapoietic. Ya juya cewa farkon kwayar, mafi girman ikonta na sakewa - saboda haka, tare da kwayar sel guda daya, za'a iya dawo da dukkanin kwayoyin halittar jini a cikin linzamin kwamfuta. Masana kimiyya sunyi nasarar yin amfani da ƙwayoyin kara don samar da jini na wucin gadi a farkon matakan haɓaka, wanda a ƙarshe ya sami damar samar da shi a kusan adadin marasa iyaka.

Kwayoyin halittar jini da aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar za'a gwada su a cikin mutane a ƙarshen 2017. Tsarin ci gaba na sel jini daga sel masu dacewa yana rage farashin ƙwayar wucin gadi, amma makomarta ta dogara ne kan ƙaddamar da matakan gwaji na asibiti.

Kuma har ma bayan nasarar gwaji na asibiti, babu wanda zai iya maye gurbin talakawa masu ba da gudummawa. Jiki na wucin gadi a farkon shekarun bayyanar sa zai taimaka wa mutane da nau'in jini mai saurin kisa, a wurare masu zafi da kuma ƙasashe mafi talauci na duniya.