Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785)
Iyali Cunyi Mustelidae
Matsayi da rukuni. 3 - nau'in halitta mai saurin kisa a iyakar arewa da rarraba.
Short Short. Kharza babban dabbar ne mai ƙarfi yana da tsoka mai ratsa jiki, dogon wuya, ƙaramin kai, da wutsiyar gashi mai gajeru. Tsayin jiki ya kai 80 cm, wutsiya - har zuwa 44 cm, nauyi - har zuwa 5.7 kg. Abun gyaran gashi yana da wuya, mara nauyi, mara nauyi, mai matukar haske. Launi mai haske: wuya da gaban ta baya sun zama ruwan hoda a launi, sannu a hankali duhu ya koma ƙaramin ɓangaren sannan ya kunna ƙwanƙwasa cikin inuwa mai duhu, saman kai yana da launin shuɗi-baki, ventral gefen launin rawaya ne, kirji yana da farin fari, kafafu da wutsiya mai launin ruwan kasa duhu kusan baki (1).
Yaɗa. A cikin fauna na Rasha, charza ta fito ne daga tsaunukan teku, tunda babban ɓangarenta ya ƙunshi tsibirin Great Sunda, Tsarin Malacca, Indochina, ƙafafun Himalayas, China, da Koriya ta Koriya. An san keɓaɓɓen mazaunin mazaunin a kudu maso gabashin Indiya. A cikin Yankin Amur, yana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da cakuda nau'in Manchuri a gefen tsaunin tuddai, kusa da koguna na gundumar Arkharinsky da Bureysky. A cikin Rasha an san shi ne daga yankunan Khabarovsk da Primorsky, Yankin Yammacin Yahudawa. Habitats da ilmin halitta. Ana samun Charza galibi a cikin conifers, jera a cikin manyan tsatsauran ra'ayi da kuma gandun daji gauraye. Tana tafiya da kyau duka a ƙasa kuma a cikin rassan bishiyoyi, inda yake kama ko'ira. Mai ikon yin tsalle-tsalle. Yana ciyarwa a kan wasu wurare dabam dabam, kama daga rodents zuwa karnukan karnuka, da mashin deki da barewa. Kharza kuma yana kai hari da kayan daji na boar daji, 'yan maruƙa, tsuntsaye, tsuntsaye, da sauransu nutsan itace da berriesanyen itace kawai suna abinci ne kawai (2). Ba a yin nazarin ilimin halittar Harza a cikin Yankin Amur.
Tharfi, iyakance abubuwan da barazana. Babu adadi na adadi a Yankin Amur. Harza yana da wuya. Ba a yi nazarin dalilan da ke saurin raguwa cikin girma da yalwa da yawa ba. Wataƙila, lalacewar wadatar abinci da kuma tasirin abubuwan rashin lafiyar ɗan adam game da mazaunin wannan nau'in ya shafa.
Dauki matakan tsaro da suka wajaba. An haɗa shi a cikin Annex III zuwa ga Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Internationalasa ta Duniya a cikin Abubuwan da ke Faruwa da Fauna da Flora (CITES). An dakatar da kamun kifi, binciken ilimin halittar wata halitta, da sanya idanu akai-akai don yaduwar matakan da ake bukata.
Tushen bayanai. 1. Doppelmair et al., 1951, 2. Yudin, Batalov, 1982. An kwafa. K.S. Girma.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Bayanin gaskiya na farkon game da harza shi ne daga masanin ilimin ɗabi'ar turanci na Thomas Pennat a cikin aikin Tarihi na -aukakiyar inabi'a a 1781. A can ne aka yi magana game da farin soyayya. Shekaru da yawa bayan sakin aikin Boddert, inda ya ba wa wanda ya ƙaddara ma'anar zamani da suna - Martes flavigula, an kira halittar mai marten da ke da rawaya mai launin shuɗi a cikin tambaya, har sai masanin ilimin ɗabi'ar Ingilishi Thomas Hardwig ya kawo fata na dabba daga Indiya zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya na Kamfanin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya.
Wannan shine ɗayan tsofaffin siffofin marten kuma tabbas sun bayyana a lokacin Pliocene. An tabbatar da wannan sigar ta hanyar yanayin ƙasa da launi iri-iri. An samo burbushin halittar magabatan a cikin Rasha a kudancin Primorye a cikin kogo na Geographical Society (Babban Quaternary) da kuma a cikin Bat Cave (Holocene). An samo farkon binciken a cikin Late Pliocene a arewacin Indiya da Early Pleistocene a kudancin China.
Halin halittar harza yana da nau'i biyu (an ba da bayanin guda shida a cikin duka), an samo Amur a cikin Rasha, kuma a Indiya akwai nau'in halitta mai saurin gaske - Nilgir (yana zaune a kan tuddai na tsaunin Nilgiri massif). Mafi nisa daga mazaunin ɗan arewa, mafi girma daga dabbar, suna da ƙarin faffada da dogon fur da haske mai bambancin launuka. Dangane da haske, ya yi kama da dabba mai da zafi, wacce ita ce, amma a cikin gandun daji na Primorye maƙiyin yana ganin baƙon abu kuma ɗan ɗan lokaci ba tsammani.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Harza Animal
Wannan wakilin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da ƙarfi, yana da tsoka, mai da elongate, dogon wuya da ƙaramin kai. Wutsiya ba ta da faɗi sosai, amma tana da tsawo ainun fiye da wasu marten, ana kuma ƙarfafa ƙarfin ra'ayi ta gaskiyar cewa ba ta da faffada kamar ta dangi na gaba. Makarfan da aka nuna yana sanye da ƙananan kunnuwa masu zagaye, yana da siffar triangular. Harza yana da girma.
- tsawon jikin - 50-65 cm,
- girman wutsiya - 35-42 cm,
- nauyi - 1.2-3.8 kg.
- tsawon jikin - 50-72 cm,
- tsawon wutsiya - 35-44 cm,
- nauyi - 1.8-5.8 kg.
Jawo dabbar dabbar gajere ce, mai kauri, mara nauyi, akan wutsiya murfin tsararren sutura. Upperangare na sama na kai, kunnuwa, kashin wuya, wutsiya da ƙananan sassan ƙafafu baƙi ne. Yankuna a cikin nau'i na weji ya sauko daga kunnuwan a wuyan wuyan. Pashin lebe, chinan fari fari. Wani fasali na musamman shine launi mai haske na gawa. Fuskokin baya na launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, ya ci gaba zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Wannan launi ya shimfida zuwa gwiwar gaba. Kirji, gefuna, kafafu na gaba zuwa tsakiyar jiki mai launin rawaya. Kunnenka da nono suna da haske launin rawaya mai haske ko ruwan lemo-mai haske. Falmomi baki ne, a ƙarshen fararen fata ne. A lokacin rani, launi ba mai haske sosai, ɗan duhu da tabarau masu launin rawaya suna da rauni. Matasa matasa sun fi sauki fiye da manya.
Ina charza take zaune?
Hoto: Harza Marten
Maƙaddara tana zaune a Primorye, a kan iyakar Koriya, gabashin Sin, a Taiwan da Hainan, a cikin ƙananan matakan Himalayas, yamma zuwa Kashmir. Zuwa kudu, kewayon ya shimfiɗa zuwa Indochina wanda ke yaduwa zuwa Bangladesh, Thailand, Larabawa Malay, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam. Akwai wata dabba a tsibirin Manyan Sunda (Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra). Har yanzu akwai wani keɓance wurin daban a kudancin Indiya.
Marten-launin fata mai launin shuɗi yana son gandun daji, amma ana samunsa cikin wuraren hamada na tsaunukan Pakistan. A Burma, dabbobi masu shayarwa suka zauna a fadama. A cikin reshen yanayi na Nepalese, Kanchenjunga yana zaune a cikin yanki na makiyaya mai nisan mil 4,5 000. A cikin Rasha, a arewa, kewayon rarraba Ussuri marten ya tashi daga Kogin Amur, tare da Bureya Range zuwa farkon kogin Urmi.
Menene harza ci?
Hoto: Ussuri Harza
Babban sashin abincin shine ƙananan ungulates. Maƙaddara tana ba da fifiko ga ƙwaryar musk: thearin wannan ƙarancin ƙaho a cikin yankin, mafi girman adadin wannan wakilin Marten.
Ya kuma farauta cuban cubs:
Ofaukar nauyin hakar yawanci bai wuce kilo 12 ba. Dabbar tana cin karo da ɗan pandas. Partangare na menu shine hares, squirrels, voles linzamin kwamfuta da sauran ƙwayoyin wuta. Daga waɗanda aka cutar da gashin tsuntsaye na iya zama ƙwarjin ƙwarjin ƙwaya ko na pheasants, ƙwai daga nitocin. Dabba na iya cin naman salmon bayan ya yi niyya. Ba ya nisanci amphibians da macizai. Wani lokacin babban mutum yakan ci gaban wasu wakilai na marten, alal misali, majali ko shafi. Wani sashi mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin, a matsayin ƙari, yana kunshe da invertebrates da abinci na shuka, ƙwayoyin pine, berries, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kwari.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Photo: Harza da dabbar
Dabbobin sun fi son tsalle-tsalle, gandun itacen al'ul da kuma gandun daji gauraye cikin kwarin kogi da kan tsaunin tuddai; wani lokacin ana iya samun ta a cikin duhu. Mafi sau da yawa, yana yankantar da inda aka samo naman musk - babban dalilin farautarsa, amma yana iya rayuwa inda babu wata sanannen artiodactyl. A tsaunukan tsaunuka sai ta hau saman tsaunukan daji, yankuna marasa katako da gidajen mutane suna wucewa.
Unteran farauta ya hau bishiyoyi da kyau, amma ya fi son mafi yawan lokacin kasancewa a doron ƙasa. Mai ikon tsalle tsayi daga reshe zuwa reshe, amma ya gwammace ya gangara da gangar jikin. Ya san yadda ake iyo da kyau. Daga sauran wakilan shahidai, ana bambanta harz da gaskiyar cewa suna farauta cikin rukuni. A yayin nemo wanda aka azabtar, kowane mutum yayi wani wuri mai nisa, yana kokarin magance gandun daji. Wani lokacin dabara suna canzawa, kuma suna layi cikin layi. Kharza bai taba yin tafiya a cikin baccinsa ba, koyaushe yana yin wata sabuwar hanya.
Dabbobin suna da wayau sosai kuma suna aiki ba tare da la’akari da rana ko dare ba kuma suna iya tafiyar kilomita 20 a kowace rana. Lokacin da titin yayi sanyi, yana ɓoyewa cikin mafaka kwanaki da yawa. Dabbobin molts sau biyu a shekara: a cikin bazara - a watan Maris-Agusta, a kaka - a watan Oktoba. Individualaya daga cikin mutum na iya farauta a cikin ƙasa daga 2 zuwa 12 m2. Gabatar da yankin godiya ga ji, ƙanshi, gani. Don sadarwa, yana yin yapping, kuma jariran suna da ƙarin muryoyi masu ma'ana waɗanda suke kama da naɗaɗɗe.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Wannan marten, ba kamar danginsa na kusa ba, yana zaune cikin gungun mutane da dama da farauta, suna tattarawa cikin garken 2-4. A lokacin bazara, irin waɗannan rukunin galibi sukan watse kuma dabbobi suna farauta su kaɗai. Dabbobin ba su yin rayuwa mai gamsarwa kuma ba a rataya su zuwa wani shafi ba, amma mace suna yin sheƙai don lokacin fara tariyar ofa theman, suna shirya su a cikin ramuka ko a wasu wuraren ɓoye. Waɗannan wakilan marten sun kai ga balaga cikin shekara ta biyu. Maƙaddara, mai yiwuwa, tana da aladar aure, tunda tana da nau'i biyu na amintattu. Dabbar ta hanyar canji na faruwa ne a ɗayan lokutan: a watan Fabrairu-Maris ko Yuni-Agusta. Wani lokacin tsere yana kasancewa har zuwa Oktoba.
Cutar ciki shine kwanaki dari 200 ko sama da haka, gami da lokacin latti lokacin tayin ba ya bunkasa. Wannan bambance-bambancen sharuɗɗa suna ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar jarirai a cikin yanayi masu dacewa. An haife yara a watan Afrilu, mafi yawan yara 3-4an kwikwiyo sau ɗaya a cikin zuriyar dabbobi, ƙasa da sau 5. Da farko sun kasance makafi ne da kurma, kuma nauyinsu bai kai 60 g ba .. Uwa tana kula da thean, tana koya musu dabarun farauta. Bayan yaran sun girma kuma sun bar gida, sun ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mahaifiyarsu kuma suna farauta tare da ita har zuwa bazara, amma su da kansu suna da damar rayuwa ta hanyar cin kwari da sauran abubuwan da ke faruwa a farkon farawa.
Abokan halitta na Harza
Hoto: Harza Animal
Marten mai launin shuɗi-kusan babu maƙiya a cikin yanayin rayuwarsa. Sunada girma sosai ga sauran mazaunan gandun daji da lafuzza. Theirarfinsu na hau kan bishiyoyi da hawa daga wannan zuwa wancan yana taimaka wajan nisantar kai harin dabbobi masu shayarwa: lynx ko Wolverine. Matsakaicin shekarun dabbar da ke cikin daji shine shekaru 7.5, amma idan aka ci gaba da zaman bauta, sukan rayu tsawon shekaru 15-16.
Marten ba kasafai ba ne, amma yana iya zama ganima ga gaggawar gaggafa, damisa Ussuri, Himalayan da sauran nau'ikan bears. Amma masu tsinkaye suna gujewa farautar marten-yellow-breasted Marten, tunda nama nada takamaiman wari, wanda glandon ke asara. Duk da cewa damisa zata iya kai hari ga wannan dabbobin, charza koyaushe tana kusa da wannan mazaunin gandun daji na Ussuri domin shiga tare da cin abincin da aka bari bayan abincin dare na maharbin.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Adadin a Rasha bisa ga ƙididdigar da ba ta dace ba ya kusan burin dubu 3,5. Ba a yin kamun kifi a ciki, tunda fur ɗin dabba tana da mutunci da ƙima. Dangane da ka'idodin IUCN, an rarrabe Kharza da haifar da ƙarancin damuwa. Dabba tana da fa'ida da yawa kuma tana zaune a wurare da yawa cikin yankuna masu kariya. Babu wani abu da ke barazana ga wannan nau'in, tunda a dabi'a bashi da abokan gaba. Maƙaddara ba batun kamun kifi. A wasu takamaiman wurare ne kawai ke sa sam sam cikin haɗari.
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, lalata ciyawar ya haifar da raguwar lambobi gaba ɗaya. Amma ga jinsunan da aka rarrabu a cikin dazuzzukan da babu ko da yaushe, har yanzu akwai wurare da yawa don yankuna. Saboda haka, raguwa kaɗan cikin slightan adam ba ya haifar da barazanar ga nau'in.
Dabba ya rayu sosai a sauran dazuzzukan da ke tsiro na wucin gadi saboda dalilai da yawa:
- mafi yawan masu hasashen ba su da amfani da tsoza kamar abinci,
- da kusan ba sa farautarsa,
- halinsa da halayyar sa yana rage damar fadawa tarko,
- a sauƙaƙe yana gudu daga karnukan gida da na daji.
Kodayake babu wata barazana ga yawan jama'a a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ana farautar kyakkyawa mai launin rawaya a Laos, Vietnam, Korea, Pakistan da Afghanistan. Nuristan ita ce babbar siyar da iskar shaye ga kasuwannin Kabul. Doka ta kare dabba a wasu wurare na kewayonta, waɗannan sune: Manyama, Thailand, Malaysia. An jera shi a cikin Indiya a CITES Shafi na III, a cikin rukuni na II na Dokar Kare Yanayin Kasar Sin, a cikin wannan kasar an kunshe shi a cikin Littafin nan.
Babban burin ayyukan muhalli shine sa ido na zamani game da yawan jama'ar Kharz don ɗaukar matakan da suka dace idan da wani daga cikin ƙasusuwan tsibirin da aka ware ya fara raguwa. Harza - kyakkyawa, mai kidan haske ba ta da mahimmancin kasuwanci a Rasha, amma akwai wuya. Babu buƙatar ƙara yin lahani game da lalacewar dabba lokacin farauta don lalata naman alade, ko abin sawa. Ya cancanci girmamawa da kariya.
Bayanin Harza
Wanda ya fara kirkirar charza shine Thomas Pennant, wanda ya kira ta a cikin 1781 Weasel mai farin-farin ciki. Masanin ilimin dabbobi na Dutch Peter Boddert bai yarda da abokin aikinsa ba kuma ya sake sunan dabbar Mustela flavigula (marten yellow-throated).
Ba duk masanan kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa dabbar za ta wanzu a zahiri ba, amma ana shakkar shakkunsu a cikin 1824, lokacin da sabon nuna, fatar wani marten mai launin shuɗi, ya shiga gidan kayan gargajiya na Kamfanin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya.
Rayuwar Harza
Wannan dabba ce ta jama'a wacce ke girmama tushen iyali. Mafi yawan shekara ana ajiye caji a fakitoci na 2-3, ba sau da yawa 5-7 dangi. Sukan kama farauta ɗaya, suka kasu gida biyu: ɗayan ya kori wanda aka azabtar, ɗayan kuma ya yi kwanto. Martens-ƙafar launin rawaya mara haɓaka ta hanyar ƙasa da rikice-rikice: mata ne kawai waɗanda ke ciyar da kananan dabbobi a cikin mafi kusurwa mafi nisa na lokacin farin ciki suna nuna ingancin na biyu.
A wasu lokuta, maharbar tana zage-zage don neman ganima ta hanyar da ta dace, ta huta a kan matsuguni na wucin gadi (rami, bishiyoyi da suka fadi, ginin da dutsen, a sansanonin bishiyoyin da aka murda da kuma kan shingen kogi).
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Ayyukan Kharza kusan kusan masu zaman kansu ne na lokacin rana, kodayake tana farauta da rana, kuma ƙasa da dare (lokacin da wata mai haske ke haskakawa). Dabbar ba ta tsoron tsayi kuma, idan ya cancanta, ta tashi daga itaciya zuwa itaciya, an raba ta tsakanin 8-9 m.
Complearfafa motsi na Harza yana ƙaruwa da jimiri da kyawawan halaye masu kyau: a cikin neman ganima, Marten ya sami damar gudanarwa da sauri kuma na dogon lokaci. A cikin rana, charza zai iya cin nasara kilomita 1020, yana barin jigilar tsayi, idan akwai abubuwan halittu masu rai da yawa kusa da nan. Lura da halayen samari matasa sun nuna cewa a cikin hunturu sun rufe kusan 90 kilomita a cikin mako guda, suna zaune a wuri guda ba dare ba rana. Af, tafiya kan kankantar da kankara harza yana da matuƙar kawo sauƙaƙe ta hanyar faɗan paws.
Habitat, mazauni
Nepalese marten zaune a Nepal (wanda yake shi ne ma'ana sosai), kazalika a Indiya, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Afghanistan, China da South / Koriya ta Arewa. Yankunan da aka rarrabawa ya ƙunshe da tsibiran Malacca da Indochina, da tsibirin Hainan, Taiwan, Java, Borneo da Sumatra, waɗanda suka isa (a ɓangaren yamma) zuwa kan iyakokin Iran.
A cikin Rasha, martanin Ussuri ya zauna a cikin garuruwan Primorsky da Khabarovsk (Sikhote-Alin). Ussuri, Yankin Amur, cikin yankin Oblast mai cin gashin kansa da yankin Amur (a wani ɓangare). Ana ci gaba da ɗaukar charza a cikin Crimea (kusa da Yalta), da ƙasan Krasnodar (kusa da Novorossiysk da Sochi), haka kuma a Arewacin Ossetia, Dagestan (kusa da Derbent) da kuma a Adygea.
Mahimmanci! Yankin ya hada da wurare masu zafi da kuma tsaunuka, Siberian taiga da bakin tekun - kuma kusan ko'ina charza yana zaɓar tsaunukan katako mai tsayi, mutum bai taɓa ɗanɗana shi ba.
A cikin Primorye, ana ganin itacen pine marten a cikin gandun daji gauraye masu tasowa a kan tsaunin tuddai (nesa da wayewar kai), amma a cikin kasashen kudu kuma ya kan zauna kan tuddai, da kuma arewa maso yamma na Himalayas, daga cikin duwatsun da aka rufe da bishiyoyi da kuma cikin dazuzzukan juniper.
Abincin Harza
Abun cin nama na al'ada ba ya hana Harza daga canzawa zuwa lokaci-lokaci zuwa tebur na cin ganyayyaki, don haka menu nata (ya danganta da lokacin da wurin) sun haɗa da:
- musk deer da muntzhak (mafi yawan lokuta matasa),
- silin, zari, ja da barewa,
- Goral na kasar Sin (yara) da boar daji (aladu),
- day squirrel, chipmunk da squirrel,
- tsuntsaye (gami da pheasants da gemun haza), da kajinsu da ƙwai,
- kifi salmon (bayan ya bushe) da mollusks,
- amphibians, Lizards na bishiyoyi da kwari,
- saƙar zuma da zuma da kuma larvae,
- Pine kwayoyi, inabi / actinidia berries.
Akwai lokuta yayin da tsoffin kwastomomi / marasa lafiya suna neman abinci har ma da kayan kwalliyar birni.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Kharza shi ne kawai Marten wanda ya san farauta a cikin rukuni: wannan yana taimakawa wajen kayar da babban dabbar. Tare da ƙuruciya ko alade, maharmar yana biyun shi kadai.
Binciken wanda aka kashe, marten ya yanke hanya, yana haye kogunan dusar ƙanƙara / tarkace tare da rassa. Ko ta yaya, dusar ƙanƙararta ba ta dakatar da shi ba, wanda ta (godiya ga ɗimbin ɗumbinsa) sauƙin nasara. Amma murfin dusar ƙanƙara, kamar kankara, ya zama tarko don tuki. Matsakaicin nauyin ɗaukar guda shine 10-12 kg: wannan ya isa ya ciyar da martens 2-3 na tsawon kwanaki biyu.
Kiwo da zuriya
Wannan yanayin rayuwar rayuwar yellow-breasted marten ana yin nazari a sama. An kafa ne cewa lokacin kiwo, lokacin da maza suka yi yãƙi ga mace, yakan buɗe a ƙarshen bazara, ko kuma a watan Agusta,. Zama yana ɗaukar kwanaki 220 zuwa 290, kamar yadda yake a cikin martens da yawa, lokacin da amfrayo na daɗewa cikin ci gaba, ciki kuma ya shiga cikin tsakar daren. A matsayin reshe na dangi, mace tana amfani da jeji na daji, tare da wuraren da isassun iska ke rufewa da kuma lokacin da za a rasa mayuka, inda a cikin bazara take samar da 'yar tsana na dabbobi na 2-4.
An haife su cikin rashin ci gaba (kamar duka marten), makafi kuma tare da rufaffiyar hanyoyin samun ruwa. Kulawa da 'yayan ya ta'allaka ne da mahaifiyar, wanda abokin tarayya ya bar kusan nan da nan bayan nasarar dabbar ta hanyar canjin. Ta hanyar kaka, an kwatanta girma da girma tare da mahaifiyarsa, amma bai barshi ba. The girma charz zaune da kuma farauta tare da ita har sai da sabon brood ya bayyana. Wannan yana faruwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, bazara mai zuwa, amma, barin uwa, 'yan'uwa maza da mata ba su rabuwa da juna nan da nan.
Bayanin da fasali
Ana iya danganta Kharza ga matsakaiciyar magabata. Babban tsarin jikin harza yayi daidai da duk martens. Motsi da lalacewa ana gane su a cikin sassauƙa, jikin elongated, ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da wutsiya mai tsayi. Nauyin namiji mai balaga a lokacin ciyarwa zai iya kai kilogiram 3.8-4. Tsawon jikinsa ya kai cm 64-70. Wutsiyar tana shimfidawa zuwa 40-45 cm.
Shugaban karami ne. Tsawon kwanyar shine 10-12% na tsawon jikin. Girman kwanyar ya kankanta kadan. Siffar kwanyar, idan ka kalle shi daga sama, rubanya ne uku. Tushen alwatika shine layi tsakanin ƙananan, kunnuwa masu zagaye. A saman shine gawayi-baki na hanci. Partangaren saman mucks shine launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kusan baƙar fata, ƙananan sashi fari.
Jikin ya zauna akan wasu kafafu ba sosai. Abun baya suna da alaƙar tsoka da tsayi fiye da na gaba. Dukansu suna da rauni rufe Jawo, suna ƙare da paws biyar. Harza— dabba tsayawa. Sabili da haka, ƙafafun harza suna da kyau, daga fararen fata zuwa diddige.
Kharza shine mafi girma daga cikin marten kuma mafi launuka masu haske
Duk jikin dabbar, in ban da tip na hanci da yatsa, an rufe shi da fur. Short, Jawo mai wuya koda akan kan gado ne. Da tsawon gashin fur, charza ta kasance tana bayan dangin ta. Harshen wutsiyarsa ba a cika rufe da Jawo ba. Jawo bazara yana da wuya fiye da hunturu. Gashi ya gajarta kuma yayi girma sosai.
Ba mai iya ingancin ulu da atamfofi ta hanyar launi na musamman. Harza a cikin hoto Ga alama m. Tsarin launi a fili mallakar dabba ne mai zafi kuma yana kama da sabon abu musamman a cikin mummunan yanayin zaluncin gabashin Gabas.
Saman saman dabbar yana da baki tare da ɗanɗano launin ruwan kasa. A kan kumatun, murfin ya sami launin shuɗi, gashin babban launi yana lullube da farin ulu a ƙarshen. Baya na kunnuwa baki ne, ciki yana da launin toka-toka-toshi. Nape launin ruwan kasa yana da haske mai launin shuɗi. Scruff da duka baya ana fentin su a cikin irin launi.
A bangarorin da ciki, launi ya zama rawaya. Ukun da kirjin dabbar suna da launuka masu haske a cikin ruwan lemu, mai haske. Partangare na saman goshin hannu launin ruwan kasa, ɓangaren ƙasa da kafafu baƙi ne. Hannun kafafu biyu na fata suna da launi iri daya. Tushen wutsiya launin toka-launin ruwan kasa. Wutsiyar kanta jet baki ne. A bakin kwalliyar kwalliyar purple.
Duk marten, ciki har da charza, suna da glandon ductal. Waɗannan gabobin suna ɓoye sirrin da ke da ƙoshin kamshi, mara ƙanshi. A rayuwar farar hula, ana amfani da rufin waɗannan glandon don sanar da wasu dabbobin kasancewar su, wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a lokacin matsewar. A cikin tsoro, ƙanshin da aka fitar yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi yana iya tsoratar da maƙiyin da ya kai hari harzah.
Marten launin fata, Harza Far Gabas, Nepalese marten, chong wang shine sunan dabba ɗaya, wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin ƙirar halittu a ƙarƙashin sunan Latin Martes flavigula ko harza. Tana cikin yan 'martis ɗin. A cikinsu akwai:
A cikin hoto marten ako
- Amirka, gandun daji, Marten dutse,
Don farin gashi a kan kirji, ana kiran dutse marten da aka fi sani da whitetail
- Kharza (Far Bari, Ussuri marten),
- Nilgir Harza,
- Jafananci da na kowa (Siberian) sables.
Za'a iya ganin kusanci a launi da girma a tsakanin magabacin Ussuri da ƙarancin Nilgir harzah da ke zaune a kudancin Indiya. Wani kamannin waje ya haifar da irin waɗannan sunaye. An ƙara wasiƙar da sunan mazaunin Indiya, hade da mazauninta - Nilgiri Upland.
Kharza nau'in monotypic ne, wato, ba a rarrabe shi zuwa reshe ba. Capabilitiesarfin adaɓin haɓaka yana ba shi damar wanzuwa a cikin fadamar Burma da duwatsun hamada na Pakistan, tsaunin taiga na Siberia. Ta yanayin yankuna wanda wannan magabtansu suke rayuwa, ana iya bambance abubuwa masu zuwa nau'in charza:
Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa yawanci suna biye da canje-canje a cikin tsarin abinci, hanyoyin farauta, da sauran halayen rayuwa. Wanda zai iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga tsarin ilimin halittar mutum da na jiki. Amma charza ta kasance gaskiya ga kanta kuma har yanzu ana wakilta ne kawai kamar yadda Martes flavigula.
Rayuwa & Habitat
Harza zaune a cikin halittu daban daban. Yankinta ya fito daga arewacin Indiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya. An samo shi sau da yawa a cikin Indochina, yana samun nasarar tsira akan gabar Koriya da tsibirin Indonesiya. An daidaita shi don rayuwa da farauta a cikin tsarin halittu masu yawa, amma ya fi dacewa a cikin gandun daji.
Martens-breasted martens zaune da farauta a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, wanda ya haɗa daga dabbobi 3 zuwa 7. Sau da yawa tushen rukuni mace ce da ke da wasu puan kwikwiyo na zuriyar dabbobi na bara. Farauta rukuni a cikin hunturu yana da tasiri musamman. Tare da dabarar lokacin bazara, tarin magabatan na iya rabuwa. Wannan shine, charza an haɗu da rayuwa a cikin garken dindindin-dindindin tare da matsayin da ba a bayyana shi ba.
Kharza yana jagorantar rayuwa mai aiki sosai
Marten-yellow-breasted na iya samun abinci a kowane lokaci na rana. Ba ta da ikon gani a cikin duhu, don haka sai ta yi farauta a cikin dare mai duhu, lokacin da wata zai haskaka sosai. Kharza tana fata saboda jin warin da take ji da ƙarancin gani.
Saurin sauri, wanda maɗaukaki ke sayarwa a ƙasa, an ƙara shi da kyakkyawan gani, ji da ƙanshi. Dabbar tana motsawa, jingina da dukkan kafafun. Increasedarin yankin da ke tallafawa yana ba ku damar hanzarta motsawa ba kawai a kan ƙasa mai ƙarfi ba, har ma a cikin fadama ko ƙasa mai rufe dusar ƙanƙara.
Haris din zai iya shawo kan sassan da ba zai yiwu ba ta hanyar tsalle daga bishiya zuwa itace, daga reshe zuwa reshe. Thearfin hanzari yin zagaye da ƙasa daban-daban, gudu daga ƙasa tare da tsalle-tsalle na itace yana ba da fa'ida yayin bin wanda aka cuta ko gujewa bi.
Babu makiyi da yawa da ya kamata masu tsoro su sanya tsoro. A lokacin da yake karami, dabbobin matasa suna fuskantar su ta hanyar martens ko lynxes. A cikin sarari, rukuni na karnuka na iya kama marassa lafiya, raunana charza. Yawancin magabatan suna sane da makamin ɓoye na charza - gland ɗin da ke ɓoye ruwa tare da wari mara kyau - sabili da haka kai hare-hare ta kan wuya.
Babban maqiyin Kharza shi ne mutum. A matsayin tushen nama ko Jawo, Marten-breasted Marten baya sha'awar mutane. Fur da nama na ƙarancin inganci. Professionalwararrun masu farauta da gaske sun yi imani da cewa charza yana wargaza calan maruƙa masu yawa da barewa, barewa, da ƙwanƙwasa. Sabili da haka, an rubuta martens-yellowas na fata kamar kwari kuma ana harbe su kamar yadda ake harbi karnuka ko karnukan raccoon.
Babban lalacewar dabbobi baya lalacewa ta hanyar mafarautan dake neman adana barewa ko faɗar ƙasa. Babban maqiyan dabbobi da ke zaune a taiga su ne magatakarda. Rashin ciyawar daji shine lalata wata matattarar halittar nesa ta Far Gabas, farmaki akan dukkan abubuwa masu rai.
Abinci mai gina jiki
A cikin yankin Rasha, a cikin Taiga ta Gabas, Kharza ya mamaye matsayin ɗaya daga cikin majiɓincin mafiya ƙarfi. Ita, ba shakka, ba za a iya kwatanta ta da damisawar Amur ko damisa. Girman Harza, tashin hankali da yanayin ganima sa shi a kan par tare da trot. Mafi ƙarancin waɗanda ke fama da cutar kwari. Babu ƙasa da ƙwaro da ciyawa, kajin da ƙananan tsuntsaye sun faɗa cikin abincin ta.
Skillswarewar hawan hawa da ɓoyewa sun sa charza ta zama barazanar koyaushe ga mazaunan tsuntsayen da dabbobin da ke zaune a ƙananan bene da tsakiyar gandun daji. Boye cikin furotin mai dunƙule ko jaka bai sami tabbacin tsaro ba. Kharza ya shiga mafi mafaka a cikin shinge na bishiyoyi. Kharza da sauran, representativesaramar wakilan Marten ba su tsunduma ba.
A cikin farauta na rodents, charza ya yi nasarar gasa tare da ƙananan farauta da masu matsakaita taiga. Sirrin ɗaukar ciki da sauri sauri lokaci-lokaci suna faɗuwa da launin shuɗi-na-Marten don cin abincin rana. Sau da yawa ungulates na matasa ungulates wahala daga charza. Piglet da 'yan maruƙa daga dabbar daji zuwa deer na Manchurian da ƙwanƙwasa an kawo abincin dare ta hanyar marten-mai launin shuɗi duk da kariya daga dabbobi manya.
Kharza yana daya daga cikin 'yan kaddara taiga da suka kware hanyoyin kai harin. Farkon dabara ita ce farauta. Groupungiyar mutane da yawa masu ruwan jigilar launin rawaya suna tura wanda aka kashe zuwa wurin da aka shirya kwanton-bauna. Wata hanyar farauta ita ce fitar da wata dabba a cikin kankara na kogi. A kan turɓayar ƙasa, barewar ta rasa kwanciyar hankali, da ikon ɓoyewa daga masu nemanta.
Deirƙarar-matsakaici, musamman maɗaukakin musk, sune mafi mashahurin farauta harz. Arfafa dabbobin guda ɗaya yana ba da ƙaddara masu yawa don abinci don kwanaki da yawa. Ana neman farauta gama gari a lokacin hunturu. Da farkon bazara, bayyanar zuriya a cikin mafi yawan mazaunan taiga, buƙatar aikin da aka shirya ya ɓace.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Tare da farkon kaka, dabbobin shekaru biyu sun fara neman ma'aurata. Odce traces taimake su a cikin wannan. Wadannan magabatan ba su da matsanancin biyayya ga wani yanki, maza za su bar wuraren farautarsu kuma su koma kasar da aka shirya haihuwa.
A yayin taron tare da abokin hamayya, an sami fadace-fadace masu zafi. Abubuwa ba su kai ga kisan abokin hamayya ba, ana fitar da mai rauni mai rauni. Bayan saduwar mace da namiji, ayyukan iyaye na miji ya ƙare. Mace na ɗaukar martens nan gaba har sai lokacin bazara.
Marten-yellow-breasted galibi yakan haifar da 'yar tsana puppy 2-5. Yawan su ya dogara da shekaru da kitsen mahaifiyar. 'Ya'yan suna makanta, basa da ja, basa taimako. Cikakken halittar dabbobi yana daukar duk lokacin bazara. Da kaka, matasa charzas suka fara bin mahaifiyarsu don farauta. Zasu iya zama kusa da mahaifa koda bayan sun sami 'yanci.
Jin daɗin sha'awar da kuma damar ci gaba da tseren, ƙananan dabbobi sun bar rukunin dangi kuma sun shiga neman abokan tarayya. Da yawa martens-yellow-breasted Martens zaune a cikin taiga ba a kafaffun kafa ba. Mai yiwuwa 10-12 shekaru. Rayuwa a zaman talala an san shi. A cikin gidan zoo ko a gida, charza na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15-17. A wannan yanayin, mata suna rayuwa kaɗan da maza.
Kulawa da Gida
An gwada bugun Horza sau da yawa kuma koyaushe yana nasara. Ta hanyar dabi'a, maharbi ne mara tsoro, mai kwazo. Kharzu bai taɓa jin tsoron namiji ba, kuma tana ɗaukar karnuka daidai take da ita. Lokacin da kake karɓar charza cikin gidan, mutum zai tuna abubuwa da yawa na wannan dabba:
- A lokacin haɗari, horza na iya fitar da ƙanshin wari mai ƙanshi.
- Harza — marten. Illolin illar halitta a cikin ta bazai yiwu ba. Amma, kamar cat, ta sami damar yin mu'amala har da tsuntsayen.
- Wannan dabbar tana da wayar hannu sosai kuma tana wasa. Gida ko gidan da maharbi ke zama mai sarari. Abubuwan da ke fatattakawa daga mazaunan charza zai fi kyau a cire su.
- Ya kamata a gudanar da horo a cikin tire na Ussuri marten daga makonni na farko bayan haihuwa.
- Harza, wacce ke rayuwa a cikin jirgin sama, za ta kasance kusa da mai farautar daji fiye da yadda take a gida.
Yayin ciyar da dabba, yana da daraja a tuna cewa magabaci ne. Sabili da haka, babban bangaren abinci shine nama, zai fi dacewa ba mai kitse ba. Baya ga ɗanye mai naman alade ko kaza, guda na dafaffen nama ya dace. Abincin maras kyau shine abinci mai gina jiki mai kyau: hanta, huhu, zuciya. Raw ko stewed kayan lambu koyaushe ana kara su a cikin kwano.
Ana lissafta ƙarar da za'ayi amfani dashi azaman kare mai motsi. Kimanin 20 g da 1 kilogiram na nauyin dabba. Kuna iya ciyar da harza sau 1-2 a rana. Martens masu launin rawaya-suna da al'ada na ɓoye ɓoye waɗanda ba su ci ba a ranar ruwa. Sabili da haka, kuna buƙatar saka idanu yadda abincin yake ƙare. Rage yanki idan akwai sauran ragowar uneaten.
Dabbobin mallakar dangin Marten sun daɗe da nasara cikin gidajen mutane - waɗannan sune ferrets. Mutane sun koya don tallafa musu, suna kawo saukin zuriya. Ana iya siyan puppy na waɗannan dabbobi a cikin kantin sayar da dabbobi ko daga mutum mai zaman kansa don 5 - 10 dubu rubles. Zaan sandza ko manya Ussuri martens sun fi wahalar sayan.
Dole ne ku fara da neman mai shayarwa, mai son farawar jigon jigilar jigilar launin shuɗi a gida. Zai taimaka wajen samun matsala. Akwai kuma wata hanya mai wahala. A Vietnam da Koriya, ana sayar da waɗannan dabbobi da yardar kaina. Amma farashin Marten mai zaman kansa zai kasance mai girma.
Bayanan Gaske
Amur Travel wani taron tafiya ne na kasa da kasa. Karo na biyu kenan da aka gudanar da shi a watan Yuli na shekarar 2019 a cikin garin Zeya. An zabi Kharza a matsayin alama. Dabba ne, mai saurin dabba, kamar an haife shi ne domin nuna alamar haɗuwar al'adun gargajiyar Far gabas. Rashin yarda ya tashi da sunan. Har zuwa lokacin ƙarshe, babu wani zaɓi da aka yi tsakanin zaɓuɓɓukan: Amurka, Taiga, Deya. Bayan kada kuri'a a yanar gizo, mascot ɗin taron ya fara ɗaukar sunan Taiga.
A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2019, wani abin da ba a sani ba ya faru a gidan kallo na Khabarovsk Territory - Kharza wanda aka kama shi ya kawo zuriya: maza biyu da mace. Shekaru biyu da suka wuce, irin wannan taron ya ƙare da baƙin ciki - mahaifiyar ba ta ciyar da jariran ba, sun mutu. Cuban halin yanzu sun kasance masu sa'a - macen Kharza ta yarda da su, amincin makomar 'yar tsana ba a cikin shakka.
Masana ilimin halitta sunyi imani da cewa Marten-breasted Marten bashi da wata barazanar lalata? Tana zaune a wani babban fili. Yawan dabbobi barga, ba ya haifar da damuwa. Abinda yake rubuce a cikin Littafin Duniya na Red. Amma kasarmu ta shafi iyakar arewa na iyakar Kharza. A gefen mazauninsu, yalwarta suna da ƙasa da yawa. Don haka, an jera charza a cikin Littafin Lissafi na Fati na Tarayya na Gabas a 2007 a matsayin nau'in haɗari.