Kimanin shekaru miliyan 318 da suka gabata, a lokacin zamanin Permian, duniyarmu ta kasance cike da abubuwan bestial synapsids. Waɗannan tsoffin halittun sun bambanta da abubuwan rarrafe na zamani ba wai kawai a cikin girman ba, har ma a cikin tsarin kayan aikin haƙori. Baya ga incisors, suna kuma da tsummokoki, wanda na iya nuna yanayin yanayin annabtarsu. Masana kimiyya sun sami damar yin wannan magana game da ƙarshe na binciken binciken burbushin halittu da yawa da aka kiyaye su a cikin farjin Permian. Bayan haka, wadannan halittattun tarihin an kira su dimethrodonts.

Su dabbobi ne masu kauri sosai, sun kai tsawon mil 3 da rabi. Babban abinda suka bayyana shi ne abinda ake kira safarar mutane. Wani babban falon fata ne wanda ya gudana duk yankin. Za'a iya lura da ire-ire na wannan nau'in a wasu nau'ikan tsoffin 'yan amphibians da dabbobi, wanda ya haɗa da dinosaurs da pelicosaurs. A duk wata hanya, Jirgin ruwan ya yi aiki a aikace yayin sarrafa jikin wadannan dabbobi. Idan muka yi la’akari da cewa yawan zafin jiki na yanayi, a wancan zamani, yayi matukar daukaka, to dimplerodon mai sanyi mai saurin mutuwa zai iya mutuwa daga tsananin zafi, idan bashi da jirgi. Bugu da kari, irin wannan asalin halitta na iya taka rawar sifa ta sakandare wanda dimethrodone yayi amfani da shi yayin lokacin dabbar, kuma shine zai yi amfani da shi don sake bayyana lokacin da yake cikin lokacin farin ciki mai zafi. Dangane da sauran maganganun, gwarzo namu zai iya amfani da fatar fatar a matsayin kankara lokacin yin iyo.

Game da salon rayuwa, dimethrodones ya rayu a kananan kungiyoyi. Manya sun fi son savannas, da kuma wuraren da matasa suka gwammace da ciyawar ruwan sama. Amma a cikin hamada, dimetrodon ba zai iya rayuwa ba. Irin wannan yanayin zafi bai dace da shi ba.

Wani maƙiyi ne mai muni da muguwar ƙiyayya da ta mamaye duk wakilan duniyar dabbar da ta iya kulawa da ita. Tare da reza-kaifi-kaifi jaws, mai sauƙi ya tsage jikin wanda aka azabtar.

A tsarin sa da yadda yake rayuwa, ya yi kama da dabbobi masu shayarwa fiye da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun ɗauke shi zuwa ƙarshen pelicosaurs, inda ya kasance mafi yawan wakilai.

A kan wane dalili ne yasa dimethrodons ya lalace, masana kimiyya basu san tabbas. Wataƙila ya ta'allaka ne da canjin yanayin yanayin bazara waɗanda dabbobi masu jin sanyi kawai ba zasu iya rayuwa ba. Dangane da wani hangen nesa, mafi yawancin halittu masu rikitarwa sun maye gurbinsu.

Karatun Farko

Edward Drinker Cope ne ya bayyana ragowar Dimetrodon a cikin 1870s. Ya karbe su tare da tarin wasu nau'ikan tmpods na Perm da aka samo daga samuwar Red Grads a Texas. Collector Jacobs Ball, masanin ilimin tarihi na W. F. Cummins da masanin burbushin halittu Charles Sternberg sun mika su ga Cope. Yawancin waɗannan samfuran yanzu suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halittar Amurka ko a Gidan Walker na Jami'ar Chicago.

Sternberg ya aiko da samfuransa da yawa ga masanin ilimin burbushin masaniyar Ferdinand Broglie na Jami'ar Munich, amma bai yi karatun su ba kamar yadda Cope yayi. Abokin gaba na Edward, Charles Marsh, sun kuma tattara kasusuwan dimetrodon da yawa, amma ya ba su gidan kayan tarihin Walker.

Sunan rana Dimetrodon Cope da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 1878, yana nuna nau'ikan halittu uku - D. incisivus, D. rectiformis da D. gigas.

Daya daga cikin shahararrun zane-zane tare da dimetrodon

Koyaya, bayanin farko game da ragowar dimethrodone ya kasance a cikin 1875, lokacin da Cope ya bayyana clepsydrops C. limbatus. An samo wannan dabbar a yanki iri ɗaya a matsayin dimetrodon, kuma a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 yawancin ababen pelicosaurs sun kasance sunadarai ne da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta. A shekarar 1940, aka buga wani littafi wanda ya bayyana hakan C. limbatus hakika wani nau'in dimethrodone ne.

Na farko synapse da za'a bayyana shi da jirgi shine clepsydrops. C. natalis, wanda Cope kuma ya haskaka. Ya dauki sail a matsayin fin da kuma idan aka kwatanta shi da irin wannan matsalar ta masarar basilisk. Jirgin ruwa D. incisivus da D. gigas ba a kiyaye shi ba, koyaya, samfurin D. rectiformi kiyaye su elongated karkatar spines. Koyaya, Cope yayi sharhi a cikin 1886 cewa dalilin jirgi yana da wuyar tunanin. A cewarsa, Idan dabbar ba ta jagoranci salon rayuwa na ruwa ba, to sail ko fin zai iya kawo cikas ga motsi, kuma wata gabar jiki da tafin hannu ba su da girma da yawa don jagoranci yanayin rayuwa, kamar a cikin basilisk.

Ashirin karni

A farkon karni na ashirin, E. Case ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da dimetrodon, yana nuna sabbin nau'ikan halittu. Cibiyar Carnegie ta taimaka masa da kudade, tare da samar da kayan aiki daga wasu kayan tarihi a Amurka. Cope ya bayyana da yawa daga cikin samfuran, wanda ya shahara wajen kwatanta gaba ɗaya kawai daga gutsuttsura, amma bai mai da hankali ga waɗannan ragowar ba.

Tun daga ƙarshen 1920s, Alfred Romer ya sake nazarin samfuran demithrodon da yawa, yana nuna yawancin halittu. A cikin 1940, Romer da Llewellyn Price sun gudanar da Binciken Pelicosaurus, wanda ya duba yawancin synapsids da Cope ya bayyana. Yawancin sakamakon wannan binciken har yanzu suna dacewa.

Tsohon sake gina jinsunan Dimetrodon incisivus

Bayan wallafa Romer da Price, gano samfuran dimethrodone da yawa a wajen Oklahoma da Texas sun biyo baya. Don haka, a cikin 1966, an samo ƙananan gutsuttsura a Utah, kuma a cikin 1969, an samo ragowar a Arizona. A cikin 1975, Olson ya ba da rahoton gano dimetrodon a Ohio. A cikin 1977, Berman ya ba da bayanin wata nau'in dangane da kayan daga New Mexico. D. occidentalis ("yamma"), wanda ya hada da ragowar Utah da Arizona.

Kafin waɗannan binciken, an yi imanin cewa Texas da Oklahoma sun rabu da sauran yankuna ta Tsakanin Teku na Tsakanin Yankuna, saboda ƙananan ƙananan sphenacodon suna zaune a yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Sabbin abubuwan binciken, kodayake ba su daskarar da kasancewar tekun bahar, amma suna nuna iyakataccen yanayinsa da gaskiyar cewa ba matsala ba ce ga sasantawar dimetrodon.

Bayanin

Dimetrodon yana da babban kai da ke da ƙarfin jaws mai haƙoran haƙoran haƙora. Wataƙila mafarauci ne mai aiki: yana farautar 'yan amphibians, masu rarrafe da kifi. Tare da hakoran gabansa, dimethrodon ya riƙe wanda aka azabtar kuma ya tsage shi. Hakoran na baya sun lanko baya, tare da taimakon dabbar ta yage kananan kananan halittu kuma tana cin nama mai yawa. Jikin dimethrodone ya kasance mai fasfon. Mafi kyawun yanayin aikin dimetrodon shine sail daga fatar da aka shimfiɗa ta a saman mafitsara. Irin wannan jirgi mai tasowa ya samo asali a cikin wasu dabbobi na prehistoric (platigistrix amphibians, edaphosaurus da secodontosaurus pelicosaurs, spinosaurus dinosaurs) kuma sunyi aiki azaman masu zazzabi. Dangane da wasu sigogin, an yi amfani da jirgin ruwa a wasannin ladabtarwa, ana amfani da shi azaman kamfani a tsakanin tsayayyun tsirrai ko kuma jirgin ruwa na zahiri yayin tafiya. "Jirgin ruwa" ya ci gaba a hankali cikin rayuwa, binciken matasa matasa masu dimetrodon tare da ƙananan hanyoyin da aka saba da su. Matasa, a bayyane, sun rayu a cikin fararen fata tare da bankunan jikin ruwa, har da manya. Koyaya, hoton dimetrodon a cikin sanannun littattafai a hamada suna da alama ba gaskiya bane - ba tare da ya zama mai rarrabawa ba, ba zai iya rayuwa a yankin mai zafi, bushe ba.

Kwanyar

Kwanyar kwanyar dimetrodon tana da girma, a matsa a kai a kai. Premaxilla ta rabu da muƙamuƙi ta hanyar diastema mai zurfi. Bango na waje na da ƙarfi ainun. Noan karamin kannun kafa suna a gaban bututun. Kashin hawaye baya kaiwa ga hanci. Gyaran ido suna zaune a bayan kwanyar. Akwai hakora uku akan premaxilla, haƙora na biyu na babban muƙamula shine sifa mai siffa, ƙara girma, mai jujjuyawa, tare da gefuna masu ɓoye. Hakora suna da bakin ciki, kamar albertosaurus. A tushen su ƙananan hankoji ne, suna rage nauyin a hakora, amma ba kubutar da su daga lalacewar hakora ba. A D. teutonis Babu tsagewa, duk da haka gefan ya zama mai kaifi .. Canine mai ƙananan ƙananan ya shiga cikin diastema tsakanin premaxilla da muƙamuƙi. Hakoran haƙoran guda biyu a gaban tsintsaye sun ragu, a bayansu sannu a hankali suna rage girma. A siffar, hakora na dimethrodone da danginsa sunyi kama da ɗigon ruwa, wanda ke taimakawa rarrabe sphenacotamus da sauran synapsids na farko.

Wani binciken 2014 ya nuna cewa dimetrodons ya gudanar da wani nau'in tsere na makamai. Smallarami D. milleri Ba su da haƙoran haƙora, kamar yadda suke farauta ƙananan dabbobin. Yayin da bambancin jinsi da girma ke ƙaruwa, hakora sun canza yadda suke. A D. limbatus hakora suna da siffar yankan, kamar secodontosaurus. A babba D. grandis hakora suna da kama iri daya da yalwar sharks da theropods. Don haka, dimetrodons ba wai kawai ya ƙaru ba kamar yadda suka bunkasa, amma kuma sun canza na'urorin al'ada don farauta.

Dimethrodone ya bambanta da zavropside a gaban fenestra na infratemporal. Masu rarrafe kan sami fenestra biyu, ko kuma basa nan gaba daya, yayin da synapsids suke da rami daya kawai. Dimetrodon yana da alamun sabon abu na canzawa daga farkon tetropods zuwa dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar dogo a baya da ƙananan muƙamuƙin ciki da cikin hancin hanci.

A ciki ramin hanci ya kasance tsoffin ƙaho, turbines. Zasu iya tallafawa guringuntsi, haɓaka yankin mai ɗauke da maganin ƙwayar cuta. Wadannan tatsuniyar suna ƙasa da dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma daga baya, a cikin abin da nasoturbines ke iya kasancewa alama ce ta nuna farin jini. Zasu iya samun membrane membrane da dumama iska mai shigowa. Don haka, dimetrodon ya kasance ɗan rabin dabba mai jin jini.

Wani fasalin dimethrodone shine zartarwa a cikin kashin ja, wanda ake kira farantin da aka nuna. An samo ta a kan ƙwalƙwalwar articular da aka haɗa da kasushan murabba'i, tare yana kasancewa tare da haɗin gwiwa. Daga baya synapsids, hanyoyin articular da kasusuwa masu katsewa sun katse daga haɗin muƙamuƙi, suna samar da kashi na tsakiyar kunne - maɓarnatar. farantin da aka nuna daga baya ya fara zama zoben da yake faruwa wanda yake tallafawa jijiyoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa na zamani.

Tail

An dauki dogon lokaci, an gabatar da dimetrodone a matsayin dabba mai dauke da gajeriyar wutsiya, tunda an san wutsiyar wutsiya 11 a kusa da jikin, wacce ta karara sosai yayin da suka tashi daga ƙashin ƙugu, kuma a farkon bayanin da ya rage ya sa wutsiyar ta kasance gaba ɗaya ko kuma ba ta cikin mafi kyawun yanayin. Kawai a cikin 1927, an gano cikakken wutsiyar dimetrodon, wacce ta ƙunshi 50 vertebrae. Ya lissafta mafi yawan tsayin jiki kuma yayi aiki a ma'auni yayin motsawa.

Jirgin ruwa

Skeleton D. loomisi

Ofaya daga cikin mafi kyawun fasali mai mahimmanci na dimethrodone shine babban matakan juyawar ƙashi da jijiyoyin mahaifa. Tun daga lokacin gano kwayoyin halittar, ana nuna su ta hanyoyi daban-daban: kamar yadda kawai aka fitar da maniyyi, kazalika da “jirgi” da aka rufe fata, ko ma daskararru. Jirgin ruwan ya kai tsayin sama da mita ɗaya. A saman fi na kashin baya an rufe shi da murfin ƙaho. Kowane ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa na da sihiri na musamman, wannan shine ake kira "dimetrodontovaya". Spikes suna da siffar rectangular kusa da jikin vertebral, suna ɗaukar siffar takwas yayin da suke ƙaura daga gare ta. An yi imanin cewa wannan nau'i ya ƙarfafa matakan kuma ya sa baki da karaya. An san mutum ɗaya D. giganhomogenes tare da kusurwoyi masu kusurwa huɗu na gaba ɗaya, duk da haka, kusa da cibiyar har yanzu akwai alamun "tsinkaye". Mafi muni, waɗannan canje-canje suna da alaƙa da shekarun mutum. Kwakwalwar microanatomy na kowane irin kwallaye yana ba ka damar ganin wurin haɗuwa da tsokoki da wurin canji zuwa jirgi. Lowerashin, kusancin ɓangaren yaji yana da matattara mai ƙarfi. Wataƙila, an haɗa tsokoki na epaxial da hypaxial tare da shi, har ma da hanyar sadarwa ta nama mai haɗuwa, abin da ake kira ƙyallen wuta. Yankin nesa mai santsi yana da laushi, amma ana iya shiga zurfin tsalle-tsalle ciki da ciki, kuma ana iya ɗaukar lokutan rayuwa a ciki. Thearfafawa da yawa, wanda shine mafi yawancin ɓangarorin giciye na kashin baya, ya ƙunshi layin girma da yawa wanda zaku iya tantance shekarun kowane mutum a lokacin mutuwa.

Wani tsagi wanda baƙon abu ya ratsa cikin hanyar dukka. A baya, an yi imanin cewa akwai matattarar jini a ciki, amma tunda babu gano su a cikin kasusuwa, yana yiwuwa cewa tsagi an yi niyyar wani abu ne, kuma adadin jiragen da ke cikin jirgin ruwan ba su da abin da aka yi tsammani.

Tsarin zamani na kasusuwa na dimetrodon. Sanarwa daga Scott Hartman

Binciken bincike game da cututtukan yara ya nuna cewa wasu kashin baya ne suka fashe sannan ya warke. Wannan yana nuna cewa aƙalla wani ɓangare na hanyoyin an rufe shi da jirgi (ko nama mai kama da juna), wanda ke riƙe su a cikin ɓoye bayan lalacewa, sakamakon abin da za su iya warkarwa. Amma sun kuma lura da cewa fizikan yatsun sukan lanƙwashe, wani lokacin ma sosai, wanda ke nuna cewa saman dunbin bai shiga cikin jirgin ba. Confirmarin tabbatarwa game da wannan “sail mafita” sanyi ya fito ne daga yanayin farfajiya na matakan. Sun yi ƙarfi a wurin da aka haɗa su da tsokoki na baya, daɗa samun sassauƙa, inda kawai wataƙila su zama tsintsaye masu tsalle daga jirgin. Bonean murƙushewar da ya girma a wurin da ya fashe yana da karɓuwa sosai, wanda ke nuna kasancewar wasu takaddara masu taushi da jijiyoyin jini a kan jirgin.

Ba a san asalin abubuwan fata na dimethrodone ba, saboda haka yana da wahala magana game da kowane irin tsararren rubutu. Daga baya synapsids, irin su estemmenozuh, suna da fata mai laushi tare da glandar da yawa. Koyaya, a cikin farkon farkon varanopeids, kamar Ascendonan, yana yiwuwa a gano kwafin sikeli. Zai yiwu cewa dimetrodon yana da sikirin daskararrun fuska a ƙasan ƙananan jikin, a gefunan kuma a saman fatarsa ​​sunyi laushi, kamar na wakili na warkewa.

Gait

Dimetrodon ana nuna shi ta al'ada tare da wata '' lizard '' mai ban sha'awa tare da ciki yana jan ciki tare da ƙasa, duk da haka, kwanannan an gano waƙoƙin mallakar dimetrodone ko kuma kusa da shi, yana nuna dabba yana motsi tare da kafaffun kafaffun kafaɗa, yana kiyaye ciki da wutsiyarsa gaba ɗaya daga ƙasa.

Tabbas, dimetrodon zai iya samun nishaɗi lokacin da yake so. Koyaya, yayin da yake tafiya da gudana, ƙafafunsa har yanzu suna da matsakaicin matsayi madaidaiciya, saboda wanda dimetrodon zai iya zama mai sauri fiye da waɗanda ke fama da shi (amphibians da ƙananan synapsids).

Sanannen jinsin

• D. teutonis Reisz & Berman, 2001. layersananan layin babban gado na gado (wolfcamp), Jamus, Bromaker da Rasha. Mafi karancin dimetrodon, mai nauyin kilogram 24. Iyakar abin dogaro da aka sani kawai a wajen Arewacin Amurka. Samun babban jirgin ruwa. An haɗa shi da ƙasa biota.

Milleri na keleton Dimetrodon

• D. milleri Romer 1937. Matsayi na Sakmara, tsayinsa ya kai cm 174, Tsarin Putnam, Texas. An san shi da kasusuwa guda biyu: kusan shine cikakken CRZ 1365 kuma mafi girma, amma ba a kiyaye sosai ba da MCZ 1367. Irin nau'in dimetrodon daga Texas. Ya bambanta da sauran nau'in halittu na tsarin jijiyoyin jiki: D. milleri suna da nau'i mai zagaye, yayin da a wasu nau'ikan suka yi kama da takwas. Wannan vertebra kuma ya fi gajere da sauran. Kwanyar ta kasance mai nauyi, ƙwaƙwalwar mu takaice. Tsarin kama daya kuma D. booneorum, D. limbatus da D. grandiswatakila cewa D. milleri shi ne kakanninsu. Kusa da D. occidentalis. Aiki tare:Kakatarwar natalis Cope, 1887.
• D. natalis Cope 1877. Sakarati tara, mafi ƙarancin jinsunan Amurka. An nuna shi tare da jirgin ruwan trapezoidal maras kyau, duk da haka, ba a san irin halin yanzu ba. Kwanyar ta kusan 14 cm tsayi kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo 37. Texas. Kwanyar ta yi ƙasa, tare da haƙoran hakoran fang a saman muƙamuƙi. An gano a kusa da jikin babban D. limbatus.

Skeleton D. incisivus

• D. limbatus Zane na 1877. Tsakanin Sakmara da Artinsky - tsawon kwanyar yakai 40 cm, tsawonsa ya kai zuwa 2.6 m, daga Tsarin Admiral da Bell a Texas. Sanannen sananne ne synapsid tare da jirgi. Sau da yawa ana nunawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen. An fara bayanin shi azaman Clepsydrops limbatus, Romer da Price sun dauke shi zuwa dimetrodon a 1940. Aiki tare:Clepsydrops limbatus Cope, 1877,? Dimetrodon incisivus Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon rectiformis Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon semiradicatus Cope, 1881.
• D. incisivus Cope, 1878 - ɗayan nau'ikan farko, wani lokacin ana ɗauka na hali. Da alama iri ɗaya ne D. limbatus.
• D. booneorum Romer 1937 - Artinsky tier - tsayi har zuwa mita 2.2, Texas. Romer ya bayyana shi a shekarar 1937.
• D. gigashomogenes Magana ta 1907. Kungursky Layer. An kai mai tsayi har zuwa mita 3.3. Kwanyar ta kasance gajere kuma tana da tsayi. Daya daga cikin magabata D. rashin tsoro. An samo shi a cikin Tsarin Arroyo.Case ya kira shi a cikin 1907, har yanzu yana da inganci.

Skeleton D. grandis Case, 1907

• D. grandis Magana, 1907. Farkon Kungursky matakin. Ya kai tsayi zuwa 3.2 m. Kwanyar ta yi rauni, tsayi cm 50. Tana da hakora huɗu masu hakora kawai. An samo asali ne daga samuwar Arroyo Form, Texas. Aiki tare: Dagmar Magana, 1907, Sauraran Batsa Magana, 1911,? Dimetrodon gigas Cope, 1878, Dimetrodon maximus Romer, 1936,? Dimetrodon gani gigas grandis Sternberg, 1942.
• D. loomisi Romer 1937. Kungur tier. Girma har zuwa mita 2.5. Gano a cikin Tsarin Arroyo, Texas. Yana fasallu da kekantaccen kwanyar kwanya da sifar jirgin ruwa.
• D. rashin tsoro Olson 1962. farkon zamanin Ufa (marigayi Kungur). Na ƙarshe kuma mafi girman nau'ikan sanannu. A lokacin rayuwa, ya girma zuwa mita 4-4.5. An gano shi a cikin Tsarin San Angelo a Texas. Kwanyar tana da tsayi, har zuwa 50 cm, kuma low, ƙyallen saman da suke da bakin ciki Duk samfuran ba su da kariya. Zunubi:? Eosyodon hudsoni Olson, 1962 (nomen kallium),? Steppesaurus gurleyi Olson & Beerbower, 1953.
• D. boralis Leidy, shekaru 1854.270 da suka gabata, Yarima Prince Edward. Wataƙila jinsin, wanda kuma aka sani da batignate. An tabbatar da adadin shekarun da suka ragu a wannan yankin bayan nazarin nazarin tarkace na shuka. Daga baya, an gano duk shugaban karamar hukuma. Tsawon kwanyar kawai 40-45 cm.

Etafar Dimetrodon

• D. occidentalis Berman 1977 shine kawai dimethrodone daga Tsarin Abo / Cutler a New Mexico. Ya kamata ya kai tsawon mita 1.5. Sunan yana nufin "Western Dimethrodon." Wanda aka sani da karamin kwarangwal. Mai yiwuwa yana da nasaba da D. milleri.
• D. gigas Cope, 1878. Artinsky da Kungursky tiers na Perm. An fara bayanin shi azaman Gramassara gigasduk da haka, daga baya an sake shi da shi azaman dimethrodone. Dabbobi da yawa da aka adana su iri ne a jikin jinsin. Hakanan akayi la'akari dasu D. grandis.
• D. macrospondylus Magana, 1907 - Cope ya bayyana Bayanna macrospondylus, don dimetrodon an ƙaddara ta Case.

Abin da ya ciyar

Duk da cewa kasusuwa na kwanyar dimethrodone sun kasance bakin ciki, tare da karfi da jajayen su da leka mai kaifi, sai ya ciji abin da ya shafa. Hakora na da girma dabam-dabam, kuma manyan kanana sun lanƙwasa baya. Tare da haƙoran gabansa na gaba, ya ciji wanda aka kashe, kamar yadda zakuna na zamani suke yi. Dimetrodon ya kama ganima. Masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa wannan maharbin ya farautar amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe da kifi. Tare da hakoran gabansa, dimethrodon ya riƙe wanda aka azabtar kuma ya tsage shi. Dayan hakoran sun yi birgima a baya, tare da taimakon dabba ta kebe kananan marsupials kuma suna tauna manyan nama.

LIFESTYLE

Dimetrodon ya kasance mafi girma da mafi girmancin ƙaddarawar farkon zamanin Perm. Waɗannan dabbobin sun ɓace daga fuskar duniya tun ma kafin bayyanar dinosaur na farko.

Masu binciken burbushin halitta wadanda suka yi binciken gawar dimethrodons sun yanke shawara cewa suna da sojoji da makamai da farauta. Dimetrodon ya kasance girman motar zamani. Yana da gajerun karfin iko, don haka masana kimiyya sunyi imani da cewa dimetrodon ya koma ƙasa kamar lizards na zamani.

Ya kasance mai saurin dabba. Babu wani takamaiman bayanai game da nawa awo yake, amma an yi imanin cewa adadin sa yana da matukar muhimmanci. Babban girma, kamar jirgin ruwa mai dorewa irin na baya ya ba shi kallo mai ban tsoro. An yi imanin cewa da taimakon wannan “sail” dabbar zata iya tsara yanayin zafin jikin ta.

Da sanyin safiya, dimetrodon ya shiga rana, zafin rana ya canza shi ta hanyar jirgin ruwa zuwa wasu sassa na jikin wannan dinosaur, don haka an dumama shi ta hanun wadanda abin ya shafa. Don kwantar da hankali, dimetrodon ya isa ya nutsad da jirgin sa na ruwa. Masana kimiyya ba su san abin da ya sa dimethrodones bace.

GANGAR JIKINSA. LITTAFINSA

Perm, shekaru miliyan 280 da suka gabata

Amirka ta Arewa

Tsawon 3,5 m

Wannan shine mafi mashahuri na pelicosaurs, tsofaffin dabbobi-lizards. Jikinsa mai ƙarfi, ƙafafunsa gajere, muƙamuƙƙensa mai ƙarfi, da haƙoran kaifi. A bayan akwai babban jirgi mai fata mai laushi, wanda aka tallafa shi ta hanyar canje-canje na vertebrae. Ba a san ayyukansa daidai ba. Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa "sail" ya taimaka wajen kula da yawan zafin jiki na jiki: a rana, jini cikin jijiyoyin jijiyar jirgin yana mai zafi, kuma cikin inuwa ya sanyaya. Kodayake, watakila, tsefe mai haske ne don jawo hankalin masu yin jima'i.

BAYANIN BAYANAI. KA SAN CEWA.

• Sunan dimethrodone shine asalin Girkanci. Ya ƙunshi kalmomi biyu “dimitro” - “abin da ya wanzu cikin girma biyu”, da kuma “don”, wato “haƙori”.
• Masu binciken burbushin halitta sunyi bincike mai tsawo na ragowar “jirgi” na dimethrodon, akan dalilin da yasa aka yanke hukuncin cewa anyi amfani da jirgin ruwan jirgi don daidaita yanayin zafin jikin wannan dabbar dabbar burbushi.
• Fatar “safarar” fata wacce take bayan bayan dimetrodon mai yiwuwa ruwa bata da ruwa, kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe.

SIFFOFIN CIKIN DIMETRODON

Jirgin ruwa: wani tsiro-kamar tsiro shine aka samo shi a bayan dimethrodon daga wuya har zuwa ƙashin ƙugu Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa sail ɗin shine wani nau'in tsarin sarrafa zafin jiki. Da safe, dimetrodon yana cikin rana, hasken rana yana sanyaya jirgin ruwa, kuma ta wnanan zafi ya koma wasu gabobin jikin dabbar. Wataƙila, don guje wa zafi mai zafi, dimetrodon ya nutsar da jirgin ruwa cikin ruwa. Dangane da wani fasalin, jirgin ruwan zai iya samun aiki daban, alal misali, yin amfani da halayen jima'i - maza za su iya samun jirgin ruwa mafi girma da haske fiye da mace.

Halo: dogaye, hakora masu hakora idan an yi amfani dasu don kama ganima kuma su tsage ta. Moaramin motsi sun kasance masu jingina da baya, tare da taimakon dimetrodon da suke riƙe ganima da nama mai kyau.

Kwanyar: kai babba ne babba. Ramin da ke bayan orbits ya rage yawan kwanyar. Abubuwan tsokoki masu ƙarfi sun kasance a haɗe da kwanyar kwanyar.

Kafa: Dukansu biyu da goshin wannan dabbar suna da girma da kuma girma. Dole ne su goyi bayan nauyin wannan babban pangolin. Kari kan wannan, mawuyacin tsokoki na kafafan hancin sun rike dogon wutsiya.

- Gano burbushin halittar Archeopteryx

INA DA SA'AD DA RAYUWATA

A halin yanzu, an samo burbushin halittu guda shida (archeopteryx). Komai na cikin Bavaria. A zamanin da Archeopteryx ke zaune, yankin ƙasar ta Jamus wani yanki ne na ƙasashen da suke da banbanci sosai kuma suna cikin larduna. Dangane da ƙudurin yanayin yanayin yanayin ƙirar da aka gano burbushin halittu, ya zama sananne cewa Archeopteryx ya rayu a cikin Babban Jurassic, wato kimanin shekaru miliyan 150 da suka gabata.

Habitat

Yawancin burbushin halittun an samo su a Amurka, amma kuma ana iya samun su a cikin Jamus (a farkon lokacin Permian waɗannan yankuna an haɗa su cikin wata nahiyar). Dimetrodons sun zauna kusa da gawarwakin ruwa, amma mazauninsu sun canza yayin da mutane suka balaga: samari matasa sun fi son yankunan da ke da ƙazamar ciyayi, samari sun zaɓi bakin tekuna, kuma mutanen da ke da lokaci sun zaɓi kwarin kogi. Wataƙila dimetrodons ya jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa mai ruwa-ruwa da gudana sosai.

Siffofin Bayyanar Su

Sunan "dimetrodon" yana nufin "nau'i biyu na hakora." Baya ga kananan hakora, goge-girke da incisors suna a cikin jajayen dabbar (bambancinsu yana da asali a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa). Daga dabbobi masu rarrafe, dimetrodon ya gaji sifofi na gabobin, wanda aka yadu sosai a garesu, kuma ba a tsaye a gindin jikin ba, harma da jini-sanyi. Jikin jikinsa ya dogara ne akan mahallin. Baya ga jirgi, sifar dabbar tana da wutsiya mai dogon tsayi, wadda ta kunshi akalla vertebrae 50. Girman dimetrodons, gwargwadon nau'in su, na iya bambanta sosai - mai watsawa tare da tsawon jikin mutum ya tashi daga 0.6 zuwa 4.6 m.

Kwancen synapsid sananne ne ga cavos na wucin gadi. An samo su ɗaya a kowane gefe, a baya kuma kusa da kewayon. Abun farin ciki ya kasance yana kiyaye tsokoki da kasusuwa. Kasancewarsu ya sa cizon synapsids ya zama mafi inganci idan aka kwatanta da karfin amphibians, wanda irin wannan yanayin yanayin tsarin kwanyar yake.

Abubuwan fasali

Dimetrodon yana da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu, yana kunshe da matakai na tsoka na vertebrae, an rufe shi da fata. Zai iya yin aikin thermoregulatory, cikin sauri a cikin rana. Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa ba tare da jirgi ba, zazzabin jiki na dimetrodon zai tashi da 6 ° a cikin awanni 40 na mintuna 40, kuma tare da shi - cikin awa 1 na minti 20. A cikin inuwa, kayan kwalliyar fata da sauri sun ba da zafi, suna adana dabba daga matsanancin zafi. Bugu da kari, za a iya amfani da safarar jiragen ruwa yayin wasannin mating don jan hankalin mata (ana zaton cewa a cikin maza irin wannan yanayin kwanciyar hankali ya sami bunkasuwa). An kirkiro shi a hankali, yayin da dimetrodon ya girma.

Babban magabaci

Dimetrodon ana ɗauka shi ne mafi ƙarancin ƙasa na lokacinta. Zai iya farautar kowace dabba da ke zaune tare da shi a cikin kewayen. Ana tunanin Dimethrodone ya sami fahimtar wari. A cikin waɗannan dabbobin, an bayyanar da ƙarancin jima'i, watau a zahiri, mace da namiji suna da bambance-bambance waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da halayen jima'i (alal misali, mace na iya ƙanƙanta). Ba'a san takamaiman yadda dimethrodones ya rayu ba: a cikin rukuni ko kuma a keɓe. Mai yiyuwa ne maza za su iya nuna adawa da juna.