Kirchki ko teku hadiye (lat. Sterna) - nau'in halittar tsuntsaye daga dangin mara hankali ( Laridae ), yana sanye da dogon beak ba tare da danshi da ƙugiya ba a ƙarshen da ɗan ɗanɗano da baya. Dukkanin tsuntsaye suna tashi da kyau, suna zaune a bakin tekuna da ruwa mai kyau, suna cin kifaye da sauran dabbobin ruwa wadanda suka kama, suna ta birgima daga sama. Ana shirya mazaunin a sauƙaƙe, kama yana ƙunshe da qwai 1-3.

A cikin tern, umarfin goshi ya kai ga hanci, ƙyallen ninkaya tare da ƙimar matsakaici, wutsiya mai yatsu ne, ciki ya yi fari. Widespreadabi'u 36 masu yaduwa.

Kogin Tern ( Sterna hirundo ) 40 cm, gemun ba shi da kan kai, babba a sama shine ash launin toka, ƙananan farare, a kan gardi na 1, wani yanki mai duhu, shugaban yana da baki a saman bazara, goshi yayi fari a lokacin hunturu, goshin baya yana da fararen fata da baƙi, baki yana ja da baki ƙare kafafu suna da ja. An samo shi a bakin tekun da ruwa mai kyau a Turai daga Arctic Circle zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, har ila yau yana da nunin tsibiran Azores, Canary Islands da Madeira, a Asiya daga 64 ° C. w. zuwa Kashmir, a Amurka daga Labrador zuwa Florida da Texas, kuma a lokacin hunturu yakan tashi zuwa Kudancin Amurka.

Bayyanar Tern

A bayyanar, muryar tsintsiya tana kama da taɓarɓarewar teku, amma jikinta ya gajarta, fikafikan sa, akasin haka, ya fi tsayi.

Tsawon jiki ya bambanta daga 33 zuwa 40 santimita. Weight daga 90 zuwa 130 grams. Girman fuka-fukan ya tashi daga santimita 74 zuwa 85.

Amma fuka-fukan da ke gani suna da girma saboda manyan fikafikan su. Plarfin jikin yana fari, kuma ɓangaren saman kai baƙi ne. Akwai haske mai launin toka a fuka-fuki, kirji da baya. Wutsiya a ƙashin ƙasa launin toka ne, saman gaba ɗaya fari ne. Kafafu suna gajarta da yatsun kafa tsakanin yatsun kafa. Gashin yana da duhu ja. Ta hanyar hunturu, polar tern yana da farin goshi. Mata da maza sun yi kama daya a bayyanar.

Krachka tsuntsu ne mai matsakaici

Yaran dabbobi a cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa suna da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Gashinan tsuntsayen ya fi guntu fiye da na manya. A shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa, abubuwan da suka danganci shekaru sun shuɗe.

Bayanin

Tern kogin ya fi girma daga marsh, amma ya fi ƙanƙara da teak-nosed. Ta baya tana fentin launin shuɗi, ɓangaren ciki yana da launin toka. Shugaban yana da kullin duhu. Fuka-fukan wannan tsuntsu tsayi ne, ba su da fadi, jela cikin siffar tana kama da cokali mai yatsa. Idan aka kwatanta da nau'in polar, wannan nau'in yana da wutsiya mai gajarta. Mutane daya-daya da ke zaune a sassan arewa maso gabashin Rasha suna da baki baki.

Muryar kogin tern yana da dumbin yawa, abubuwan da ke cike da yalwar yanayi. Tsuntsayen suna kukan “kirrr”. Masana sun yi imanin cewa wannan karin ma'anar yana nuna farin ciki. A lokacin tarawar, ana jin '' kiir '' '' 'kri-ir' '' yayin da mace ta kan ce: "ki-ki-ki".

Halin tern da abinci mai gina jiki

Yayin tashin jiragen, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna ciyar da kifi, kifin kifin, killill, da crustaceans. Suna neman ganima daga tsayin mita 10-12. Arctic terns nutse daidai, amma shiga cikin wani m zurfin.

A lokacin farauta, tsuntsayen suna cin kwari da ruwa, larvae da karamin kifi wanda bai fi girman santimita 5 girma ba. Hakanan a wannan lokacin suna cin berries.

Arctic terns suna ciyar da teku.

Abubuwan tsuntsaye na Tern da mazauninsu

Krachki kusanci ne na gulls, amma a cikin girman a wasu yanayi dan kadan ya fi waɗannan tsuntsayen girma. Yawancin lokaci, girman tsuntsayen ya tashi daga 20 zuwa 56 cm.

Jikin tsuntsaye na bakin ciki ne da elongated, baya yana dan kadan ya juya, fuka-fukan suna da tsayi sosai, an jingine wutsiyar da yadin. Kamar yadda aka gani akan giyar hoto, bayyanar tsuntsaye yana da halin madaidaiciya, dogo, baki mai kaifi da ƙananan paws wanda akwai membranes na iyo. Launin yana da haske, a kai akwai wata madaidaicin gashin fuka-fukai, ciki ya yi fari, rigar daga goshin ta haɗu zuwa kan hanci.

36 nau'ikan terns suna bazu ko'ina cikin duniya, daga Arctic zuwa Antarctica, kuma 12 daga cikinsu suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu ɗumi, na musamman a wurare masu zafi. Tern baƙar fata, gama gari ne a Tsakiya da Kudancin Turai, yana da girman kusan cm 25 Tsuntsu ya samo sunan shi don launin launin baki, gami da launi iri ɗaya na kai, kirji da ciki yayin lokacin dabbar. A saman ɓangaren ɓoyayyensa ana fenti da launin toka-toka.

A cikin hoto wani farin tsuntsu na fata

Yana da canza launi mai ban sha'awa farin fari. Abu ne mai sauki mutum ya amshe da sunan tsuntsayen suna da fuka-fuki. Maimakon haka, kawai reshen reshen ana fentin shi cikin irin sautunan, kawai tsiri mai haske a saman da kuma duhu a ƙasa. Koyaya, a cikin hunturu goshi da ciki fararen tsuntsu ne.

A cikin hoto, farin gilashi mai fuka-fuki

Arctic terns, wanda kuma ana kiranta polar, kusan fararen fata ne mai launi, in ban da bangon baƙi a kai, haka kuma gashin fuka-fukin launin haske akan kirji da fikafikan, wanda yayi kama da mayafin. Wannan nau'in, ba kamar danginsa ba, yana zaune a cikin manyan tsaunuka, kuma yana yaduwa a Chukotka, Greenland, Scandinavia, arewacin Kanada da Alaska.

Hoton Arctic tern

Yawancin lokaci ciyayi suna zaune tare da bakin tekun da rukunin ruwa na ruwa da tekuna, suna zaune a cikin silima da yankuna masu yashi. Daga cikin nau'ikan waɗannan tsuntsayen, sanannu ne gama gari kogin tern. Wadannan tsuntsayen galibi suna da girma fiye da danginsu, suna da girman baki, sunadaran ashen launin toka a saman, kadan kadan a kasa.

Gashin fuka-fukan a goshi ya canza launin launi: a lokacin bazara sun yi baƙi, a cikin hunturu sukan lura fari, fararen fata da fararen fata ana hango su a bayan kai, gemun ya zama ja, a ƙarshen ya zama baƙi, kafafu sun yi ja. Ana iya samun irin waɗannan halittun da ke da fikafikan ba kawai a gefen bankunan jikin ruwa da koguna ba, har ma a bakin tekun. Heredwararru daga tsibirin Arctic zuwa Bahar Rum sune gama gari.

A cikin hoton kogin rafi

Suna zaune a yawancin tsibiran Atlantika, a kan iyakar yankin Amurka zuwa Texas da Florida, a cikin hunturu suna tashi zuwa kudu, a Asiya suna haɗuwa har zuwa Kashmir. Dukkan nau'in terns suna cikin iyalin terns.

Fasalin halayen

Tsuntsin Tern, bayanin da hoton wanda aka gabatar a cikin labarin, yana da ayyukan yau da kullun. Amma tsuntsaye na wannan nau'in sun sami damar neman abinci cikin ƙarancin haske. Tsuntsaye suna kashe mafi yawan rayuwarsu a cikin iska.

Abokan matan sun kasance suna kwana a wajen bayan gari, suna tashi zuwa gaɓar tekuna da ƙananan kwari. A wasu wuraren, tsuntsayen da ba su cika aiki da shiryawa ba suna kwana a cikin wuraren kiwo nasu.

Tsuntsu na jama'a ne, yana zaune a kungiya. Yana samun abinci a fakitoci da solo. Rukunin Spaniya yanada barga.

Haɗin tsuntsaye ya bambanta da santsi, kyakkyawa. Su, kamar flats na ulu, suna zagaye cikin iska a cikin iska. A cikin iska, tsuntsu yana jin kyau, yana motsawa cikin sauri da sauri. Suna iya rataye a wuri guda. Koyaya, babu kusan jiragen sama masu tashi.

Kogin kogi, wanda ake jin muryar sa a nesa, yana da aiki kuma ba shi da hutawa. Kullum ana jin tsawa: "harbi". Tsuntsaye ba sa tsoron abokan hamayya, suna ƙarfin hali cikin yaƙi, kai hari tare da gemu, suna isar da ƙarfi. Sanannen mummunan rauni ga mutane tare da gwanayen waɗannan tsuntsayen marasa tsoron.

Yanayin tern da salon rayuwa

Daya daga cikin nau'ikan irin wadannan tsuntsaye: kananan terns, yana cikin haɗari. Dalilan wannan mummunan yanayin shine rashin wuraren da suka dace da gidan farauta da kuma yawan ambaliyar wuraren wuraren da ake samun ambaliyar ruwa.

Wasu daga cikin ire-iren wadannan tsuntsayen sun sami nasarar take ta zakarun gasar tsere masu nisa. Misali mai kyau na wannan shine polar tern jirgin sama, wanda a duk shekara yana rufe nisan kusan kilomita dubu ashirin.

A cikin hoto akwai ƙaramin tern

Duk nau'ikan waɗannan tsuntsayen suna tashi daidai. Amma polar terns suna yin jirgin sama mafi tsawo. Kowace shekara, tsuntsaye suna yin tafiye-tafiye masu ban sha'awa daga wannan ƙarshen duniya zuwa wancan, suna tashi don hunturu a Antarctica, kuma a lokacin bazara suna dawowa arewa zuwa Arctic.

The terns ciyar mafi yawan rayuwarsu tashi. Amma tunda suna da ƙafaffun kafaɗa, basu da masu iyo ba kwata-kwata. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a lokacin doguwar tafiya yayin hutu polar tern ba ya sauka kan ruwa, amma yana ƙoƙarin neman wani abu wanda zai iya iyo.

A cikin ɗayan shekarun da suka gabata, an yi amfani da fuka-fukan wannan tsuntsu azaman abubuwan ado don hulunan matan, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa tsuntsayen marasa galihu suka mutu ba adadi a hannun mafarautan da ke fama da riba. Amma a halin yanzu, yanayin gashin fuka-fukai ba shi da mahimmanci, kuma adadin kumburin polars ya dawo kuma yana cikin kwanciyar hankali.

A cikin hoto tern Inca

A cikin iska, terns suna jin kamar iska mai ƙarfi, tare da babban ƙarfi, suna buɗe fuka-fukan su sosai, suna motsawa sauƙi, da sauri kuma tare da babban rawar jiki. Krachki, fuka-fukan dake juyawa, na iya rataye na wani lokaci a wuri guda, amma ba a lura da tashin jirage daga wadannan sarakunan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama.

Waɗannan tsuntsaye ne masu aiki, marasa iya magana da murya mai ƙarfi, suna yin sautikan suna ihu suna cewa: " Suna da jaruntaka, kuma yayin da suke fuskantar wata barazana, sun yi karfin gwiwa cikin sauri don kai hari ga abokan gaba, suna isar da sahihiyar nasara ga abokan gaba da gemunsu. Akwai lokuta yayin da rashin kulawa da girman kai suka sami mummunan rauni daga waɗannan tsuntsayen.

Saurari muryar tern

Ikon tsuntsayen da zasu iya dogaro da kansu yawanci wani lokaci ne ga sauran tsuntsayen da zasu zauna kusa da yankunansu don jin lafiya. Kuma sautin kukan da terns zai iya tsoratar da ko da mawuyacin jini ne.

Abincin abinci na Tern

Tashi a gefen gawarwakin ruwa, terns suna ciyar da kifi, crustaceans, mollusks da sauran dabbobi na yanayin ruwa, wanda shine mafi yawan abincinsu. Suna samun “abincinsu” ta hanyar tashi daga saman ruwa zuwa tsayinsa ya kai kimanin mita 10 zuwa 10, suna neman ganima daga bisa.

Bayan sun lura da wata manufa da ta dace, sai su ruga da bin ta daga sama zuwa kasa, daga ruwa zuwa karamin tsayi. Shigar da ruwa cikin zurfin zurfin, tern Ya kama wanda aka zalunta kuma nan da nan ya ci shi. Kodayake tsuntsayen suna iyo ba da talauci ba, amma, sun kan mutu sosai, amma ba zurfi ba.

A lokacin farauta, tsuntsayen ba su da kwarin gwiwa a cikin abinci mai gina jiki, kuma suna da wadatar da wadatar su da ƙananan kifaye da soya, kwari na ruwa, da larvae, suma ana kama su yayin tashin. A wannan lokaci, a cikin abincinsu na iya bayyana, ba quite halayyar wadannan tsuntsaye, shuka abinci, alal misali, da dama berries.

Ara aku

Siffofin ciyarwar polar tern

Ciyar da abincin polar ta ƙunshi kifi, krill, mollusks da crustaceans. Tsuntsu yana farauta, yana tashi a tsawan sama da nisan mil 10 a saman ruwa da ƙasa. A lokaci guda, a hankali tana neman ganima tare da idanun ta kuma tana iya rataye a wuri guda, da sauri tana buɗe fikafikanta. Ganin manufa, tern yayi saurin sauka sannan ya kama ganima tare da baki. Irin wannan jefawa an san shi da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu. Abin sha'awa, kawai kowane na uku irin wannan ƙoƙari yawanci yana kammala cikin nasara. Amma yayin da ba a sami nasarar jefa farko ba, tern ya ci gaba da bin abincinsa a ƙarƙashin ruwa: tsuntsu ya yi rayuwa mai kyau zuwa zurfin mara zurfi, inda yake sarrafa kama kifin.

Arctic terns, kamar gulls, suna lura da wuraren farauta danginsu da sauran nau'in tekun teku, don haka suna samun makarantun ƙananan kifaye.

A lokacin farautar, abincin tsuntsayen ya ƙunshi kwari da ruwa, larvae, da ƙananan kifi. Bugu da kari, a gefen tern, yana iya cin abinci a kan berries.

Bird yadawo

Yankunan da aka sanya daga wuraren Arctic tern sune arewacin Kanada, Alaska, tekun Greenland, Scandinavia da yankin tundra na Rasha daga Kola Peninsula har zuwa Chukotka. A farkon lokacin sanyi a Arctic, tsuntsaye suna ƙaura zuwa kudu. Arctic terns suna kashe yawancin rayuwarsu sama da saman teku, yayin da a hankali suke motsa kudu kuma suka isa kan daskararren daskararre na Antarctic. A wannan lokacin, lokacin bazara yana farawa a cikin kogin kudu, saboda abin da kullun polars ke zaune a shekara-shekara cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali mai dadi.

Kogin Tern (Sterna hirundo)

A waje, wannan tsuntsu yayi kama da tren polar, amma yana karami. Tsawon jikinta ya kasance daga 30 zuwa 35 cm, fuka-fukan firam shine 70-80 cm, nauyi yana daga 100 zuwa 175 g.Yana da kyan tsari, yana da wutsiya da aka zana, jan baki tare da ƙarshen baki. Launin rigar yana da fari ko launin toka mai haske, kai yana saman launin baƙi mai zurfi. Goshin yakan yi haske. Kafafu suna ja. Reamarar murya tayi kamar "harbi" ko "kree."

Nau'in ya zama gama gari akan iyakar tekuna da wuraren tafki a Turai. A cikin hunturu, ƙaura zuwa kudu da yamma na Afirka, zuwa New Guinea, Philippines, da Kudancin Amurka.

Pink Tern (Sterna dougallii)

Mazaunan tsibiran da bakin Turai, Afirka, Arewa da Tsakiyar Amurka, kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Umarfafa a kan baya da fuka-fuki yana da launin toka, ciki yana da fari. A kai - hat na gashin fuka-fukan. An bambanta tsuntsu da ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda ko ruwan lemo.

Bright Tern (Sterna sumatrana)

Tsawon jikin tsuntsu shine 34-37 cm, fikafikan nisansa ya kai cm 60. Tsarin da yake a bayansa shine launin toka mai haske. Abun ciki fari ne, lokaci-lokaci tare da ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda. Nape baki ne, baƙar fata ta wuce idanu. Kai da wuya fararen fata ne. Gefen baki ne tare da saman rawaya, kafafu baƙi ne. Wutsiyar fari fat ce, ta siffar garin taymus.

Umarfin matasa yana da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, mai ratsa jiki, an kawata saman kai da shuɗi-launin ruwan kasa da tabo baki a bangon kai. Lissafin launin rawaya ne, paws-yellow ne.

Yankunan da ke yaduwa a tsibirin na wurare masu zafi na Tekun Indiya (Comoros, Maldives da Seychelles, Chagos archipelago). Har ila yau, kyawawan turanci masu haske a tsibirin Tekun Pacific da Australia.

Kudancin Amurka Tern (Sterna hirundinacea)

Tsawon jikin tsuntsaye kusan 45 cm, fikafikan nisansa ya kai 90 cm, wutsiyar an bifurcated. Weight daga 170 zuwa 200 g. Beak da kafafu suna da ja. Kajin suna da baki baki da kafafu masu launin ruwan kasa.

Yana zaune a cikin jihar bakin teku na Kudancin Amurka, a Tierra del Fuego da tsibirin Falkland.

Antarctic Tern (Sterna vittata)

Wannan karamin tsuntsu ne mai tsawon tsayi daga 31 zuwa 38. Gefen yana da duhu ja ko baƙi, launin toka a cikin manyan tsuntsayen fararen fata ne, a cikin kajin kaye, baƙar fata ne kawai a kai.

Yankin rarraba ya hada da tekun Kudancin Antarctica da Subantarctica har zuwa Kerguelen, New Zealand, tsibiran Tierra del Fuego, Falkland da Tristan da Cunha.

Indian Tern (Sterna aurantia)

Yana da girman matsakaici, tsawon jikinsa daga 38 zuwa 43. Bayanin baya launin toka ne, ciki yana da fari, wutsiya an yanke shi da kamannin cokali mai yatsa, fikafikan an dade. Gefen rawaya yana da tushe mai launin toka, kafafu suna da ja. A cikin lokacin matse, bakar fata ta bayyana kan kai, a cikin hunturu tana da launin fari da baƙi. Akwai wata baƙar fata a gaban idanuna.

An rarraba tsuntsu a Pakistan, India, a gabashin Iran da Myanmar, a Thailand. Yana zaune kusa da tafkunan ruwa.

Ernarancin Tern (Sterna albifrons)

Karami mafi karancin dangi. Nauyin tsuntsu ya kai 45 g, tsayin jikin mutum yakai cm 20. Tsarin jikinsa a bayansa yayi launin toka ne, akan ciki fari. A cikin lokacin mating, bakar fata ta bayyana kan kai. Goshi da rabe a saman gira yana fari. Gashin yana da rawaya tare da ƙarshen baki, kafafu rawaya ne.

Don farauta, sai ya zaɓi bakin rairayin bakin teku ko manyan kantuna.

Kakanta Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis)

Tsawon Jiki har zuwa 40 cm, nauyi 180-310 g, fuka-fuki - har zuwa 110 cm. Wannan tsuntsun yana da doguwar baki mai santsi da launin baki mai haske tare da hular haske. Fikafikan da ke sama masu launin toka ne, a ƙasa fararen fata ne. A wuya ne fari. A saman kai akwai fatar fata. Wata kururuwa tana kama da daddawa kuma tana kama da “kururuwa”.

Speckled tern - mazaunin tsibirin Turai na Arewa, Baltic, Rum, Black, tekun Caspian da Atlantika. A cikin hunturu, ƙaura zuwa kudu na Turai da Afirka.

Bengal Tern (Sterna bengalensis)

Tsawon jikin daga 33 zuwa 40 cm. Gashin ya kasance mai kaifi ne mai kaifi, mai ruwan hoda-rawaya a cikin kananan yara da ruwan lemo mai haske a cikin tsuntsaye manya. Akwai farin hula a kansa, goshinsa fari. An goge baya a launin toka mai duhu. Wsarfin ƙananan tsuntsayen masu launin ruwan kasa-launin toka, a cikin manya - baƙi.

Tsarin jinsunan a gida a Libiya, lokacin hunturu a gabar arewa maso yammacin Afirka.

Sake bugun tern polar

Arctic Tern - tsuntsu mai aure, yana samar da ma'aurata guda ɗaya don rayuwa. Namiji yakan kula da mace, ya yi mata “raye-raye” na musamman a cikin iska kuma yake bi da kifi. Idan mace ta yarda da irin wannan kyauta, to tsuntsaye sai su tashi tare kuma suna yin sauti iri-iri.

Yawancin wuraren girbi na ternra ana gina su a bankunan tafki, sau da yawa a cikin tundra kusa da tafkuna. Amma galibi tsuntsaye sun fi son ƙananan tsibiran, waɗanda ke kewaye da su ta kowace fuska da ruwa. A waɗannan tsibiran akwai nau'ikan da yawa waɗanda ke haɗe da ƙaramar mulkin mallaka amma ƙauna. Rikici tsakanin terns yana da matukar wuya.

Tern gida yana da sauki. Matan kawai tana girke ciyawa da gansakuka kuma tana sanya qwai a cikin wannan rami. A cikin kama ɗaya, ƙwai 2 ko 3. Duk iyayen sun saka su daga ranakun 22 zuwa 27.

Krachki tsuntsaye ne masu ƙarfin gaske. Lokacin da suke cikin haɗari, suna yin ƙarfin gwiwa ga tsuntsayen ganima, dawakai da arctic, da mutane. A lokaci guda, suna isar da iska mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Kuma ba a ba da shawarar mutane su zo kusa da tern nests ba tare da hat, don kada su ji rauni. Irin wannan rashin tsoro yana sanya kyawawan makwabta da masu kariya don manyan bindigogi, ducks da sauran tsuntsaye. Yawancin lokaci suna kusa da dabbobin terns, wanda ke tsoratar da mafarautan.

An rufe kajin na haihuwa a ƙasa. A rana ta biyu ko ta uku ta rayuwa, sun fara zurfafa bincike a yankin kusa da gida. Lokacin da yanayi mai haɗari ya taso, kajin sun watse suna ɓoyewa a cikin ciyawa. Iyaye suna ciyar da jariransu tsawon wata guda. Suna zama a kan reshe a watan biyu na rayuwa.

Terns sun isa balaga a shekara ta 3-4 na rayuwa. Mafi karancin tsammanin rayuwa shekaru 20 ne. Kuma tsuntsayen da suka daɗe suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 35.

Ina yake zama

Ana samun mafi ƙarancin tern a duk nahiyoyin duniya, in banda Antarctica. A Rasha, wannan nau'in ya yadu sosai, amma bahaushe ne. Ana iya samun ƙananan terns a cikin Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Leningrad, Kaliningrad da kuma wasu yankuna, kazalika a cikin Far East. Shahararrun wuraren girke-girke sune kwarin manyan koguna. Wani lokacin terns gida a kan gefen tekuna ko tabkuna. Tsuntsayen ba sa tsayawa a cikin ingantattun wurare masu ingantaccen kariya - akan raƙuman ruwa na bakin teku ko yashi. A cikin kaka, ƙaramin tern suna yin tsayi mai tsayi zuwa wuraren hunturu wanda aka mai da hankali a Afirka ta Kudu da Ostiraliya.

Alamun waje

Tanan terns kyawawan halitta ne kuma masu kyan gani, ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan wakilai na dangi. Tsawon jikinsu kawai 20-21 cm, kuma kifin da wuya ya kai santimita 50. A girman, ƙaramin mahaifa yayi kama da karamin matsananciyar yunwa. Wani sifofi na sifar bayyanar shi ne doguwar baki na baki da babban kai. Plarfafa a kan abin da ke cikin fari fari ne, kuma baya, elytra da ɓangaren wutsiya suna launin toka. Kambin kai da na baya kai baƙaƙe ne, daga baki daga ido, saƙar baƙar fata ta wuce gaban idanun kai zuwa bayan kai. Yana da girman matsakaici, har ma da cikakken hat hat, ana bambanta nau'in cikin dangin danginsa. Abubuwan guda biyu kawai da za'a iya rikita su tare da karamin tern sune tern sihiri (Sterna nereis) da tern Mekran (Sterna saundersi). Akwai ƙananan biyan kuɗi guda uku na ƙananan terns.

Bayanan kula

1. Boehme R. L., Flint V.E.
   Theamus biyu na sunayen dabbobi. Tsuntsaye. Latin, Rashanci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Faransanci / Acad ne aka shirya. V. E. Sokolova. - M.: Rus. lang., "RUSSO", 1994. - S. 92. - 2030 kwafi. - ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
2. ↑ 12
   [www.iucnredlist.org/details/106003271/0 Sterna paradisaea]
3. [jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1917 Masallacin Moss]
4. [jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1895 Papa Stur Yanayin Reserve]
5. [jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1923 Samboro Head Reserve]
6. [jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1896 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Fula]
7. [www. tunarana.ru/lenta/?9995 Membrana: An sanya sunan tsuntsu tare da jirgin sama mafi dadewa a shekara]
8. [Misali /.org

Tsarin rubutu

Shedding na kogin kogin, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana faruwa a lokacin lokacin hunturu, ba sau da yawa - a cikin fall. Umwaya yana canzawa a farkon bazara.

Tsuntsaye manya na iya yin molt sau biyu a shekara - bayan lokacin kiwo da kuma wani sashi a gabanta. Shedding yana tsayawa lokacin tashi daga jirgin, lokacin a watan Agusta-Satumba, kuma ya sake farawa lokacin hunturu.

Twayoyin kogin da suke zaune a yankuna na gabas suna yin ƙaura kamar yadda waɗanda suke rayuwa zuwa yamma. Yana faruwa kawai cewa wannan tsari yana da sauri a Gabas.

Tern tsuntsu motsi

Terns suna jin dadi sosai a cikin iska. A nan suke cin lokaci mai yawa a kowace rana. Tsawon fikafikan motsi mai sauƙi yana ɗaukar ƙaramin tsuntsu a cikin ramin iska. Mutane daya-daya suna haɓaka haɓakar haɓaka, suna yin kyawawan abubuwa, hadaddun pirouettes da kuma rawar daji. Samu nasarar wannan sakamakon tare da taimakon flaan fashin fuka-fukoki masu wuya Idan tern ya mallaki kogin iska wanda ba ya saman ruwa, yana iya daskarewa a wuri, yana yin motsi mai motsawa, tare da fuka-fukan sa. Wannan kwarewar ta zama mai dacewa kuma mai amfani don farauta. Don ɗaukar fuka-fukai da tsabta gashin fuka-fukai, tsuntsayen ya sauka a gefen teku, amma nauyinsa shima yana iya baka damar zama akan ƙananan abubuwa kai tsaye akan ruwa.

Dukda cewa tern yadudduka suna sanye da membranes, cikin ruwa da kan tudu, suna gudana a kafa, baya jin dadi sosai. Gait din yana da wuyar gani, matakan an takaita su, ba da sauri ba. Yin tafiya a takaice kafafu cikin ruwa mai zurfi ba ya aiki, kawai a bakin tekun, a ƙarshen ruwan. Mutane daban-daban kuma suna iyo ba da ƙarfin zuciya ba, ba lallai ba ne a yi maganar jerks na sauri don kama ganima ƙarƙashin ruwa. Hakanan ana iya faɗi game da ruwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa.

Muryar ƙasa

Jin sautin yawancin nau'in terns suna da wuya, suna raye. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna magana don kowane dalili, yayin farauta, a cikin gudu, suna zaune a gida da kuma a lokuta masu haɗari. Sauti kamar kiyirrk, kiarrr. Volumearar, tsayi da hadewar sautin “ki”, “ra”, “cree”, “gefen” galibi suna canzawa. Karancin buguwa, amma mafi yawan sauti na hanci yakan fito da tekunosaya tern. Sauti yana da kyau sosai, kamar dai hanci ya ke “ke-ve”, “quack”, “queeee.” A cikin yanayi mai hadarin gaske, an maye gurbinsu da wajan “que-que”, “ke-ve-ve”.

A ina yake zama?

Kogin kogin yana zaune a cikin Palearctic, yana zaune a Arewacin Amurka, da Turai, da Russia, da Afirka, Turkiya, da Pakistan.

A Rasha, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun sauka a Karelia, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Yammacin Siberiya, Crimea, Transcaucasia. Iyakokin kudu na mazaunin sun dogara ne da yankin Kogin Rawaya da Kogin Yangtze, da kuma a Tibet. Abinda aka sani shine canjin mazaunin arewa.

Birdswararrun tsuntsaye sun sauka a cikin kwarin koguna, tare da tafkuna da tafkuna, bakin kogi da tekuna. Wasu lokuta ana samun su a cikin gandun daji-tundra.

Iri terns

Ta yawan nau'ikan terns, ba shi da yawa a bayan tsoffin dangi - gulls. Akwai ƙananan hukumomi 40, 10 daga cikinsu suna gida a Rasha, 12 ana iya samun kawai a cikin latitude mai ɗumi da zafi. Anan akwai jerin nau'ikan halittar da akafi sani, karatu, kuma akafi samunsu:

• Polar. Mutanen suna da matsakaici a girma, amma suna da kyawawan fikafikai. Kau da nauyinsu bai wuce giram 150 ba. Jikin farin da launin toka mai haske, a kai yana da hula na fari, baki ya yi ja. A lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, shugaban ya zama fari fari. A lokacin dumi, suna zaune a arewaci, lokacin hunturu suna motsawa zuwa yankuna na kudu. Don haka, ƙaura, koyaushe suna wanzuwa cikin yanayin rayuwa mai jin daɗi.
• Kogi. Yanayin gabaɗaya yayi kama da na tsuntsayen da suka gabata, amma masu ƙarancin girma a garesu. Tare da ƙananan girma, wannan tern yana ɗaukar nauyi, zai iya samun nauyin 175 na nauyi. Ya gwammace ya ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a Turai, a bakin gabar kasashe da tsibirin. A lokacin sanyi, shima ya tashi kudu.
• Ruwan hoda. Tana yin nasara a duk Amurka guda, a kudu na Asiya, a Turai, a tsibiran. Launin gashin gashin ba ya canzawa, amma baki da kafafu suna cike da ruwan hoda mai haske ko ruwan lemo, na farko ya zama ruwan dare.
• Haske. Karamin tsuntsu ba ya yin tsayi da santimita 27, kuma fikafin nashi yana da santimita 55-60 kawai. A kan kai, baƙar fata ne kawai baya da gudana a cikin idanu. A baya na baya da fikafikan suna da launin toka, sauran jikin kuma fararen fata ne, har da wutsiya. Beak da paws baki ne. Wannan nau'in jakin ne a tsibiran India da Pacific Ocean, waɗanda ke iyaka da Australia, inda waɗannan tsuntsayen ma suke zaune.
• Kudancin Amurka. Waɗannan tsuntsayen za su fi girma. Yawan nauyinsu shine gram 200, wani lokacin ma har da hakan. A tsayin daka, sun kai santimita 50, wanda zai iya rigaya yin gasa tare da girman gulls. Wingspan 95 santimita. Sunan nau'in yayi magana don kansa, yana nuna fifiko don zaɓar wani wuri don rayuwa.
• Antarctic. A waje ba bambanci da dangi, baƙar fata, baƙar fata, baki da kafafu, launin toka tare da farin zubewa. Amma girma bai fice ba - karamin tern. Yana zaune a cikin dabbobin gefen tsawon Antarctica.
• Bahaushe. Wannan tern ya zaɓi wajan rabe rarar rayuwa a tsakanin nahiya. Tana sauka a ruwa mai kyau na kogunan koguna na Pakistan, Indiya, Iran, Thailand. Ya fito tare da babban katako mai launin shuɗi, ya fi tsayi fiye da kai. An rufe kansa da gashin gashin baki kawai yayin lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin.
• Smallarami. Mafi ƙarancin jinsunan tsakanin terns. Ba su taɓa yin tsawo da santimita 20 ba kuma ba sa nauyi fiye da gram 50. Gashinsu da ƙusoshinsu rawaya ne, tare da baƙon baki a ƙarshen baki. Fuka-fukin baƙi a kai suna jawo farin gira. Karka zauna a tsakanin duwatsu da duwatsun, koyaushe fi son yashi mai ɗumi, da wuya tsakuwa.
• Aka yi magana. Kyakkyawan wakilin iyalin sa, banda babba. Wings a cikin fikafikan of 110 santimita, nauyi fiye da 300 grams. Baki na baki, paws, bakin wutsiya da crest na bayan kai sun dace da jikin mai launin toka. A ƙarshen babban beak akwai launin rawaya mai haske. Suna zaune a cikin kwandunan duk tsibirin Turai. Cutar sanyi tana jira a Afirka.
• Bengali A bayyanar, murguran murɗa mai kan kai, wanda aka zana a baki, da kuma tufkayoyi a goshi, kai tsaye a kan baki, suna bugewa. Haɗu da waɗannan tsuntsayen za su yi nasara ne kawai a Libya, ko a wuraren da ake lokacin hunturu a Afirka.
• Fari. Ba za a iya kiran wannan nau'in halittar da ba ta zaune a bakin teku ba, amma a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, suna yin gida akan bishiyoyi kuma yana yawo a tsakanin rassan. Bayyanannun waɗannan tsuntsayen ma na musamman ne - gashin fuka-fukai farare ne a cikin jikin mutum, da ke zaune a duniya, kuma ba a sami ɗan belon shuɗi a cikin wasu jinsuna ba. Yana zaune a cikin latitude kudu mai ɗumi, a tsibiran.

Farar fata, farar fata, mai ban dariya (fadama), mara nauyi, baƙar fata, shayi-nosed, tegrava, manyan-kudade, damfara, launin shuɗi, sarauta, Inca, Arab, Forster, Arab, Trudeau, Kerguelen - wannan ba shine cikakkun jerin nau'in tern dake rayuwa da kuma rayuwa a duk duniya ba.

Tern mazauninsu da mazauninsu

Kuna iya haɗuwa da terns a duk faɗin duniya. Sun fi son zama a sarari, yankuna masu duhu, tare da rairayin bakin teku masu ruwa, da ruwan gishiri. Amma wasu nau'ikan suna jin daɗin kusanci kusa da ruwa mai zurfi, zurfi a cikin na ƙasashen. Akwai ma wadanda ke buɗe wuraren buɗe kan ruwa an yi musayar su don rayuwa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, tsakanin rassa da bishiyoyi. Amma duk da haka, mafi yawan yanki suna rayuwa daidai kusa da tekuna da tekun. Idan ka yi alama a wuraren da tsuntsaye ke zaune a taswirar, alamomin zasu tashi daga Siberiya da Japan zuwa Kudancin Amurka da kuma tsibiran da ke kusa da su, daga Alaska da Kanada zuwa Australia da tsibiran da ke kusa.

Terns sun zauna kusa, suna zaune tare, suna tallafawa da kare maƙwabta. Don haka suka kafa manyan yankuna. Wurin da yake na gida na iya zama yanki mai faɗi, ko yashi, ko bushes, tudun dutse ko rassan itace. Dandalin dutsen yana samar da gida na twigs da dansandan dama a saman dutsen.

Menene tsuntsu mai jan iri ke ci?

Tushen abincin shine abincin dabbobi. Krachki an kama ƙananan kifi, soya, squid maraƙi a cikin manyan yadudduka ruwa, to soar cikin iska kuma hadiye ganima a kan tashi. A gefen tekun, daga cikin duwatsun, tsuntsu ya nemi mollusks, kananan crustaceans da katako, ya kama su ya murƙushe su a kan dutse mai wuya, sannan ya ci nama mai laushi. Wasu manyan terns waɗanda ke zaune a bakin teku kuma suna iya tashi nesa da bakin tekun, suna amfani da dabaru na farauta. Suna kallon kifaye, dabbar dolphins, dabbobin teku. Don haka tsuntsayen za su nemo inda manyan makarantun kifaye suke, kuma za su fara bin sahun abubuwa na walƙiya da ruwa zuwa zurfin ƙasa. Lokacin mating yana yin nasa gyare-gyare zuwa menu. A irin wa annan lokutan, ma'auratan za su iya ciyar da kwari da kwari da aka kama a saman ruwa ko kuma a sama da shi. Tsutsotsi, larvae har ma da wasu nau'ikan berries ana cin su.

Sake buguwa da zuriyar terns

Kusan dukkan nau'ikan halittar suna da aure, kuma idan sun zabi mace, za su ci gaba da kasancewa tare a duk tsawon rayuwarsu - 25 - 27. Shari'ar da ta fi tsayi da aka rubuta ita ce shekaru 33. Lokacin ladabi da haɓaka iyali sun faɗi akan lokacin dumi, amma galibi ya dogara da yanayin yanayi da yanayin wuraren da mutane ke zaune. Yayin da yake farauta, namiji yakan yi abin da ya fi sani - yana yin tazara, tare da raye-raye da kuma kawo wa ƙaunataccen abin jin daɗi.

Matar ta sanya ƙwai 3. A cewar kididdigar, kajin daga qwai na 1 da na 2 suna tsira fiye da sau uku. Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 22 - 28, a wannan lokacin duka iyaye suna kulawa da kwantar da tarzoma. Qwai suna launin toka - kore, da duhu duhu da yawa. Kusan launi iri ɗaya shine ruwan kajin, wanda ke ba da bayyanar su zama kyakkyawa. Yara girma da sauri da sauri kuma a cikin 'yan kwanaki na iya tafiya sannu a hankali bayan iyayensu. Manya sun ciyar da mai kwatsam wata ɗaya. Amma, lokacin da matasa suka iya tashi, sun ci gaba da ciyar da su. A tsakanin shekaru 3 - 4, girma yana samun karfi, yana samun karfi, sannan ya shiga girma ya fara kirkirar ma'aurata.

Hadari da Abokan gaba

Hatsari ga terns na manya ana iya wakilta ta azzalumar ƙasa - dawakai, weasels, martens, kuliyoyin daji, macizai. Ga waɗancan tsuntsayen da suke rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, manyan dabbobi da suka sami damar zuwa mazauninsu sun zama haɗari. Wata babbar barazana ga kajin da ƙwai ita ce skuas da seagulls. Suna sace kananan dabbobi da kwai, na farko suna da hatsarin gaske musamman a wannan batun, tunda damfara suna yin hakan ne kawai tare da karancin abinci. Amma tsofaffin dabbobi suna iya ciyar da kansu. Suna nuna haɗari tare, suna kururuwa don ɓata dabbobi da mutane. Ruwa, za su iya bugun bugu mai kaifi tare da manyan beaks. Wasu tsuntsayen suna amfani da irin wannan ƙarfin zuciya da haɗin kai. Sun zauna kusa da terns zama a ƙarƙashin kariyar su.

Matsayi na Tern da ƙimar kamun kifi

Wasu nau'in terns, kamar polar tern, suna da ɗumbin jama'a da adadin miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Amma wasu, kamar ƙananan, akasin fuskokin gaba ɗayansu an ɓace. Dalilin ya ta'allaka ne cewa kwanan nan yanayin canjin duniya ya canza da yawa. Wannan ya haifar da lalata da kuma lalata yanayin halitta wanda wannan nau'in zai iya rayuwa. M da akai-akai da tsananin ambaliyar ne da abin zargi.

Mutum ba ya jefa babbar barazana ga terns. Tsuntsayen ba su da ƙimar kasuwanci sosai ko dai a matsayin tushen kayan komai, ko a matsayin tushen abinci. A tsohuwar zamanin, lokacin da gashin fuka-fukan mata suka kasance suna yin amfani da karfi wajen yin ado da kaya tare da gashin fuka-fukan tsuntsaye, farauta na musamman suke farauta. An ɗauke shi abin da ya cancanci a yi ado da kayanka da irin na tsuntsayen nan. Amma tare da canji a yanayin mutane da dabi'un mutane, ba za a sake amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin a duniyar wayewa ba.

Kiwo kaji

Lokaci na haihuwar ya bambanta sosai dangane da wasu dalilai, gami da mazauninsu. Tsuntsayen sun iso daga gefen kudancin kusa da tsakiyar watan Mayu; ana iya samun farkon cunkoso a farkon rabin Yuni.

Ganyen kogi a masonry yawanci yana da ƙwai uku, mafi ƙarancin lokuta sau huɗu; suna da launin ocher-ko oli na launin shuɗi tare da ɗigunan launin ruwan kasa ko kusan launin baƙi. Qwai ƙananan ne a girma, daga 3.8-5 cm a tsawon kuma 2.9-3.2 cm a fadin.

Tsarin kogin kogin (ana iya gani a sama) yana farawa ne daga lokacin da aka sanya kwan farko, kuma wannan lokacin yakai kimanin kwanaki 20 - 20. Ana yin hakan ne ta wata hanyar. Matar na zaune da dare, yayin da namiji yakan maye gurbin ta kawai da rana. Kajin sun fara kyankyasar farko a farkon watan Yuli, kuma a watan Agusta sun sami damar tashi (kimanin kwanaki 25 bayan kyankyaso).

Swallows

Swallows (lat. Hirundinidae) - ɗayan shahararrun tsuntsayen duniya. Wannan karamin tsuntsun jarumi yana yin jirgin sama na shekara, kusan kilomita 10,000. Kuma abin ban sha'awa shine, hawayen suna gudu zuwa hunturu kuma su dawo a wannan ranar. Misali, dan kasar Califonia ya bar “gidansa” a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, kuma ya dawo ranar 19 ga Maris.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da tsuntsu

• Arctic terns - wannan shine kawai nau'in tsuntsayen da ke tashi daga lokaci zuwa Arctic zuwa Antarctic, kowace shekara tare da kowane tsuntsu wanda ke rufe nesa da nisan mil dubu 70. Irin wannan jirgin a hanya daya yana ɗaukar kusan wata guda. Masana kimiyya sun haɗu da ƙananan matsakaitan ƙasa a ƙafafun ƙafafun Arctic, kuma sun gano hanyoyin ƙaura na shekara-shekara. Ya juya cewa terns sune zakarun a cikin kewayon ƙaura. Fiye da shekaru 30 na rayuwa, tsuntsu ya rufe nisan da yayi daidai da jirgin sama uku zuwa wata da dawowa.
• A yau, kusan dala miliyan 1 na zaune a cikin duniya, kuma yawan jama'a suna tabbata. A lokaci guda, tsuntsaye suna watsawa akan babban yanki wanda ya mamaye duk duniya. Yankunan su ƙanana ne kuma galibi suna kan nesa mai nisa daga juna.
• A ƙarni da suka gabata, ana amfani da gashin fuka-fukan furanni don yin ado da huluna na mata, saboda wannan an kama tsuntsaye. A zamanin yau, wannan masana'antu ba a bukatar.

Abokan gaba da Hadari

Kogin Krachka (hoto yana nuna shi) ba makiya bane. Wadannan su ne:

• manyan gulls - silvery da launin shuɗi a launi,
• fuka-fukan kabilu - kawunan mutane, alal misali,
• wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa - ermines, foxes, Ussuri raccoons, boars daji,
• mataki macizai.

Wani mummunan al'amari ga terns shine hauhawar matakan ruwa saboda tsarin halitta - tsawan ruwan sama, ambaliyar ruwa. A sakamakon wadannan yanayi, kajin suka mutu, ana rage girman yiwuwar balagaggun manya.

Kayan kaji kuma suna mutuwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da cuta, yayin da mutum ya sami damuwa, da shanun wuraren zama.

Babban ƙaura

Ofaya daga cikin shahararrun ƙaura daga dabbobi ita ce Babban Hijira, wanda ya shafi miliyoyin dabbobin Afirka da ke zaune a Tanzaniya da Kenya. Mafi kyawun yanayi na halitta a Gabashin Afirka, ya mamaye daukacin yanayin halittar Serengeti / Masai Mara.

Kowace shekara, miliyoyin Gnuwar kan gado, sama da zebra 250,000 da kuma gemar dubu 500 suna komawa daga Serengeti zuwa Masai Marai, suna nisan mil 1800. Dabbobi suna ƙaura don neman abinci kuma suna bin ruwan sama. Wannan hanya ce mai matukar hadari: ungulates a koyaushe masu dabaibaye ne, saboda haka kusan dabbobi 200,000 ne ke mutuwa a hanya, da yawa daga cikinsu suna mutuwa lokacin da suke tsallaka Kogin Mara.

Red earthen kaguwa

Red earthen crab (lat. Gecarcoidea natalis) - ɗayan dabbobi masu yawan ƙaura. Wannan ƙaura za a iya kiranta lafiya "asionaukar da Kayan Ramada". Kuma wannan lamari mai ban mamaki yana faruwa a tsibirin Kirsimeti, inda a kowace shekara kusan miliyan 120 na waɗannan arthropods ke tsallaka tsibirin zuwa gabar Tekun Indiya, inda za su fara lokacin canjin.

Wannan tafiya ta wuce sama da makwanni biyu kuma tana gabatar da babban gwaji ga masu jan wuya, tunda a lokuta na yau da kullun wadannan duniyoyin suna yin kadan. Ba za'a iya kwatanta wannan tazara daga tarkace ba tare da ƙaurawar tsuntsaye ko wasu dabbobi ba, amma a gare su wannan hanyar ta kilomita da yawa babbar aba ce.

Sake buguwa da tsawon rai

Wadannan tsuntsayen suna dawowa a ƙarshen bazara zuwa ƙasashensu na Arctic. Arctic terns nau'i biyu na rayuwa. A yayin yin nishadi, sukan yi rawa a cikin iska, kuma namiji ya gabatar wa mace da karamin kifi, idan mace ta yarda da kyautar, sai a kafa biyu, tsuntsaye kuma su fara tashi tare, suna yin kalamai masu fashewa.

Gidajen tsuntsaye yawanci ana gina su a bankunan tafkunan. Akwai tabkuna da yawa a cikin tundra a lokacin rani. An zaɓi fifiko ga ƙananan tsibiran da ruwa ke kewaye da su ta ko'ina. A waɗannan tsibiran, ana shirya nau'i-nau'i da yawa, suna samar da ƙaramin rukuni na abokantaka. Rikice-rikice tsakanin jinsuna suna da wuya sosai.

Gida wani tsari ne na asali - Matan kawai na iya yankan ganshasshen ciyawa ko ciyawa kuma tana saka ƙwai a sakamakon hutu. A cikin kama akwai yawanci 2-3. Dukansu biyu mace da namiji suna shiga haɗuwa. Tsarin 'yayan zuriya yana daukar kwanaki 22 zuwa 27.

Arctic terns ne m tsuntsaye. Idan suna cikin haɗari, ba za su iya shiga cikin tsoro ba kuma suka kai hari ga tsuntsu mai cinyewa, foctic arctic ko ma mutum. Makami a wannan yanayin shine katako mai karfi. Waɗannan ƙananan tsuntsayen suna da ikon isar da busassun iska da gemu. Saboda haka, mutane kada su kusanci zuwa gaban mazaunan Arctic terns, saboda suna iya yin rauni mai rauni. Wannan halin jaruntaka yana jan hankalin sauran tsuntsaye, don haka ducks da manyan dabbobin kusa da terns, kamar yadda suke tsoratar da duk wani magabacin.

An lullube da kajin sabon ɗan kajin a ƙasa. Bayan fewan kwanaki, cuban sandunan sun bincika yankin sosai, amma ba su yi nisa da gida. Yayin haɗari, haɓakar matasa yana ɓoyewa a cikin ciyawa ko tsakanin kututture.

Babban abincin da ake ci ga mai gidan pola shine kifi.

Iyaye suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu tsawon watanni 3. A wata na 2 na rayuwa, matasa sun fara tashi. Kayan kaji nan da nan suna dacewa da yanayin yanayin Arctic, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da ƙimar rayuwa, kashi 82 cikin ɗari. Wannan lamari ne mai girman gaske. Balagagge a cikin tern polars yana faruwa a cikin shekaru 3-4. Rayuwar rayuwa ta wuce shekaru 20, amma masu dadewa sun kai shekara 35.

An cire shi daga Antarctic Tern

Yau ta kasance ranar hutu sosai a gare shi - ranar tunawa da cikarsa. Kafin gari ya waye, sai ya kwashe tsawon awowi yana lafiya, yana mai daɗi, sabo, a cikin wannan yanayin farin ciki wanda komai da komai yana gudana kuma ya hau dokinsa ya hau zuwa filin. Ya tsaya babu motsi, yana duban tsaunuka da ake gani daga bayan hazo, kuma akan fuskarsa mai sanyi shine inuwa ta musamman na yarda da kai, ya cancanci farin ciki wanda ke faruwa akan fuskar yaro mai ƙauna da farin ciki. Marshals sun tsaya a bayan sa basuyi kokarin jan hankalinsa ba. Ya kalli tsaunukan Praceniya, sannan a rana ta fito daga cikin hazo. Lokacin da rana ta fito daga cikin hazo kuma ta zubo cikin filayen da hauka (kamar dai yana jiran wannan ne domin fara lamarin), sai ya cire masa safar hannu daga kyakkyawar fararensa, farin hannun sa, ya yi wa mai gadin maraba da umarni ya fara kasuwancin. Mayakan, tare da madogara, sun yi birgima ta fuskoki daban-daban, kuma bayan 'yan mintoci kaɗan manyan sojojin Faransa suka hanzarta zuwa wancan tsaunukan Pratsensky, waɗanda sojojin Rasha ke karuwa, suna ta ƙara sauka daga hagu zuwa cikin rami. Da ƙarfe 8 Kutuzov ya hau kan doki zuwa Praz, a gaban layin Miloradovichevskaya na 4, wanda yakamata ya sami matsayin ginshiƙan Przhebyshevsky da Langeron, wanda tuni ya sauka. Ya gaishe da mutanen da ke gabansu sannan ya ba da umarnin wannan yunkuri, yana mai nuna cewa shi da kansa ya yi niyyar jagorantar wannan rukunin. Da ya tashi zuwa ƙauyen Praz, ya tsaya. Yarima Andrew, daga cikin mutane da yawa waɗanda suka ci gaba da kasancewa tare da janar na shugaba, suka tsaya a bayansa. Yarima Andrei ya ji daɗi, ya ji haushi, kuma a lokaci guda yana kwantar da hankula, kamar yadda mutum yakan faru lokacin da aka daɗe ana jiran shiga. Ya hakikance cewa yau ce ranar Toulonsa ko kuma gadarsa ta Arkolsky. Bai san yadda hakan zai faru ba, amma ya hakikance cewa hakan zai kasance. Yanayin da rukunin sojojin mu ya san shi, gwargwadon abin da zai iya san wani daga sojojinmu. Shirin nasa na dabaru, wanda, a bayyane yake, a yanzu babu wani abin da za a yi tunani a kansa, ya manta da shi. Yanzu, da yake tuni ya shiga cikin shirin Weyrother, Yarima Andrei yana tunanin abubuwan da zasu iya faruwa kuma suna yin sabbin abubuwa, kamar su na iya bukatar saurin tunani da yanke hukunci.

Lambar

Yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya suna tsayayye. Kwararru sun ce adadin polar terns kusan mutane miliyan daya ne. Yawan ba ya tara wuri guda - tsuntsayen sun mamaye sararin ƙasa, kusan a duk faɗin duniya. Ko da a lokacin farauta, mutane basa yin taro a cikin manyan yankuna; wakilan jinsin sun zama kananan kungiyoyi kuma suna kan tazara nesa da juna.

A da, gashin tsuntsaye na fure ana amfani da su don yin bel na mata, a wannan batun, an kama tsuntsaye. Amma a yau, waɗannan tsuntsayen ba su wakiltar kowane darajar kasuwanci ba.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti wani sashi kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.

Danshi

A lokacin lokacin kiwo, mace da namiji suna da goshi, baki da nape. Chinanji, makogwaro, ƙananan fuka-fukan fuka-fukan da wutsiya suna fentin fari. A kirji da ciki suna da launin toka, wani lokacin tare da ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda.

Ana sanye da kayan hunturu ta wuta mai haske, launin launi mai haske, ƙasan jikin ta fari, kambi baƙi ne mai launin shuɗi.

Kayan saukarda masu haske ne, akwai tabo a kai. Mako, cheeks duhu launin ruwan kasa. Belly da kirji suna fari.

Gidan sanya kayan gida yana bambanta sosai. Goshin fari farare ne mai launi. Nape baki, tare da variegated. Fuka-fukan gashin a bayansa launin toka ne mai haske. Ciki da ciki sune farin fari.

Ellowan uwan ​​Arctic Tern

A polar tern yana da dangi da yawa waɗanda ke cikin gidan tern. Wasu daga cikinsu:

1. Kogi.
   Poaran daga polar, a ƙarshen jan baki akwai alamar baki. Kafafu suna ja, wutsiya an jingine. Abitats - tekuna da kuma Wuraren lardunan Turai. Wuraren yin ƙaura - Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka.
2. Haske.
   Kawunansu da wuyansu fari ne, yatsun bakin ya baki ne, kuma tsiri mai launi mai duhu ya ratsa idanun. Black kuma paws ne da baki, amma yana tare da saman rawaya. Matasa masu tasowa suna da tabo na baki a bayan kai, kuma tabo tare da tabarau masu launin shuɗi-ƙawataccen suna son kai. Girman kai da paws na rawaya, amma paws na da duhu. Suna zaune a wani yanayi mai zafi, kusa da Tekun Indiya, kazalika a Ostiraliya da tsibirin Pacific.
3. Ruwan hoda.
   Babban bambancin shine ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda ko ruwan lemo. Kuna iya saduwa da su a tsibiran da kuma iyakar Afirka da Turai, Amurka da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.
4. Kudancin Amurka
   - samun baki da paws na launin ja; kajin suna da kafafu masu launin ruwan kasa. Weight zai iya kaiwa 200 gr.
5. Antarctic.
   Su ƙanƙane ne cikin girma, beak ba koyaushe ja ba ne, wataƙila baƙi ne.
6. Bahaushe.
   Fi son zama a cikin ruwa mai tsafta. A baya na launin toka ne mai kaifi, wutsiya tana da siffa mai yatsa, amma tana da fadi sosai. Fuka-fukan da aka yi nuni da tsawo, kuma wani abin rufe fuska yake kan idanu. Gashin yana da launin rawaya, amma tushe mai launin toka ne. Aljihu suna ja.
7. Kananan.
   Yawan nauyinsu bai wuce 45 gr ba. Paws - rawaya, baki baki, amma tare da baƙar fata. Akwai farin ratsi sama da girare. Yankunan su na rairayin bakin teku ne, rafuffukan koguna tare da gaban tsakuwa.
8. Kalami.
   Sun bambanta a cikin gashinsu tsayi da na bakin ciki, wanda aka fentin launin baƙi. Takalminta haske mai launin rawaya.
9. Bengali
   A bayan wannan nau'in launin toka ne mai duhu, baki yana da kaifi da bakin ciki, yana da kyawawan launi na orange. A cikin kananan dabbobi, gemu mai ruwan lemu-yellow, kuma kafafu suna da launin toka-toka. Daga girma, paws na wannan tern ya zama baki.

karamin gull - bayanin, mazauni, gaskiya mai ban sha'awa

Karamin godwit

Godaramin godwit (lat. Limosa lapponica) ƙaramin tsuntsu ne mai kyan gani daga dangin zina. Kafin tafiya mai nisa, godwit ya ci abinci mai kyau, ta haka ne ya sake buɗe ajiyar kitse, wanda a farkon tashi sama da rabin tsuntsu.

Saboda wannan ajiyar, godwit yayin jirgin (daga kwanaki 5 zuwa 9) ta tekun Pacific yana raye kuma baya mutu sakamakon yunwar. Dole ne ya rufe tazarar kilomita dubu 23 a shekara (kusan kilomita 12,000 a hanya ɗaya). Na yi ƙaura daga Lapland da Alaska zuwa New Zealand.

Tasirin muhalli

Baya ga masu farauta da masu hallakar da dabbobin tern, kamar sauran rayayyun halittu masu kewaye, yanayin yana da babban tasiri. Wataƙila mafi yawan abubuwan rashin aminci, haɗari kuma mafi yawan haɗari shine karuwa a matakin ruwa a wuraren daidaita tern. Yana iya lalacewa ta hanyar iska mai ƙarfi, ruwan sama mai tsawo ko ambaliyar ruwa, da sauransu. Sakamakon haka, ɗaukacin lardin ko babban ɓangaren ɓoye na iya mutuwa. Bugu da kari, tsawan ruwan sama a lokacin kiwo yana shafar yiwuwar tsuntsaye.

Hakanan mutum ya dace, kuma yakamata a yi la’akari da shi ta fuskoki biyu, a matsayin mai farauta da kuma matsayin mahalli mara illa. Ana yin lahani ta hanyoyi daban-daban - daga alama mai lahani mara kyau a wuraren da tern kogin ke zaune (wanda ke damun tsuntsaye), zuwa tattara ƙwai da wuraren kiwo a cikin yankin.

Kowane dabba ko tsuntsu, shuka yana da kyau a hanyarsa. A cikin sauki yana alherin kogunan kogin. Kasancewa da tsarin jikinta mai rauni, ita ma, kyakkyawar maharma ce. Jirgin ta yayi daidai da tsari - mai sauƙi da kulawa.

Tern tallafin

Gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce don rarrabe ƙungiya huɗu, bambance-bambance sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da launi na huhu, baki, kafafu, jiki da fikafikai. Muna ba da sunayensu na Latin da karamin bayanin.

• Sterna hirundo hirundo. Waɗannan ƙananan tsuntsaye ne masu haske, ba su da inuwa mai launin ruwan wuta a cikin filawa. Gefar tare da saman baki mai ja ce, kamar yadda kafafu suke. Ta hanyar al'ada, ana kiransu tseren maras muhimmanci.
• Sterna hirundo minussensis. Samfuran suna da duhu cikin launi, yankin baki da akan baki ya fi magana. Launin ƙafafu ya sha bamban daga launin ja mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa.
• Sterna hirundo longipennis. Ko da ƙarin tern kogin (duba hoto a cikin labarin). Tana da faffadar baki a baki. A cikin wasu mutane, musamman ma yawan jama'a a Gabas, gaba daya duhu ne. Canjin launukan tsuntsaye shima yana canzawa da alama zuwa launin ruwan kasa ko baki.
• Sterna hirundo tibetana. Shine mafi duhu a launi na jiki; a saman suna da launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi. Amma kafafu da baki suna ja.

Halaye da rarraba

Yankin dajin ya yi yawa. Ya shimfiɗa ko'ina cikin Palearctic, ban da a Arewa ta Arewa, inda aka maye gurbin wannan nau'in ta Arctic tern. Hakanan yana faruwa akan yankin Arewacin Amurka. Kogin rafin yana kusa da ko'ina cikin Turai, a cikin ruwayen da kuma bakin teku. A wajen kudu, mazaunin su ya zama keɓantaccen ƙauyuka sun isa Senegal, Mauritania, Tunisiya, da Isra'ila. Ana lura da farauta ta yau da kullun a Libya, Maroko, Siriya da Cyprus. Kuma yankunan da ke da yawan da ba su da yawa sun hada da Turkiyya, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq da Pakistan. Wannan tsuntsu ne mai ƙaura, kuma a cikin hunturu yana ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu ɗumi: New Guinea, Afirka, Philippines, yamma da Kudancin Amurka.

An sami lokutan sasantawa na terns kogin a cikin tundra, duk da haka, ba kamar sabanin polo ba, a can ne take zaɓar kwarin kogin. Ta guji yanayin tundra na hali.

Yana zaune ne musamman a kan ruwan duwatsu da yashi, a gefen rafin (a cikin ƙananan tuddai), a kan iyakar teku, a cikin kwarin manyan koguna. Bugu da ƙari, don farauta, yana zaɓar wurare masu faɗi ba kawai ba, har ma da tsaunukan tsauni a tsawan 4800 m (a cikin Tibet, Pamir). Gabaɗaya, bisa ga lura da masana game da al'adun gargajiyoyi, tern fi son har yanzu yana tsaye Wuraren da kuma kwantar da koguna tare da jinkirin hanya.

Buffy hummingbird

Ocher hummingbird (lat. Selasphorus rufus) shine ɗayan ƙananan tsuntsaye akan duniyarmu (80-85 mm a tsayi), kuma duk da haka, ƙaura daga Arewacin Amurka zuwa Mexico, wannan pichuga yana da kimanin mil 10,000. A cewar wasu rahotanni, ocher hummingbirds sun sami damar tashi zuwa tsibirin Wrangel da Chukotka, kuma a watan Yuni na 1976 sun ga ocher hummingbird a tsibirin Ratmanova (Bering Strait). Anan kuna da shi!

Rayuwa

Terns ya kai ga balaga tun yana shekara biyu zuwa uku.Yawancin lokaci ana yin ma'aurata don kakar, amma wani lokacin ƙungiyar na iya wanzu don yanayi da yawa a jere. Don jawo hankalin juna, tsuntsayen suna shirya iska mai ban sha'awa da zanga-zangar ƙasa. Namiji da mace suna tashi zuwa sama, suna nuna manyan abubuwa masu banmamaki mai ban mamaki, kuma idan sun gangaro, namiji yakan ciyar da mace. Tsuntsayen gida a cikin mazauna, yawanci 10-15.

Designirar gida ba ta da rikitarwa musamman mai rikitarwa kuma ƙaramin ɓacin ciki ce a cikin yashi ko ƙasa, cike da busassun ciyawar ko ƙyallen. Mace ta sanya qwai biyu ko uku (a wasu lokuta har zuwa tara), sannan ta ci gaba da yin aikin masarar. Daidai bayan kwana 21, da ɓarnar farawa - yara ne waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin 'yantar da kansu daga gidajensu na wucin gadi kuma cikin sauri suka fara fahimtar duniyar waje. Riga yana da shekaru uku, saukar da jaket ɗin daga gida, duk da haka kasancewa kusa da ita. Kimanin makonni uku, iyaye suna ƙoƙari su sa idanunsu a kan sandunan, kawo musu abinci, kare su daga abokan gaba da nuna misalin yadda za su rayu a cikin yanayin rayuwar dabbobin.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ƙananan terns sun saba da canji a matakin ruwa a jikin ruwa, saboda haka zasu iya barin gidansu su gina sababbi kansu. Abin baƙin ciki, wani ɓangare na zuriya a cikin yawanci yawanci suna mutuwa daidai saboda wannan dalili.

Tushen abincin shine kifi da ƙananan crustaceans. Matsakaicin rayuwar tsuntsaye mafi tsayi shine shekaru 20.

A cikin Littafin Red of Russia

Tarancin Tern yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'in saurin mutanen sauna na Rasha, adadin yana raguwa a hankali kuma yana raguwa. A cewar masana kimiyya, jimlar adadin ƙananan terns a cikin Tarayyar Rasha bai wuce nau'i-nau'i 15,000. Mai yiyuwa ne adadinsu ya haɗu da kaɗan. Ofaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke iyakancewa shine ambaliyar ruwa da fashewar wuraren mulkin mazauna, waɗanda galibi suna kusa kai tsaye bakin tekun ko kuma tsibiran. Ambaliyar ta wucin gadi, canjin yanayin ruwa a cikin tafki, damuwa daga bakin yawon bude ido, gurbatawar ruwan jikin, asarar wuraren rayuwa - wadannan da sauran dalilai da yawa suna da illa ga yawan ƙananan terns. A ƙarni na 19, ana samun wannan nau'in a gefen gabar ruwan Turai. A yau, wuraren mulkin mallaka a kan iyakar Danube, Elbe da Rhine ba su da yawa kuma masu ɗorewa ne. Tanan terns kuma suna fama da latsawar maharbi.

Sirriyoyi masu ratsa jiki da ciyawar teku suna jira ne don lokacin don iyaye su bar gida tare da ƙwai ko jariran da basu girma ba. An jera jinsunan a cikin Littafin Tarihi na Duniya na Duniya kuma an kiyaye shi ta hanyar ayyukan muhalli da yawa.