Shellfish wani nau'in halittu ne na rayuwa wadanda suka hada da jinsin sama da dubu ɗari biyu. Ba su da kashin baya da kashin kasusuwa, amma galibi ana samun kariya ta wani karfi mai kauri sosai kuma an rufe shi da ita. Jikin dabbobi ba ya rarrabuwa. Tana da tsari mai taushi kuma, godiya ga harsashi, wannan nau'in ba za'a iya kiransa juyin halitta ba.

Mollusks suna wakiltar bivalves, gastropods, shellless da sauran wakilai. A cikin su akwai mutanen gaɓar teku, lawns, itacen ɓaure, ƙaho, allura, coils. Ire-iren waɗannan mutane daban-daban suna cikin rukuni na gastropods.

Class gastropods sune mafi yawan nau'ikan rukuni na mollusks. An bambanta wakilan irin waɗannan kwayoyin ta kusan nau'ikan 90,000. Suna zaune:

An gama aiki a kan wani abu makamancin wannan

Jikin mollusks ya ƙunshi sassa da yawa:

Dukkan sassan jiki an shirya su daban, amma suna da takamaiman aiki da kimiyar lissafi don daidaitawa, haifuwa, da kariya daga mollusk. Suna taka rawa wajen ci gabanta.

Shugaban yana da guda, nau'i biyu na tantin da ido. Dukkan gabobin ciki suna jikin mutum. Kafar motsi ta gastropod mollusk wani yanki ne na ciki na jikin mutum. Yawancin gastropods masu ɗaukar hoto, masu farauta, da kuma abubuwan ɓoye. Mafi yawancin mollusks sune halittar dabbobi masu yawa, suna cin abinci ƙoshin lafiya.

Ana kiranta wakilin gastropods na kowa kandami ne. Wannan mutumin yana zaune a cikin ruwa mai tsarkak ,wa, a cikin koguna mai zurfi, ko'ina cikin Rasha da duniya. Hakanan wani wakili na yau da kullun na gastropods shine sikirin innabi, wanda ke maimaita tsarin sifofin halayyar dukkan wakilan membobin da aka da'awar.

Tsarin narkewa na gastropods an bambanta shi da halaye masu zuwa: yana da harshe tare da hakoran chitinous.

Yi tambaya ga kwararru kuma ku samu
amsa cikin mintina 15!

Radula tarin hakoran chitin ne a cikin harshen clam.

Hoto 1. Katantan innabi. Author24 - musayar kan layi na ayyukan ɗalibai

A cikin mollusks na herbivorous, grater (bakan gizo) yana ba da abinci don ƙoshin shuka, a cikin mollusks na karewa yana taimakawa ci gaba da ganima. A cikin rami na baka na mollusks, ana samun glandan gwal. Cutar bakin baka ta shiga cikin majajjawa, sannan zuwa cikin huhun ciki, wanda ya shiga ciki da hanjinsa. Maganin narkewa yana gudana zuwa cikin hanjin. Akwai dubura ta hanyar zubar da shararrun abincin abinci. Irin wannan cigaban tsarin narkewar abinci yana fadada yiwuwar daidaita kayan abinci na mollusks, kara yiwuwar rayuwarsu, fadada yanayin muhalli kuma ya sanya wadannan kwayoyin damar yin gasa tare da wakilan sauran azuzuwan a cikin nau'in.

Tsarin juyayi na mollusks shine wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na ganglia ko jijiyoyin jijiyoyi waɗanda ke warwatse ko'ina cikin jiki. Abubuwan gastropods suna da ingantattun sifofin gabobin ciki: akwai idanu, alfarma, gabobin daidaituwa da taɓawa. Suna da ikon gane ƙanshi, wanda ke ƙara haɓakawarsu.

An rarrabe tsarin jijiyoyin gastropods ta hanyar cewa yana bude kuma ya ƙunshi zuciya mai hawa biyu da jijiyoyin jini. Rufe jiragen basu makale a ƙarshensa, amma kar ya kwarara zuwa cikin zuciya. Hemoglobin ba ya cikin jinin mollusks, saboda haka yana da launi mai launi iri-iri. Mollusks na ruwa suna numfasawa tare da kwayoyi, da mollus na ƙasa tare da huhu. Akwai kwaya ɗaya ko biyu a cikin ramin madaidaiciyar mollusk na gastropod mollusk. A cikin tafkuna, coils, katako na innabi, ramin madawwama yana taka rawar huhu. Oxygen daga iska mai cike da “huhu” ta ratsa jikin bango mai bangon shiga jikin jijiyoyin jikinta, kuma carbon dioxide daga cikin jini yana shiga cikin huhun “huhu” ya kuma fita.

Tsarin ƙwayoyin motsi na ƙwayar mollusks yana wakilta ɗaya ko biyu na kodan. Kayayyakin da ke jikin kwayoyin halittar suna shiga koda daga jini kuma hanjin ta yana buɗewa cikin kogon kwanciyar hankali, inda suke tarawa.

Hanyar haifuwa ta mollusks ta ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa waɗannan mutane suna haifar da nau'in nasu na musamman ta hanyar jima'i. Jirgin ruwa na kwari, coils, slugs sune hermaphrodites.

Mollusks na sanya kwan da ya hadu da kwanya akan ganyayyaki da abubuwa daban daban na ruwa, tsakanin ƙashin ƙasa. Snaanan katantanwa suna fitowa daga gare su. Abubuwan gastroodes na teku suna wakiltar kwayoyin dioecious. Hakanan, a cikin wadannan kwayoyin, mutum zai iya gano ci gaba tare da metamorphosis ko kasancewar tsutsa sailfish.

Muhimmancin gastropods shine za su iya zama matsakaici na runduna don tsutsotsi na parasitic, sune hepatic trematode. Hakanan, mollus da yawa abinci ne ga tsuntsaye da kifi. Mollus na ƙasa yana ciyar da ɗan adam, amphibians, moles, shinge. Yawancin gastropods sune kwari na lambuna. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ɓarna da katako na innabi.

Ta tattara duka abubuwan da ke sama, zamu iya yanke shawara cewa mollusks na gastropod sun bambanta a cikin sifofin fasali masu zuwa: sune na farko, dabbobin coelomic, gabaɗaya wanda ke wakiltar pericardium da rami na gland gland. Waɗannan dabbobin suna da alamun daidaituwa da kuma sassa uku na jiki. An rufe jikin tare da fatar fata - mayafin kuma yana da aikin gano tsarin numfashi kuma ya hada da jijiyoyin gabobin jima'i da dubura. Yankin gurneti na gastropod mollusks ya ƙunshi yadudduka uku: m (na halitta), na tsakiya (a cikin falo), da uwar lu'u-lu'u (ciki). Harshen ɓoyayyen mollusk shine ɓangaren juyin halitta mai ci gaba don kare kwayoyin halitta daga mummunan tasirin yanayi.

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Janar bayanin

Haka kuma akwai wasu nau'ikan da ke jagorantar rayuwar rayuwa. Iyalin Eulimidae za a iya danganta su, su, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna sanya jiki a jikin jikin echinoderms, galibi wannan:

A cikin ciyawar kore, mafi sau da yawa fiye da sauran, zaku iya haɗuwa da kumatun innabi waɗanda suke sa harsashi mai ruɗuwa ko tarkace ba tare da wannan alamar alama ba.

Halittar halitta tana da bayani cewa turbospirality na harsashi shine babban abin da ke haifar da tsarin asymmetries na tsarin ginin ciki na wakilan gastropod.

Yaran da yawa na wannan aji suna zaune a cikin tafkin teku, daga cikinsu mutum na iya rarrabewa:

Amma a cikin ruwa tsarkakakken akwai coils masu yawa, lawns, kazalika da manyan tafkuna.

Wakilan ruwa sun gwammace su zauna a gindin ƙasa, kodayake a cikinsu akwai waɗanda suke son iyo. Waɗannan nau'ikan sun haɗa da:

Mafi sau da yawa ba sau da yawa ba, mutum zai iya lura da nau'in planktonic da ke haɓaka a cikin ruwa ruwa. Wadannan wakilan ba su da yawa, sabanin sauran.

Yawancin nau'in halittu ma sunada girman kai da yawa. Wasu daga cikin daidaikun mutane ba sa yin girma sama da mm 2, yayin da wasu suka kai tsawon sama da rabin mita. Dangane da tsammanin rayuwa, lokacin ya bambanta daga watanni 2 zuwa shekaru 3.

Waɗannan halittun na musamman sun gwammace yanayi mai laima da sararin samaniya. Amma a cikin yanayin bushe, suna iya jin al'ada. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa jikinsu yana fara fitar da gamsai, wanda ke kare su daga bushewa.

Bayan haka, ya isa katantanwa don samo wata tsiro daga abin da zata iya zana abubuwan da suke buƙata kuma su sami ƙarfi.

Siffofin Bayyanar Su

Amma game da sifofin bayyanar, katantanwa suna da sila mai asymmetrical swirling ko conical conical. Yana, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa a lokaci daya:

Dukda cewa akwai wakilai acikinsu wadanda basa nan ko kuma basu ci gaba ba. Jikin mutum yana da taushi sosai kuma tsawon wakilin babban mutum na iya bambanta daga mm 1 zuwa 60 mm.

Tsarin gastropods na waje ana wakilta ne ta tsarin bangarori uku na jiki:

A kan katantanwa kuma akwai wasu shingen halayyar, a wasu wakilai daya ne, a sauran nau'in kuma suna da nau'i biyu, alhali ana iya jan su. Hakanan ana iya samun idona ko dai a cincinsu ko kuma daga tushe. A gefen ciki na mollusks akwai bakin. A cikin masu farauta, yana da bambanci daban-daban, saboda yana kan proboscis mai haɓaka, wanda, lokacin da aka farauta, na iya shimfidawa.

An rufe jikin tare da fatar fata - wannan wani nau'i ne na farar fata, yana ɓoyewa tare da taimakon glandon na musamman wani abu wanda yake ginawa da kuma faɗaɗa ƙwayar katantanwa. Wasu wakilan invertebrates an sanya su a cikin matattarar gabaɗaya, yayin da wasu kuma kawai bangare ne.

Aljilar da ke aukuwa tsakanin suturar da jikinta ana kiranta labulen kwalliyar.

Bangarorin suna daga waje - sassan jiki na ciki na ciki. Tare da taimakon motsin-kamar motsi na kafafu, mollusks suna motsawa don haɓaka saurin motsi, kowane mutum yana ɓoye gamsai na musamman.

Za a iya karkatar da curl a kowane bangare, an haɗa shi da jiki tare da tsokoki masu ƙarfi, don haka ba za ku iya sake saitawa ba. Kashi na sama na kwasfa yana da kaifi sosai, saboda yana kunshe da lemun tsami.

Wurin yana girma cikin sauri a lokacin bazara, kuma a lokacin hunturu wannan aikin yana raguwa sosai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa jiki baya karɓar abubuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin adadin da ya dace.

A saman fuskarta akwai layin halayyar ta hanyar saukin sanin shekarun cochlea.

Tsarin ciki

A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yawancin gastropods suna da kama ɗaya na ciki. Bayanin tsarin kwayoyin:

1. Tsarin musculoskeletal ya ƙunshi kwarangwal mai ɗorewa, wanda ke yin motsi saboda matsi mai ƙarfi a cikin tsarin ƙwayoyin hannun dama na ciki.
2. Numfashi na iya kunshe da ƙwayoyi ko huhun, duk ya dogara da mazaunin mutum. Dukkan gabobi suna zaune a cikin faffadar rami. A cikin mollusks na huhu, murfin ya cika da iska, haka kuma akwai karamin rami a ciki, an lullube shi da ƙawanin filaye. Wajibi ne mazaunan ruwa suyi ta iyo zuwa ruwa a lokaci-lokaci zuwa ruwa suyi numfashi su kuma sama sama da wani sinadarin oxygen.
3. Abun yaduwa ya hada da zuciya mai daki biyu-biyu daga ventricle da atrium, akwai kuma tasoshin da suke budewa a cikin rami tsakanin gabobin. Jiki kwalliya ce mai kyau wacce take canza launin shuɗi. Wannan saboda abun da ke ciki ya ƙunshi babban adadin hemocyanin.
4. Tsarin juyayi na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta gastropod mollusks ya ƙunshi nodes na jijiya, wanda ake kira ganglia, suna warwatse ko'ina cikin jiki kuma an haɗa su ta amfani da muryoyin jijiya da jijiyoyi.
5. Kaya. Akwai nau'ikan daban-daban, wasu wakilai suna da koda ɗaya, wasu biyu. Hakanan akwai karkatattun hanyoyin da aka haɗa su da alkyabbar.

Bugu da kari, mollusks suna haɓaka gabobin azanci. Ta yin amfani da farfajiya, mutane kan karɓi saƙonni game da haɗarin ko abinci. Akwai statocysts a cikin katantanwa - gabobin da ke da alhakin daidaitawa. An gabatar dasu a cikin nau'i na vesicle, ɓangaren ciki wanda an rufe shi da epithelium ciliary.

Tsarin narkewa ya hada da:

Anus ɗin yana kusa da gills yana buɗewa waje. Hakanan, wakilan invertebrate suna da harshe na tsoka, wanda akan hakoran chitinous suke. Yana cikin makogwaro, wanda hanjin hancin ciki ke buɗe.

Dangane da halayen, duk mutane dioecious ne ko hermaphrodites, nau'in na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi wakilan ƙasa. Zasu iya haifarwa ta musamman ta hanyar jima'i. Ana samun balaga tun yana dan wata shida.

Yana da kyau a lura da hakan lokacin balaga, dukkan abokan biyu suna hadi. Ana yin haifuwa ne bayan sel maza sun shiga cikin ƙwayar mace, kuma hadi na iya faruwa ba nan da nan.

Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa mace ta sami damar jinkirta wannan lokacin zuwa yanayin da ya fi dacewa, ta kiyaye maniyyi a ciki amintacce.

Bayan sa lays qwai, kuma gaba daya kafa mollusks ƙyanƙyashe daga gare su riga. Wasu wakilai da farko suna bayyana larvae ne kawai.

Tsarin

Alamar halayyar gastropods shine kasancewar ɓoyayyen kwanon rufi da ke rufe dabbar, watau jakar ciki. Harsuna suna da bambanci a sikeli da sassaƙa: matuƙar conical, jirgin sama-mai warkarwa da sauƙin sikari. Alamar ta biyu ta gastropods ita ce asarar daidaitattun daidaituwa saboda kasancewar harsashi mai lalacewa a cikin mollusks da yawa, i.e. juya cikin karkace, juyi wanda yake kwance a cikin jirage daban-daban. Tare tare da turbo - karkace harsashi, jakar ciki tana karkace sau biyu agogo. Shell yana da ganiya da bakin - rami wanda shugaban kai da kafa na mollusk suka fito. Wurin yana kunshe da yadudduka uku: na ciki na baya ne, na na tsakiya shine na biyun kuma na ciki na uwa ne na lu'ulu'u. Akwai gastropods, a ciki wanda harsashi ya shiga ciki ko ya ɓace. Shell ɗin ya haɗu da jiki tare da tsoka mai ƙarfi, yayin ragewa wanda aka zana sawu a cikin kwasfa.

Wani sashi mai laushi na jikin mollusk na ciki ya ƙunshi kai, jakar ciki da kafa. Shugaban yana da: baki, alfarma da idanu biyu. A gefen ventral wani yanki mai rauni na tsoka yana da babba zuwa kasa wanda ake kira dafin kafa. Kafa yana aiki don motsa mollus, wanda sannu a hankali yana kan kan tafin kafa, godiya ga raƙuman saukar da kafa daga baya zuwa gaban. A tafin hannu yana shafa mai da yalwar fata ta fata, wanda ke rage gogayya da sauƙaƙa motsi akan ƙasa mai taushi.

Jakar da ke ciki babban tashin hankali ne wanda ke fitowa daga gefen ciki, wanda yawan gabobin jikinsu suna. Kai tsaye ƙarƙashin wankin akwai mayafin alkama a jaka na ciki. Gefen gabanta, yana lullube jikin mutum, yana rufe labulen da ke kwance. Yawancin gastropods ana nuna su ta hanyar rashin daidaitaccen haɗin kai biyu saboda kasancewar ƙirar ƙwalƙwalwar turbosplit, saboda haka asymmetry na gabobin daga cikin kwandon shara da kuma ana lura da jakar ciki (ɗaya atrium, koda ɗaya, gill ɗaya).

Abubuwan ajiyar rai suna nan a cikin shimfidar murfin ciki, karin magana, farji da budewar ciki. A cikin murfin murfin murfin akwai ramin da aka haɗa ko ba a cika aiki ba da grater (radula), bututun glandon gwal wanda aka haɗu da shi ya shiga ciki, a cikin wasu nau'in da wasu gland shine yake (mai guba ko don fitar da acid). A ci gaba da bakin ciki ne na bakin ciki esophagus (za'a iya samun goiter mai fadi), yana wucewa cikin ciki, inda hanta ya buɗe - glandon narkewa. Hanjin hanji ya fara ne daga ciki, wanda gajere ne a cikin magabatansu kuma tsawon a cikin mollusks na gastropod mollusks. Yana buɗewa ta cikin dubura. A cikin dukkanin gastropods na zamani, hanjin ya samar da kamar madauki, don haka dubura tayi a saman kai ko a jiki zuwa dama na kai.

Tsarin numfashi a cikin nau'o'in gastropods daban-daban. A cikin wasu nau'in, gabobin numfashi sune ctenidia. Gastropods na iya yin numfashi da huhu, da kuma goge-goge, kuma tare da taimakon gangar jikin katako.

Katantanwa suna da tsarin buɗe jini: zuciya tana wakiltar ventricle ɗaya da atrium guda ɗaya (siffofin da yawa suna da atria biyu). Jinin oxidized daga atrium ana tura shi cikin ventricle, sannan ya bazu ta hanyar samarda katako a jikin mutum. Zuciyar katantanwa tana cikin rami mai ɓoye, wanda ɓangaren ƙwayoyin ciki su ma suna sadarwa - koda ɗaya, da wuya ma'aurata suke.

A cikin gastropods, tsarin juyayi yana kunshe da nodes da ke warwatse cikin jiki; a cikin nau'ikan da yawa, abubuwan jijiya sun fi mayar da hankali ne ga ƙarshen jikin mutum. Tsarin juyayi ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na jijiyoyi (ganglia): cerebral, pleural, ƙafa, ko feda, visceral da parietal, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da igiyoyin jijiya. A cikin katantanwa na subclass na anteropodia kuma a cikin mafi farkon wakilan sauran biyu subclasses, wani ganglion giciye siffofin, kuma ga mafi girma na huhun da na gaba, gasa, ma'amala ba halayyar.

Abubuwan mambobi na gastropod sun hada da idanu, ma'anar tabawa - wani nau'i na shinge na kai, gwal mai ƙwanƙwasawa - nau'i na biyu na kawunan kai tsaye a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa, daidaitattun gabobin - ƙungiyar statocysts, waɗanda ke rufe vesicles, sashin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta - osfradia, wanda yake a gindin gatan kuma an yi niyya don gwaji ruwa yana shiga cikin kogon kwanyar. Fatar katantanwa kuma mai wadatuwa a cikin sel masu hankali. Kwayoyin jijiya a farfajiyar, wuraren fata a kusa da bakin suna ba da abinci abinci, ma'anar kusanci da masu ƙaddara a cikin nesa kuma sun koma mazauninsu.

Abinci da darajar

Invertebrates suna da hanyar abinci ta musamman. Misali, daidaikun mutane da suka fi son tsirrai suna da grater a bakinsu wanda suke narke abincinsu, kuma suna sare abincin tare da sashin jiki guda ɗaya don sauƙaƙa haɗiyewa. A cikin magabatan, proboscis yana a gaban jikin mutum, yana karewa a baki. Yawancin wakilai a cikin yanayi suna amfani da haƙoransu don kama wanda aka zalunta.

Bugu da kari, dukkanin nau'ikan za'a iya kasu kashi biyu:

Amma game da mahimmancin gastropods a cikin yanayi, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Yana da kyau a lura da kaɗan daga cikinsu:

• Ka zama abincin dabbobi, tsuntsaye, kifi da dabbobi masu shayarwa,
• abinci ne mai ban al'ajabi a kasashe da yawa,
• zama asalin tushen fenti mai launin shuɗi,
• bazu kwayoyin halitta a jikin ruwa,
• wadatar da kasar gona da ma'adanai.

Waɗannan mutane masu ban sha'awa suna iya samun tasirin muhalli mara kyau, suna tsaka-tsakin runduna ta parasitic flatworms, wato, suna aiki a matsayin masu ɗaukar wannan kamuwa da cuta. Amma tsintsiyar innabi ba ta da matsala da alama tana da illa sosai ga ƙasar noma.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ba tare da mollusks a cikin koguna da tabkuna ba, za a sami hargitsi na gaske. Da sannu za su yi birgima tare da cika ciyayi.

A cikin teburin nazarin halittu, inda dukkanin wakilan dangin gastropod ke wakilta, manyan nau'ikan iri ne. Kuma kowannensu yana da alamomin halayensa na bambanci kuma suna ɗaukar matsayinsa cikin yanayi.

Kiwo

A cikin wakilan bangarori daban daban na katantanwa, tsarin haifuwa yana da tsari daban. Daga cikin katantanwa akwai dioecious da nau'in hermaphroditic. Takin ciki na ciki ne a cikin mafi yawan gastropods. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na yin yaduwa: wasu ƙoshin ƙwayaye da maniyyi kai tsaye cikin ruwa, inda hadi ke faruwa, wasu sukan sami igiyoyi, koko daga ƙwai da aka cufu da gamsai, kuma a haɗa su da abin da ke ƙasa, kayan ƙasa suna kwance ƙwai a cikin ƙasa mai laushi ko tsaya ga tsire-tsire.

Haɓakar gastropods shima ya bambanta: ko dai ta hanyar lardin, ko kai tsaye, shine, ƙaramin ƙwayar mollusk wanda ba a kammala dashi ba ya fito daga kwan. Viviparous mollusks shima yana faruwa yayin da qwai ya girma a bangarorin musamman na tsarin haifuwar uwa.

Yawancin gastropods suna ciyar da tsire-tsire masu rai da detritus. Daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan gastropod, akwai masu farauta, da masu shirya finafinai, da kwaya, da masu cin gawa, i.e. Suna haɗuwa da duk hanyoyin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin nau'in mollusks. Abubuwan gastropods kansu abinci ne ga kusan dukkanin dabbobi, a ƙasa da ruwa.

Gashi na zaune a koina, suna zaune a gabar tekun teku da tekun da zurfinsu, jikkunan ruwa. Katantanwa da aka daidaita don zama a kan tudu, suna yadu har ma da hamada, cikin kogon dutse.

Bayanin da fasali

Abu na farko da yakamata a ambata lokacin tattaunawa aji gastropods, don haka wannan shine bambancinsu. Kusan mutum ɗari nau'ikan daban-daban. Yawancinsu suna da yawa cewa waɗannan rafuffuka suna rayuwa a cikin ruwan teku mai gishiri, da ƙauna da ƙaƙƙarfan zurfi da ruwa mai zurfi, da kuma a cikin manyan koguna, tafkuna, har ma da ƙasa, kuma zaka iya haɗuwa da su ba kawai a cikin babban lokacin farin ciyawa ba, har ma a hamada da da kankara.

Tafiya gastropods Can da kuma masu girma dabam dabam. Wasu mutane ba su yin girma sama da milimita 2. Wasu kuma suna iya isa zuwa rabin rabin. Ba sa rayuwa tsawon rai: daga wasu watanni zuwa shekara uku.

Wadannan halittun suna hauka cikin kauna tare da gumi, kuma dole ne a kunyatar da sama. Idan kwatsam ya yi zafi sosai ko ya bushe, to masu garkuwa da mutane sukan fitar da bakin ciki mai yawa, saboda haka harsashi da abin da ke ciki zasu kare daga bushewa. Bayan wannan, katantanwa suna haɗe da ciyawar kuma suna wanzuwa cikin wannan halin har sai sun sake fadawa cikin yanayin da ya dace. Yankunan da aka fi so daga cikin waɗannan halittu suna da ƙanƙan ciyawa.

Idan muka yi la’akari da wani wakilin wakilci na aji, to wannan shi ne katantanwa wanda ke da: jiki (yaɗaɗa a gaban da matse zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen, a kan ɓangaren na sama akwai ci gaba a cikin nau'i na hump), kan kai (a kai wani nau'i na tantin da idanu) da ƙafar (m, ƙare tare da tsawo, kamar kafa).

Duk wannan ya rufe matatun ruwa. Siffar ta m ce: daga karkata zuwa ga conical, har ma da lebur, amma koyaushe yana da ƙarfi, ba tare da cusps. Amma akwai daidaikun mutane waɗanda ba a inganta wannan sifar ba, i.e. gaba daya rashi, muna magana ne game da slugs. Kuma alal misali, a cikin mazaunan ruwa, wannan ɓangaren yana da ƙayyadaddun halaye masu yawa.

Idan babu abin da ke barazanar dabba, to, kawai yana sanya jikin ne a cikin guguwarsa. Idan katantanwa ta fahimci hatsarin, tokar ta zama mafaka, mai dacewa da duk mai shi. Wani bambanci daga wasu mollusks shine asarar daidaitattun daidaituwa.

Wadancan. idan wasu dabbobi suna da kodan sa, lambobin biyu, da sauransu, to Tsarin gastropods wannan baya nunawa, gabobin su suna iya yin aiki ba tare da "abokin tarayya" ba. Duk wannan sakamakon kasancewar kashin harsashi ne. Hanyoyin motsa jiki ba su da ji da murya; taɓawa da jin warin taimaka musu kewaya.

Daraja

Idan babu gastropods a cikin wuraren rami za a sami matsala ta gaske. lura, cewa darajar gastropods babba. Ba wai kawai suna cin tsire-tsire masu lalata ba, suna kuma hana ambaliyar ruwan tabkuna, koguna, marshes da tekuna. Kayan ƙasa sun sami damar wadatar da ƙasa tare da ma'adanai. Amma wasu nau'in mollusks, akasin haka, suna da lahani. Misali, slugs suna lalata amfanin gona.

Bugu da kari, wadannan halittu sun mamaye matsayinsu a sarkar abinci; wasu nau'in kifaye da kifayen ba za su iya rayuwa ba tare da su ba. Ba ƙi idin a kansu da mutum. Bugu da kari, bawo suna yin kyawawan kayayyaki da kayan adon kyau.

Janar halaye na aji

Gastropods suna da iyalai sama da 400 tare da nau'ikan 100,000 kuma ana rarraba su kusan ko'ina. Kasancewa mazaunin ruwa na asali, yawancinsu sun samo asali kuma sun dace da rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai tsafta da kan tudu, wanda yake halayyar wannan ajin kawai. Za a iya samo katantanwa a cikin zurfin teku, cikin ruwa mai zurfi, cikin maɓuɓɓugan m, duwatsu da ma hamada. Waɗannan halittu ne masu rai-kyauta tare da salon rayuwa mai motsi. Yawancin mambobin aji sune phytophages da detritophages, amma ana samun snails na snaps da parasites. Tsohon (dangin Cones) yana gurɓata waɗanda ke fama da mummunan guba, yayin da ɗayan (dangin Eulimidae) ya fi son yin taɓo gawar echinoderms.

Baya ga bambancin nau'ikan, ana rarrabe tsakanin nau'ikan gastropods ta kewayon girman sa (daga 2 mm zuwa 75 cm) da kuma nau'ikan rayuwar wakilan sa (daga watanni 2 zuwa shekaru 15). Ga katantanwa, yanayi mai laushi yana da mahimmanci, tare da rashin amfani da abin da suke kare jikinsu daga bushewa ta hanyar taimakon gamsai.

Tsarin waje

Jiki tare da daidaitattun abubuwa biyu a cikin bivalves da cephalopods, ko asymmetric a cikin gastropods. Irin waɗannan sassan an rarrabe su: ɓangaren kai tare da gabobin hangen nesa da tanti, jikin da kafa daidai - haɓakar tsoka, yana aiki don motsawa. Duk bivalves ana saninsa da kasancewar kafa, yayin da a cikin kaburbura an juye shi zuwa tantuna da siphon.

Jikin mollusk yana kewaye da harsashi, yana matsayin wuri don abin da aka makala tsoka. A cikin gastropods, yana da cikakkiyar tsari a cikin nau'i na curl curl. A cikin bivalves, ana wakilta shi ta hanyar biyu biyu waɗanda ke haɗuwa da sassauƙan hanyoyi na ƙwayar haɗi. Mafi yawan giram-dabbobin ba su da tashe-tashen hankula.

Tufafin, wanda aka aiko da ƙwayoyin epithelial, sun rabu da sassan sassan jikin. Yana tare tare da jiki na haifar da kogo inda jijiyoyin jiki ke gudana, gabobin gabbai, jijiyoyin waje na gabobin narkewa, jijiyoyin jiki, da dubura suke.

Mollusks kwayoyin cuta ne na coelomic, amma ba a kiyaye sashinsu na sakandare kawai kusa da zuciya da al'aura ba. Babban sashi na sararin samaniya yana wakiltar hawan jini.

Abubuwan fasalin fasalin mollusks idan aka kwatanta da daskararru

Waɗanne sababbin abubuwa ne suka bayyana a cikin mollusks idan aka kwatanta da tsutsotsi?

Shellfish yana da gabobin musamman. Wannan wani tsari ne, na narkewa, wanda ya hada da bangarori da dama, akwai zuciya, hanta. Gabobin numfashi - gills ko nama na huhu.

Ba a rufe tsarin wurare dabam dabam ba, a matattarar - rufe.

Tsarin juyayi na mollusks yana da nau'i na ganglia na jijiya, hade da juna ta hanyar ƙwayar jijiya. Ringworms kawai suna da sarkar jijiya a cikin yankin na ciki, wanda ya shiga cikin sassan.

Ta yaya mollusks zasu dace da mazauninsu?

Wakilan nau'ikan sun mamaye wuraren buɗe ruwa da fili. Saboda rayuwa a waje da tafki da iska mai san numfashi, ƙwayar huhu ta bayyana. Mazauna wuraren tafkunan suna karbar Oh₂ amfani da gill arches.

Ta yaya mollusks ke kare kansu daga abokan gaba?

Don motsawa cikin ruwa, cephalopods ya dace da jet propulsion, saboda haka zasu iya gudu da sauri daga abokan gaba.

Abubuwa masu guba da abubuwa masu guba (tawada) suna zama kariya ne ga masu hasara. Wadansu sun sami damar haƙa zuwa cikin yashin a cikin ɗakuna kaɗan idan akwai barazanar ko ɓoye ta amfani da ƙafafun ruwa.

Mene ne aikin ƙwayar mollusk?

Da farko, aiki ne na tallafi, yana aiki azaman kwarangwal na waje. Hakanan, ana buƙatar ƙarfi harsashi na bivalves da gastropods don kare kai daga abubuwan da ba su da illa. Don haka, idan hatsari ya gabato, sai su ɓoye a cikin su kuma suka zama ba sa iya zuwa ga yawancin kifayen.

Halinsu da rarrabewar gastropods da bivalves

Siffofin Yaduwa

Gastropods ke haifar da jima'i kawai kuma ana wakilta dioecious har ma da bisexual mollusks. Na farkon suna da gwaji guda tare da vas deferens (maza) ko ovary ɗaya tare da oviduct (mace). Na biyun shine halayen kasancewar hermaphroditic gland shine yake, wanda yake samar da sel na mata da maza.

Yawancin ruwa da wasu nau'ikan ruwa na ruwa suna wakilta ta hanyar dioecious jinsin da ke haɓaka tare da canji. Su larvae, wanda ake kira veligers, suna motsawa cikin ruwa tare da taimakon jirgin ruwa (velum) tare da lobes. Hermaphrodites na Gastropod (ƙasa, yawancin ruwa mai tsabta da kuma wasu ruwa) suna haɓaka ta hanya kai tsaye. Yawancin ƙwai da aka haɗo sune akan ciyawa da murfin ganye, abubuwan taimako ko a cikin ƙasa mai kwance. Matasa ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai.

Raba tsakanin wani aji da wakilan ƙaramin gilashi

Dangane da tsarin jikin mutum a cikin aji, gastropods ya bambanta gilashi biyu:

• huhu (alal misali, kumatun kuli-kuli tare da harsashi ko rami ba tare da shi ba),
• prothoracic (saucer teku ko kwalkwali snail),
• posterior ko pteropods (tarkon teku, glaucus ko angelfish).