Sakhalin Oblast (87.1 dubu km2) yana cikin matsanancin gabashin Rasha kuma yana haɗa tsibirin Sakhalin, Moneron da Tyuleniy tare da tuddai biyu na tsibirin Kuril.
Tsawon tsibirin daga arewa zuwa kudu yana bayarwa yanayin Sakhalin da kuma kyafaffen musamman yanayin halin. A arewacin Sakhalin, ana samun moss tundra da itacen al'ul, kuma a kudu, bamboo mai zafi yana ƙaruwa.
Sakhalin da tsibirin Kuril suna kan iyakar bakin teku da teku kuma har yanzu suna fuskantar ayyukan ginin dutse. Uku uku na ɗaukacin yankin wannan yanki suna mamaye tsaunuka, waɗanda har yanzu suke ci gaba da bunƙasa su, tare da fashewar volcanet da girgizar ƙasa.
Yanayin Sakhalin
Sakhalin ita ce tsibiri mafi girma a Rasha, wanda ya ninka kilomita 900. daga Arewa zuwa Kudu. Faɗin tsibirin bai wuce kilomita 160 ba. Yankin tsibirin wani lokaci yana kwance-ƙasa tare da lagoons, sannan yayi tsayi da tsayi. Sakhalin yana da tarihin yanayin dutse, mafi girman tsibirin shine Dutsen Lopatin (1609 m). Fiye da tuddai ba su wuce kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na tsibirin ba.
Halin hali sauyin yanayi Sakhalin - Iska mai yawan iska da zafi mai yawa. A lokacin rani, ruwa sama sosai da ƙwanƙwasa suna mamayewa, kuma lokacin damuna shine sanadin lokacin bazara mai tsananin sanyi (har zuwa usanana 20 ° С a arewacin tsibirin). Matsakaicin zafin jiki na watan Agusta a kudu na tsibirin shine 16 ° С-18 ° С.
Akwai koguna da tafkuna da yawa a Sakhalin. Manyan koguna sune Tym da Poronai, kuma mafi girma Unguwar Sakhalin–Busse, Wawai, Canzawa, Tunaycha. Sakhalin dajin mamaye 2/3 na yankinsa. A arewacin tsibirin, yana da sauƙin haske a cikin tsibirin Daurian, gandun daji da ke kudu daga Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir da Mayr fir sun girma. Yankunan daji a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin suna da bambanci, inda conifers suna kusa da Mongolian da itacen oak, Sakhalin karammis, bishiyar yew, dimorphant, da nau'ikan ayaba daban-daban. A gwargwadon hawa zuwa tsaunuka, ana maye gurbin gandun dazuka da bishiyoyi. Filin bude tsibiran tsibiri yana cike da makiyaya, kuma rafukan ruwa marasa zurfi suna cikin ciyawar ruwa na algae.
Flora Sakhalin fiye da 1100 nau'ikan tsire-tsire, ciki har da Sakhalin. Tabbas bayanin kula shine manya-manyan ganye wanda suka girma zuwa girma mai girma.
Arziki da fauna na Sakhalin. Anan rayuwa: bear, sable, squirrel, otter, white hare, bek, deer reindeer, lynx, Wolverine, fox, ermine, weasel. Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri iri. Sakhalin marine fauna an bambanta shi ta bambance nau'in halitta. Iyakar abin da kawai Sakatariyar Yanayin Sakhalin shine Poronaysky yanayin ajiyar kaya.
Asali na asali Sakhalin gani:
- laka mai ba da wuta kusa da Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk,
- Dabarun Yammata da maɓuɓɓugai a cikin Tekun Dagi da Sinegorye,
- masara, dutsen da reefs na Schmidt Peninsula (a arewacin tsibirin),
- Dutsen Vajda da kogin Vaydinskaya guda biyu (a saman kogunan Melkaya da Vitnitsa),
- Cape Giant a gabar Tekun Okhotsk,
- Cape Crillon a ƙarshen tsibirin,
- Tyuleny Tsibiri - rookery na fur like,
- Tsibirin Moneron waje ne na musamman na shakatawa.
Yanayin Tsibirin Kuril
Duk da karancin girma, ciyawar tsibirin Kuril karin a cikin m iri-iri. Fiye da nau'ikan tsire-tsire guda 1000 suna girma a nan. Tsibirin na arewa yana rufe da itacen kwandon katako da na katako mai nisa, kwarin kogin an rufe shi da ciyayi masu tsayi, kuma ana samun tutocin a wasu sassan gabar teku.
A tsakiyar tsibirin Kuril na iya samun ɗan itacen tsiro na ganye, kuma a tsibirin kudu tsibiran gandun daji da keɓaɓɓun kwari da manyan bamboo suna mamaye tuddai na tuddai tare da itacen al'ul. Ya sauka zuwa sassan gefen tekun da ruwan sanyi ya wanke shi. Ruwan teku wanda ba a rufe shi ba da kuma kwarin kogin an rufe shi da ciyayi masu tsayi.
Ana iya ganin cakuda ciyayi na arewaci da kudu a tsibirin Kunashir - a nan duka bamboo mai ban tsoro da dutsen cundra itacen al'ul suna girma lokaci guda. Landsasashe masu laushi da ƙananan tsibiri na erarancin Kuril an rufe shi da ganye.
Fauna na tsibirin Kuril wakilci: Kamchatka da bera mai launin ruwan kasa, sabulu, dawakai da sauran dabbobi. Duniyar dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da arziki sosai: tagulla, kifayen kifi, zakuna na teku, otters teku, seals seurir, da seabirds: hatchets, gulls, cormorant, guillemots. Babban arzikin tsibirin Kuril shine kifayen teku da kuma ruwan teku: saury, kifin kifi, kifin ruwan hoda, herring, flounder, cod, bass teku, da sauransu.
Babban ofishi: Vladivostok, Svetlanskaya, 147
Bayanin da wurin tsibirin
Ruwan sanyi na Tekun Okhotsk suna wanke yankin Sakhalin, ana ɗaukar ruwan dumi daga tekun Japan da Pacific. Kunashirsky, Izmena, Laperuza da Sovetsky Straits sune iyaka da jihar Japan. Nisa'I daga Sakhalin zuwa babban birni yana cike da ruwa.
Yankin Sakhalin shine kilomita murabba'in kilomita dubu 87. Wannan adadi ya hada da tsibiran Tyuleny, Ush, Moneron, da tsibirin Kuril tare da tsibirin Kuril.
Daga matsanancin kudu na tsibirin zuwa arewa, akwai kilomita 950. Yankin Sakhalin duka suna kama da kifin kyan gani (daga tsaunin jirgin saman ISS), inda sikeli ya kasance koguna da tabkuna da ke warwatse ko'ina cikin tsibirin.
Hanyar Tatar ta raba Sakhalin da babban yankin ƙasa. Akwai ƙaho biyu a cikin madaurin, nisa tsakanin wanda yake kusan kilomita bakwai. Don mafi yawan bangare, bakin tekun yana da fadi tare da bakin bakin kogunan da ke gudana a cikin tekuna.
Labari
Tarihin asalin tsibirin yana farawa da zamanin farkon Paleolithic, kusan shekara ɗari uku ne da suka wuce.
A yau, sama da kilomita dubu 10 suna raba filin Sakhalin tare da babban birnin Rasha. Jirgin saman ya tashi a yankuna bakwai kafin ya sauka a tashar jirgin saman birni mafi girma - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
Matafiya na Rasha a ƙarni na 17 sau da yawa sun zama majagaba, suna gano sabbin ƙasashe na ƙasarsu mafi girma. A cikin 50s na karni na 19, balaguro wanda Nevelsky ya jagoranci ya tabbatar da akidar Japan din cewa Sakhalin asalin halitta ne. A lokaci guda, tsibirin yana da mazaunan tsibiri, kuma ta zama iyakar iyakar Rasha da Japan, don haka aka sanya wuraren soji a duk yankin. Shekaru 30 masu zuwa sun mai da wannan wurin zama wani yanki inda aka tura masu zaman talala.
Babban tasiri ga binciken Sakhalin ƙasa an yi shi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin da ke tsakanin Rasha da Japan. Shekaru casa'in, an gyara iyakar Rasha da Japan sau hudu. Saboda shigar da makamai daga hannun Jafan a shekarar 1920, yankin Sakhalin duk ya mamaye shi. An janye sojojin ne kawai a shekarar 1925, kuma bayan shekaru bakwai tsibirin ya zama wani yanki na Gabas ta Tsakiya, a matsayin yankin Sakhalin.
Nomad daga wannan ƙasa zuwa waccan, tsibirin Kuril bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II ƙarshe ya koma Tarayyar Soviet. An kafa iyakar yankin ta zamani ne a shekarar 1947.
Babban birnin Sakhalin shine garin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk wanda baƙi suka kirkireshi a ƙarshen karni na 19.
Yawon shakatawa a Sakhalin
Labarin kasa na Sakhalin da tsibirin Kuril wani shago ne na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ci gaban abubuwan jan hankali na tsibirin har yanzu yana ci gaba. Harkokin yawon shakatawa, a cewar hukumomi, yakamata ya kawo tattalin arzikin yankin zuwa sabon matakin ci gaba. Kimanin hukumomin tafiye-tafiye 60 ne ke aiki a tsibirin, kuma galibin masu yawon bude ido sun fito ne daga makwabtan Japan. Suna jawo hankalin su da bambancin ba kawai na halitta ba, har ma abubuwan tarihi. Hukumomin tsibirin sun kuma lura da abubuwan Jafananci da suka ragu daga aikin.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, muhalli ya fara bunkasa sosai a Sakhalin. Amma la'akari da gaskiyar cewa Jafananci sun fi karkata ga yanayin jin daɗin zama, hukumomin tafiye-tafiye sun iyakance ga balaguro-fagen balaguro, kuma otal-otal suna haɓaka ayyukan su. Kusan dukkanin otal suna da menu tare da jita-jita na Oriental (ciki har da Jafananci).
Ana aiwatar da wani shiri na hawa zuwa Chekhov ganiya. Ana samun ci gaba a yankuna da yawa, gami da aikin gina wuraren shakatawa a ƙauyen Goryachie Klyuchi da kuma sansanin sansanin Aquamarine. Ana shirya aikin don ginin wuraren gine-gine kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ma'adinai na ruwa.
Daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali, mutum na iya fitar da: kyakkyawan kyakkyawa Bird Lake, gadar Iblis a wani bangare, ruwa mafi girma a tsibirin Kunashir - Bird, mai aikin wuta mai wuta Kuril - Golovnina, Tyatya, wutar haskakawa a Cape Aniva, bakin Tekun Okhotsk wanda aka rufe da farin duwatsun, tsaunukan tafkin Tunaycha, dafin kirkin yanayi na Kur. Islands - Tsibirin Iturup, maɓuɓɓugan zafi na tsibiri, ƙaƙƙarfan dutse akan. Kunashir - Cape Stolbchaty, kudu maso gabashin tsibirin - Cape Krillon, mafi kyawun saukar ruwa da aka yiwa yankin Rasha - Ilya Muromets.
Yawan Sakhalin
Sakhalin Oblast tana da kusan mutane dubu 500. Sakhalin yanki ne da yawa, yawan jama'a ya ƙunshi ,yan Russia, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Koreans, Mordovians, Tatars, har ma da mutanen gari.
Sakan asalin garin Sakhalin sun haɗa da ƙasashe da yawa: Nivkh, Tonchi, Evenki, Ainu, Nanai, Uilta. Waɗannan su ne mazaunan waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suka zauna a kansu har sai da aka kafa iyakokin zamani. An asalin ƙasa, rashin alheri, ƙananan ƙananan. Koyaya, har yanzu suna tsunduma cikin ci gaban tattalin arziƙin ƙasarsu tare da jagorancin rayuwar ƙasa.
Flora
Ba a lura da bambancin tsakanin flora da fauna na Sakhalin ba. Idan aka kwatanta da tsibirin Jafananci, yankin Sakhalin Oblast ya fi ƙarancin yawan wakilan shuka da duniyar dabbobi.
F. Schmidt ya fara koyon tsibirin a tsakiyar karni na 19. A halin yanzu, akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire kusan 1,500 a Sakhalin waɗanda suke da tasoshin don gudanar da ruwa, garkar salts ma'adinai da sauran abubuwan kwayoyin halitta (na jijiyoyin jini).
Kusan kashi saba'in cikin dari na Sakhalin suna mamaye gandun daji, duk da matsalar yanayin tsabtar daji da gobara ta shekara, har yanzu arewaci tsibirin yana dauke da tarkace. Wannan yanki yana dauke da tsibirin coniferous. Sabbin bishiyoyi suna girma a hankali sanadiyyar rashin hasken rana. Don kuwa bishiyar bishiyar ta sami kashi mai kyau na rana, dole ne ya jira har sai da wani daga cikin tsoffin wakilan dajin ya fadi ya kawo rata a cikin mayafin duhu taiga.
Tabbas, akwai gandunan daji masu walƙiya, amma wakilan su galibi larche ne, waɗanda ba su yaɗu a tsibirin ba. Me yasa hakan ke faruwa? Specialasa ta musamman, a ƙarƙashin wacce shimfidar yadudduka ke kasancewa, shine alhakin kowane abu. Ba sa barin ruwa ya ratsa ta don haka ya hana itatuwa ci gaba da girma sosai. Kuma wani karamin sashi na gandun daji ya mamaye gandun daji.
Yankunan daji na Sakhalin suna da wadatar furemary, wanda ke samar da babban itace da kwari. Daga cikin berries, blueberries da cranberries sun zama ruwan dare a nan, kuma kyankyasai suna girma a cikin fadama. Ana nuna ciyawar ciyawa da ciyayi a cikin adadi masu yawa.
Flora na Sakhalin
Yawancin tsibirin an birne su cikin taiga. Yankunan gandun daji na musamman ne, saboda bambancin jinsunan Sakhalin taiga shine mafi arziki a cikin Rasha. Yi hukunci da kanka - kusan nau'ikan bishiyoyi 200 da shukoki suna girma a tsibirin.
Babban itacen Sakhalin shine Gmelin larch. Sauran nau'ikan bishiyoyi ba dan kadan ba: larch na bakin ciki, Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir. Daga cikin nau'ikan rayayyu, fari da Birch na dutse, bishiyar aspen, plaan filawoyin ƙanshi, raunin da ke tashi daga ruwan sama, raƙuman ruwan Jafananci, maɗaurin rawaya, da alder.
Amma babban fasalin Sakhalin ana iya kiransa wani yanki mai ban mamaki na tsire-tsire na kudu da wakilan arewa na masarautar flora. Don haka, a kudu yana yiwuwa a hango creepers na wurare masu zafi, larch yana jin daɗin kewaye da polo birches, lemongrasses da rhododendrons sau da yawa suna fure kusa da bishiyoyi. Cedars yana tare da kyan gani kusa da bishiyoyi, kuma ana yin ado da firs tare da hydrangeas mai fure. Rosehip, honeysuckle da aralia galibi suna ɓoye cikin manyan ferns. Kuma gangar jikin hornbeams, cherries, elderberries da ash dutse an binne su a cikin manyan ofbs.
Sakhalin shima mai arziki ne a cikin 'ya'yan itace da berries. Cherry, currant, blueberry, rasberi, blueberry, redberry da cranberry suna girma a nan. Kuma a kudu na tsibirin za ku iya lura da mafi kyawun haɗuwa ta dabi'a: gandun daji mai ban sha'awa wanda ke da kwalliyar bamboo na Sakhalin. Irin wannan ƙungiyar ba za ku ga ko'ina ba a duniya. Bamboo, hakika, ba mai girma bane a nan, amma ƙarancin muddinta shine, a zahiri, shine mafi rikitarwa, tun daɗaɗɗun roba suna da alaƙa da hanya mafi ban mamaki, kuma ganye mai kaifi, kamar wukake, na iya sauƙaƙe yankan fata.
A lokacin bazara da bazara, Sakhalin yana yin zane tare da dukkan launuka na bakan gizo: furanni sun yi fure. Misali, lokacin farin ciki yana haifar da farin haske mai tsananin farin jini. Yawancin poppies, irises, peonies, lilies, fure tsibirin ivan-shayi a cikin sautunan Lilac mai laushi, filayen dusar ƙanƙara-farin daɗi suna faranta ido.
Amma a arewa yanayin can yayi taushi sosai, taimako yana da sauki, sabili da haka filin yana da matukar kyau. Amma akwai da yawa na mosses, lichens da reinsser gansakuka. Wadannan wurare galibi suna kewaye da wuraren kiwo, inda ciyayi da ganye daban-daban suka mamaye. Kuma a arewacin tsibirin, gandun daji ya fara sakewa - taiga, coniferous, tare da wadatattun wuraren ajiyar katako, blueberries da Rosemary.
Fauna
Yanayin Sakhalin yana ba ku damar rayuwa a tsibirin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa arba'in da huɗu. Bears, reindeers, otters, Wolverines, karnukan karnukan ruwa da dimbin yawa, kusan 120 nau'ikan tsuntsaye ne, wanda 10 daga cikinsu magabatan mutane ne, masu yaduwa ne.
Yayin ci gaban tsibirin, mutane da yawa sun lalace da flora da fauna, don haka, jerin dabbobi da tsirrai na Sakhalin da ke cikin haɗari a cikin Red Book.
Fauna na Sakhalin
Abin baƙin ciki, a cikin shekaru 250 da suka gabata, fauna na Sakhalin ya zama talauci sosai. Da zarar an ga barewa ya yi tsalle a kusa da tsibirin kuma yana ihu boars ga gandun dajin da ke kewaye da kukansu. Ba ɗayan kuma ɗayan bai tafi ba. Daga baya aka lalata wutar daji ta Moose da Manchurian. A tsakiyar karni na karshe, saboda karuwar gandun daji, sabili da karnukan karnukan raki sun bace. Raguna na tsauni da bakin kogi sun bar tsibirin har abada.
Sanadiyar wakilcin gandun dazuzzukan Sakhalin dabbobi ne da ke halayyar haɓaka tsibirin ɓangaren duniya: waɗannan elsasaru masu yawa, ermines A kudu na tsibirin akwai ginshiƙai. An kawo waɗannan dabbobin daga Japan, amma har zuwa yanzu lambobin su ƙanana ne.
Mafi mashahuri kuma mai kyan gani shine Sakhalin bears mai launin ruwan kasa. Haɓakar waɗannan ƙattai ya kai mita biyu, nauyin kuma ya kai kilo 500. Akwai dawakai da yawa a cikin gandun daji - ja, launin toka da shuɗi-baki. Akwai zomo, a cikin rafuffukan koguna za ka iya ganin otters na kogi.
Amma barewar da ke Sakhalin ana galibi a cikin gidajensu. Dabbobin daji ana samun su ne kawai a arewacin tsibirin. Serene yayi ƙaura a kusa da tsibirin da musk deer. An jera shi a cikin Littafin Ruwa.
Amma masarautar tsuntsu da ke Sakhalin ana wakilta ta sosai. Har zuwa nau'ikan tsuntsaye 700 da ke rayuwa a nan an san su, da yawa gida, yawancin suna "hare-hare" a lokacin hunturu. Yawancin tsuntsayen suna Tsibirin Tyuleniy, inda kusan guillemots 600, garken puffins, kyankyasai, da gulls suke zaune. Akwai ruwa mai yawa: geese, mallards, dives, gogol, dutse na dutse, pintails,-tumes. Amma ana samun swans kawai a cikin sasanninta mafi nesa na tsibirin.
Yanada karancin rashin lafiyar garin Sakhalin yana da cikakkiyar lada ta hanyar chutar chthyofauna. Tsibiri yana da ɗayan manyan shahararrun huɗun fur a duniya. Akwai zakuna na teku, mayukan teku, nau'ikan hatimi. Sperm Whales, kisa whales, beluga kifi whales sau da yawa iyo zuwa bakin tekun, kusa da tsibirin zaka iya ganin Sivalov, humpback, blue whales.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a tsibirin ne aka buge Sakhalin husky - nau'in karnukan da ke bambanta ta hanyar hankali sosai da ba da izini ga mai shi.
Masana'antu
Masana'antar Sakhalin tana haɓaka da sauri, tana haɗa da mai da gas, mai, kamun kifi da masana'antar makamashi. Tabbas, fa'idar ya kasance yana samar da mai da iskar gas tsawon shekaru. Godiya ga haɓaka masana kimiyya Sakhalin, an haɗa Rasha cikin jerin manyan ƙasashe don fitarwa gas na gas.Sakhalin ya kawo gas zuwa Japan, Thailand, Korea, Mexico da China.
Developmentaddamar da adana kayan ajiya ya sa ya yiwu cikin sharuddan kuɗi don inganta yanayin hanyoyi, wuraren zama da sauransu. Don haɓaka tattalin arzikin yankin koyaushe, ana ci gaba da aiki don jawo hankalin ci gaba da saka hannun jari a ayyukan da suke gudana.
Sauyin yanayi na Sakhalin
Yanayin yanayin yanayin tsibirin sune monsoons matsakaici, saboda kusancin ruwa. Lokacin sanyi yana da dusar ƙanƙara kuma yana da tsayi, kuma lokacin bazara yayi sanyi. Misali, yanayin Janairu yana da iska mai karfi ta arewa da sanyi. Sau da yawa zaka iya shiga cikin lokacin dusar ƙanƙara. Avalanches ma suna nan da yawa anan, wani lokacin iska ta hunturu ta isa saurin iska mai karfin gaske. A cikin hunturu, zafin jiki ya sauka zuwa -40 digiri, kuma an daidaita shi don iska, ya ma yi ƙasa.
Lokacin rani a Sakhalin gajere ne - daga tsakiyar Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba tare da yanayin zafi daga 10 zuwa 19 digiri sama da sifilin. Ruwan sama ya isa, tekun Pacific yana kawo zafi.
A kudu-maso-yammacin, ruwan zafi na Tekun Japan yana gudana, kuma Tekun Okhotsk yana bakin tekun gabashin yana wanka da ruwan sanyi. Af, Tekun Okhotsk ne ya doshi Sakhalin zuwa yanayin bazara mai sanyi. Yawancin lokaci basa dusar ƙanƙara har sai Mayu. Amma akwai babban zazzabi mai girman + 35 digiri. Gabaɗaya, kowane kakar anan yana zuwa tare da jinkirta makonni uku. Sabili da haka, a watan Agusta mafi zafi kwanaki, kuma a watan Fabrairu mafi sanyi.
Lokacin bazara yana kawo ambaliyar ruwa a tsibirin. A cikin 80s, Sakhalin ya sha wahala daga iska mai ƙarfi. Ya bar mutane fiye da dubu huɗu. Kuma a cikin 1970, guguwar ta zubo a cikin 'yan awanni fiye da ruwan sama na wata-wata. Wata guguwa da ta faru shekaru goma sha biyar da suka wuce ta kawo kwararar ruwa da kwararowar ƙasa. Yawanci, waɗannan yanayin yanayi sun fito ne daga Pacific.
Geography da labarin kasa
Labarin yanayin kasa na tsibirin Sakhalin an ƙaddara shi da tsaunukan tsakiya da ƙarancin ƙasa, da kuma filayen arha. Tsarin yamma na Sakhalin da Tsarin Sakhalin Gabas suna cikin kudu da tsakiyar tsibirin. Arewacin kasar nan yana da wakilci a sarari. An bambanta tekun ta hanyar mashigin teku guda huɗu da manyan biyun.
Theanyen tsibirin ya ƙunshi yankuna goma sha ɗaya: yankin Schmidt ƙasa ne mai tudu mai faɗi da tuddai, tudun arewacin Sakhalin yanki ne mai tuddai tare da tuddai da tashoshin kogin da yawa, wannan shine babban wurin ajiyar mai da iskar gas, tsaunukan yammacin yammacin Sakhalin, Tym lowland Poronayskaya - yana tsakiyar tsakiyar tsibirin, babban sashinta yana fadama ne, Susunayskaya lowland - yana kudu da mafi yawan jama'a, fage iri ɗaya sunan shine Susunaysky, wanda ya haɗa da shahararrun kololuwan Chekho da Pushkin, duwatsun gabashin Sakhalin tare da babban mahimmin - Dutsen Lopatina, Terpeniya Peninsula tare da ƙananan ƙasarta, Korsakovsky plateau, Muravyovskaya lowland, ya ƙunshi tafkuna masu yawa a tsakanin mazauna karkara, tsibirin Tonino-Anivsky, sanannen dutsen Kruzenshtern da dutsen Jurassic .
Ma'adanai
Matsayi na farko tsakanin albarkatun kasa na tsibirin Sakhalin shine ya mamaye wasu abubuwan halittu; bugu da kari, wannan alkuki ya dauki yankin zuwa wuri na farko a cikin Tarayyar Rasha. Tsibirin yana da wadataccen ajiyar ma'adinan hydrocarbon da adon mai. Bugu da kari, adadi mai yawa na katako, zinari, mercury, platinum, chromium, germanium da talc an hako su akan Sakhalin.
Yadda za'a je yankin ƙasa?
Nisa daga Sakhalin zuwa babban yankin Rasha ana iya shawo kan ta hanyoyi da yawa: ta jirgin sama (alal misali, daga mafi kusa garin Khabarovsk), jirgin jirgin ruwa daga Vanino, kuma don matsanancin wasanni a cikin hunturu zaka iya shawo kan ɓangaren ruwa akan ƙafa akan kankara mai sanyi.
Ana daukar Nevelsky Strait wuri mafi fadi tsakanin babban tsibiri da tsibirin, nisansa kusan kilomita bakwai ne.
Koyaya, tsibirin yana da tarihi mai ban sha'awa game da aikin daskarar da aikin jirgin ƙasa, wanda ya fara a ƙarƙashin Stalin. Haka kuma, jiragen kasan dole su bi ta hanyoyin musamman ta hanyar da aka ambata wadanda aka ambata a Cape Nevelsky da Cape Lazarev. Wadanda aka kama din sun hada da gina layin dogo ne ta hanyar gidajen yari da ke Gulag. Aiki na ci gaba cikin sauri, amma mutuwar shugaban gaba daya ya dakatar da aikin. Da yawa daga fursunoni sun kasance amnestied.
Abin mamaki, ba wani gada daya da aka gina a shekarun da suka gabata. Saboda haka, cigaban zamani ya fara daidai da niyyar gina gadar gada. Haka kuma, Rasha ta yi niyyar danganta Sakhalin da tsibirin Hokkaido na Japan, don ƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin yankuna.
Sauyin yanayi a Sakhalin
Yanayin tsibirin yawanci ana rarrabe shi azaman datti. Amma yanayin a kowane lokaci na shekara ya bambanta sosai a arewa da kudu.
Hutun bazara ne, mai dumi, tare da ruwan sama mai nauyi. A lokacin bazara, ana ganin bambance-bambance tsakanin iyakar gabas da yamma na Sakhalin. Yankari yana da zafi sosai a yamma, tunda ruwan sanyi na Tsushima yana wanke ruwan tsibirin.
Lokacin sanyi a Sakhalin yayi sanyi sosai, dusar ƙanƙara ce. Yawancin tsibirin yana shafar maganin anticyclone na Siberian, wanda ke kawo dusar ƙanƙara da sanyi. Amma a kudu na tsibirin, ana ganin tasirin guguwar Kudu, wanda ke ba da damar tsibirin tare da iska mai ƙarfi da guguwa.
Tekun Okhotsk, yana wanke tsibirin daga arewa, yana aiki kamar babban tarin mashin. Yana yarda da jinkiri da zafi kuma baya barin sanyi na dogon lokaci. Saboda haka, bazara a Sakhalin tana jinkiri, tana da sanyi, amma damina tana da ɗaci da maraba. Misali, furanni da yawa akan Sakhalin sun yi fure har tsakiyar Nuwamba.
Gaba ɗaya, duk yanayi a tsibirin yana farawa tare da jinkirta makonni 3-4. Anyi la'akari da watan Agusta da ya fi kowane watanni, kuma Fabrairu shine mafi sanyi.
Reanshi mai ɗanɗani
Wannan ƙasa, nesa ba kusa ba ga wayewar gari na manyan hanyoyin ci gaba, mun saba da mu tun daga ƙuruciya daga fina-finai da littattafai. Yawancin matafiya sun ce tunda sun zo nan, sun zama masu dawwama a cikin fursunoni, cewa a wata gasa tsakanin tafiye tafiye a cikin Rasha, tsohon tsibirin bayi zai zama babban wanda ya lashe kyautar tausayawa soyayya da duk kyautuka a cikin gabatarwar "Rare dabi'ar so" da "Creative".
A kan karamin murabba'i zaku sadu da ku duka sararin samaniya! Gwajin gwaji tare da iska mai tsabta. Kyakkyawan ajiyar preacistoric cataclysms na Duniya. Jirgin Nuhu don relic da saukin yanayi. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a kowane mataki da kuma yanayin wannan ƙasa ba za su bari ku gajiya ba.
Kuma yana da mahimmanci a je Azores ko Iceland idan wannan filin shakatawa na Jurassic da tsibiri masu ban al'ajabi daga littattafan Jules Verne suna kusa a cikin Yankinmu na Gabas na Rasha?
A bit of tsufa da kuma camfin
A karkashin sama daga hazo akwai wani tsibiri na matasa
Tare da ƙofofin wuta da tauraruwa mai haske.
Da zarar allolin sun kalli duniya sai suka ga kyakkyawar ƙasa, wacce ba ma cikin mafarki ba. Sun yanke shawara su zauna a nan har abada don kamun kifi, farauta da haihuwar yara. Allolin kuma suka zama mutanen Ainu.
Asalin mazaunan Sakhalin Ainu har yanzu asiri ne. Yarensu da bayyanar su ya firgitar da masu binciken Rasha. Tarihi ya fi tsoffin Misira da Rome. Kuma waɗannan Ainu da kansu sun ɗauki kansu alloli waɗanda suka tashi daga Sirius. Hadisan su na d ancient a za su kai ka ga ƙasar Sakhalin.
Sun kira wannan ƙasa Saharen Nasiri, ƙasa mai kama da raƙuman ruwa. Kuma Nivkhs su ne mashahuri na tarihi wanda ake kira da sunan tsohon ruhu, Ubangijin duniya da teku. Idan Ig-myth ba shi da farin ciki, sai ya fasa duk abin da ya kawo cikas.
Duniya ta fara haɓaka tun yana da shekara biliyan 4, yayin da Sakhalin da tsibirin Kuril ke da shekaru miliyan 65 da haihuwa. Kamar waɗannan tsibiran, an sami kwanciyar hankali a farkon lokaci. Halittar su ta ci gaba: naman dutsen mai fitad da wuta, ƙarfin tashin hankali na girgizar ƙasa da kuma igiyar ruwa ta tsunamis. Dangane da ilimin kimiyya, wannan zai kasance wani shekaru miliyan 20-30.
The Ainu ya yi imani da cewa duk abin da ke cikin duniya ya mallaki gumakan Kamui - ruhun tsaunuka, ƙasa, ruwa da iska. Kuma kawai suke mulkin duniya. Wanda aka fi girmamawa shi ne Fuji - allahn wutar daji.
Numfashin tsaunuka. Ubangijin zobe na wuta
Gatesofofin ƙorafin Sakhalin da tsibirin Kuril sarƙoƙi ne na manyan tarkuna waɗanda ke cike da fashewar abubuwa waɗanda zasu fashe a kowane lokaci kuma su fara jefa "bama-bamai". Akwai 39 daga cikinsu, baya kirga 14 halakar da kuma 111 kasa. Tsibiri na Kuril volcanoes ne wanda ya fara fitowa daga gabar teku. Tsibirin Volit na Alaid, Ekarma, Rasshua an haife su ta wannan hanyar.
Da yawa daga cikin wadannan “makullan foda” sun fashe a zamanin antediluvian, 17 - a karni na karshe. Harkar Kunashir Mount Vesuvius na Tyat a shekarar 1973 wani lamari ne da ya faru. Uba Mountain yana fushi sau ɗaya sau dubu. Daga nan sai allahn wutar ya jefa toka har zuwa kilomita 80 a cikin yankin ya lalata kauyen Tyatino, yana barin wani daji da ya mutu.
Ruhun volcanoes Ivan Mai Tsoro, Golovnina, Atsonopuri, Kudryavy sun nuna zafin fushinsu da kuma wutar volcanoes, nine daga cikinsu suka fashe a cikin karni na mu. Sauran Kattai kawai suna shan taba da kuma haifar da mai mai guba, suna haifar da daredevils zuwa kasada.
Hau dutsen
Ga abin da matafiya ke cewa:
Shirya don samun mummunan tunani yayin hawa dutsen mai fitad da wuta. Wani motsi ne mai rai wanda yake numfashi kuma yake motsawa ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai zafi. Kafafu sun zama gabobin hankali na shida. Jin daɗin matsanancin yanayi sau da yawa yana sa ku ruga zuwa cikin wannan tsaunin.
A filin fumarole kuna so ku fada cikin farin ciki daga hoton da ba daidai ba na ƙasar da kuke tafiya. Tambayi maƙwabta don tsunkule, watakila wannan mafarki ne game da tashi zuwa duniyar Mars ko Wata? Sannan kun tuna tsibirin Kuril, kamar kun ziyarci sarakunan da ba a san su ba.
Jin daɗin Sakhalin yana da tsauri saboda ɗaukacin matakan girgizar ƙasa. Matasa, mai karfin kuzarin duniyan nan da zarar ya miqa, ya rugurguje wannan duniya ya zama har taguwa.
Baya ga tafiya da ba a iya mantawa da ita ba zuwa yankin wutar dutsen da kuma dutsen da ke hawa (Chekhov kolo, Dutsen Lopatin), guguwar dutse ta Sakhalin tana ba da irin wannan wasannin na yara don manya kamar hawa, paragliding, da kuma Speleology.
Dutsen Wajda zai tursasa wani kasada ta karkashin kasa mai ban tsoro. Wannan ajiyar abubuwa ne na manyan kabura guda 30, inda binciken yake jiran kowane mataki: stalactites, corallites, ragowar mutane da dabbobi daga mummunan halin mammoth. Jin cewa kun kasance cikin maƙogwaron babban dorinar ruwa da motsawa tare da dogon alfarwar sa.
Sakhalin kwararrun masanan sun bayyana cewa an sami wasu manyan kogo biyu da kogin farko na karkashin kasa a tarihin Sakhalin a cikin zurfin Wajda. Akwai wasanin gwada ilimi da yawa. Haɗa kai da masu binciken abin jaraba ne!
Dutse da Lava Master
Shekaru da yawa, yanayin yankin, yana ɗaukar matsayin tushen lava, kuma a cikin tafiya mai tafiya iska da teku, ya nuna kansa a matsayin ƙage tare da babban tunanin hasashe. Mene ne Cape Giant! Gefen teburinsa an yi shi da kayan adon teku, kayan adon ruwa. A kan duwatsun tsibirai da yawa, tekuna sun bar abubuwan da suka faru na tsohuwar ƙarni.
Amma na musamman na Kunashir, Cape Stolbchatyi, zai kasance mai ban sha'awa musamman. 50 m babba, ginshiƙan hawaye masu sanyi na Lafiyayyen Barci (Volcano na Mendeleev), wanda ke gangarowa zuwa cikin teku tare da farin koguna, za suyi mamakin yadda suke daidai, ɗabi'ar halitta.
A White Cliffs a kan Iturup, baƙon ku ne a duniyar aljanna. Wanda ba na yau da kullun ba ne, farin launi na pumice bayan fashewar girgije mai guba, nau'in manyan duwatsu, farar bakin teku yana shimfidawa cikin nesa.
Dutse mai ban al'ajabi na yanayin da ake kira Frog shine ainihin ƙirar duniyar samari. Duwatsun tsaunin gida ana kiransu taurari na tsarin hasken rana kuma ana shirya su bisa ga tsarirsu a cikin sararin samaniya. Wannan alamar ba da gangan take ba.
Daga sama, Sakhalin kamar kifi ne. Nivkhs sun kira shi "mai rai kifi Sakhalin" kuma sun san cewa ruwa ne. An ce su Ainu suna zuwa tsibirin su a ko ina cikin duniya.
Dangane da labarin almara, Duwatsu da dutsen Altar koyaushe suna nuna taurari biyu na Sirius, komai yanayin tsibirin. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun tabbatar da kayan aikinsa na iyo. Sakhalin yana cikin jirgin zuwa tsibirin Kuril, sannan yana gab da babban yankin.
Arshen ruwa. Rayuwa ruwan da ya mutu
Ta yaya kusancin waɗannan murhu masu zafi kamar na volcanoes kuma ba tare da maɓuɓɓugar zafi ba? Yawan su, wani lokacin a cikin nau'i na tafkuna. A kusa da Golovnina na dutsen mai dutsen, Babbar tafkin Dake Ruwan sama tana kwarara da ruwa mai haɗari, kuma launi mai launi mai zafi, zai dawo rayuwa bayan mawuyacin tafiyar.
Kamar ruwa mai rai da matacce daga tatsuniyar tatsuniya, ruwan Sinegorsk tare da arsenic, Dagin ya kasance tare da silicon, gidan wanka na foldeleev volcano daidai yaqi tsufa, bi da gidajen abinci, jijiyoyin jini, fata, jijiyoyi bisa ga alamu da dama. Akwai maɓuɓɓugan daji kuma ana shirya su kamar "Maɓallan wuta".
Kunashir ya shahara sosai saboda shahararsa mai suna "hot Beach". Wanke yashi mai bakin teku zuwa 100 ° C, dutsen mai fitowar Mendeleev ya ƙunshi gidajen ƙasa a kan ma'auni, yana dafa abinci da gasa katako a ƙananan yara. Wannan wurin ana kiransa kwanon soya. Kuma tafasasshen ruwa mai zafi a dutsen Baransky bai ma mafarkin Kamchatka ba!
Lashin maganin warkarwa da bakin kwarin na Lake Variable shima yana bada sabuwar rayuwa. Sakamakon laka ta musamman, mutum ba zai iya faɗi ba amma ya ambaci dutsen layin Yuzhno-Sakhalin. Bawai kawai a matsayin wani abin tunawa da keɓaɓɓe na ƙasa ba, har ma a matsayin ƙaddarar bala'i na ƙasa, kuna hukunta ta ayyukan laka.
Na kalli tabkuna masu launin shuɗi ...
Akwai tabkuna sama da 17,000 a Sakhalin da tsibirin Kuril. Hatta sunayensu suna kama da waƙa: kyakkyawa, Mai tsarki, wanka, Swan, Turquoise. Don babban cikinsu, Lake Nevskoye da Tunaycha, har ma an yi yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin tarihi. Kuma daga cikin gandun daji na Mount Spamberg sun ɓoye tsarin hydraulic mai ɗaukai 18 tare da maɓallan da magudanan ruwa.
Babu wani tsibiri mai wuyar ganewa wanda yake cikakke ba tare da zane mai ban sha'awa da ruwa mai ruwa ba. Rasha Ilya Muromets, tsayin ginin bene mai hawa 42, ya yi gasa tare da babbar kungiyar Niagara a wani ruwa mai cike da ruwa. Kawai kar ku karbe shi, zaku so shi kawai daga teku.
Kifi a kan tebur - zaman lafiya a cikin iyali
Nivkhs da Ainu, suna neman gafara, sun nemi ruhohin ƙasa da teku don dukiyarsu don rayuwa. Sai bayan Bikin Ciyarwa, "mai daɗi" ruwan, bai fara kamun kifi ba. Feedsarin ciyarwa yana faruwa kowace rana.
Kifi da dabbobin ruwa sune gumaka kuma dangin dangi ne. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa matan Ainu sun yi wani babban zane a bakinsu, suna mai da su kamar kifi. Kifi na mata wata halitta ce mai tsarki. An kuma kira Sakhalin a cikin labari.
Kakanninmu sun san yadda za su yi godiya: wannan ita ce ƙasar da kogunan ruwa dubu da suke cike da kifaye. A lokacin shakatawa, zaku ga kifayen suna gudana da ƙarfi wanda zaku iya ƙetare kogin tare da bayanku kuma ku kama dukiyar ƙasa mai taushi.
Gummoniya mai ruwan hoda, salmon, sockeye, mashin chum, sturgeon, sim, malma, planten an kama su. Akwai Kattai kifayen. Abubuwan da kuka fi tunawa a cikin ci gaban mutum za a kama su "ba tare da yin tunani ba sau biyu" kuma tare da sauki magance. Sakhalin kamun kifi wani irin shekara ne na yawon shakatawa. Tare da kunne mai ƙanshi a ƙarshen wata mawuyacin rana, yin tsere tare da koguna Dagi, Nayba, Langeri yana da kyau.
Yarinyar teku
Bishiya, kai mai kirki ne kuma mai ƙarfi, Na zo gare ka, ka ji tausayina. Ina son ku, dan uwana, kuma ina rokonka ka zama jirgin ruwa. Za ku san teku tare da ni. (Daga fim ɗin al'adun tsohuwar Nivkhs, K. Gevorgyan ya harbe shi a Sakhalin bisa ga littafin C. Aitmatogo "Pinto Dog Runing Out of the Sea").
Kuna iya gane mafarkin ku a cikin hoton tekun a cikin ƙasar kawai a Kamchatka da tsibirin Kuril. Za ku wuce Tekun Pacific da tekun ruwanta ta hanyar shugabannin Kruzenshtern, Nevelsky, de Vries, ku sami sashin adalci na soyayyar gishiri, kuma ba ku haɗuwa da kowa!
Ganawa zuwa Tsibirin Tyuleniy, daga nesa mai ban mamaki game da yawan ɗamarar kuli, hatimai da tsuntsaye a kan wannan yanki mai tazarar mita 636. Gaskiya ƙasar ce da dabbobi ke firgita! Kare kwanciyar hankali dabbobi, an hana a nan tarkata manyan jiragen ruwa da tashi jirgin sama.
Kisan whales da maniyyi Whales, dabbobin ruwa da kifi Whales zasuyi farinciki a ko'ina a ganinsu. Za ku san mai siyarwa ta hanyar ruri mai ƙarfi da haɓakar ginin har zuwa tan. Ee, kawai zai iya zama alamar kasuwanci ce ta wannan tsibiri! Amma tekun tsibiri tare da furcinsa mai mahimmanci shine "yanayin ƙaura" tare da matsayin rigakafin ƙarni da kuma rajista a cikin littafin Red.
Shekaru da yawa, sun ƙare saboda keɓaɓɓen kifaye da kifi Whale, mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa a cikin kifin baleen, shekaru miliyan 30. Yanzu yawan mutane suna karkashin iko, amma mutane 120 ne kawai. Ganin su a cikin teku babban sa'a ne!
A tsibirin Moneron mai banmamaki, zaku gangaro zuwa cikin mallakin ruhun karkashin ruwa, inda fa'idojin tekuna suke gudana, wanda duk halittu masu rai 'suka tafi'. Kunnuwa na fure, bakin ruwa, sosoto, shinge, manyan taurari, iri 25, furannin mollusk. Ba za a iya mantawa da nutsewa cikin duniyar tsohuwar Bahar Rum!
A cikin ruwa na Nevelsk tare da adon kuli ana amfani da su a cikin mazauninsu. Tare da dolphinarium birni a kan yawan motsin zuciyarmu, wannan ba shi da m.
Masu yawon bude ido suna jin daɗin kayan kaya na teku, hawan igiyar ruwa da kamun kifi don arzikin teku. Shirya cewa sau 3 a rana kuna da sandwiches mai yawa tare da caviar, scallops, crayfish, squid, urchins teku da kabeji akan farantinku tare da iyakar ruwan hoda.Yana yiwuwa a dafa ɗan abin da ke da tsada a gidan abinci na Moscow kuma a dafa shi a cikin tukunyar yau da kullun akan wuta.
Ubangijin dukkan iska da igiyoyin ruwa. Tsibiri a kan iska bakwai
Cire wadannan kayan marmari daga teku ba karamin aiki ba ne. A kan Sakhalin ne kawai za ku san menene iska mai ƙarfi da ta taso daga kowane bangare, ke rarraba jigilar jigilar abubuwa na kwanaki da makonni. Anan, bishiyoyi suna kama da tsuntsayen da ke da reshe na reshe, kullun ana shimfiɗa su tare da rafin iska.
Kawai yan gari suna kiran La iska. Sabili da haka, kowannensu yana da nasa suna: Ari, Tungur, Congor na busawa daga ƙananan tushe, akwai Alvari, Langi. Mace ce ta aiko shi. Lokacin da ta yi rawa a hankali, iska tana da rauni. Idan rawa na dogon lokaci da nishaɗi, to iska tana da ƙarfi. Hoton wani iska mai ƙarfi daga sararin samaniya yana kama da wannan fushin abubuwa na rawa cikin rawar da ke cike da hallakawa.
Dangane da matsayin da ke kan taswira, kudu da Sakhalin da tsibirin Kuril na iya zama Anapa ko Sochi-2, amma iska mai ƙarfi ba ta barin iska ta yi ɗumi. Abinda aka saba shine doguwar hunturu tare da dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa 50 m / s da dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi na 6-8. Amma shimfidawa don nishaɗin hunturu. Gudun kan kan kankara, kan kankara, kano, kan kan 'Mountain Air' tare da motar kebul, tafi tare da kara.
Tsibirin daga wannan gefe suna daɗaɗɗar rafukan ruwan dumi a Tekun Japan da Soi, kuma a ɗayan ɗayan suna sanyaya su daga ruwan Okhotsk mai tsananin sanyi. Sabili da haka, bazara ba zafi, ruwan sama, tsawon watanni shida akwai matsanancin ruwan sama mai kauri. Yanayin zai canza sosai da 'yan kwanaki ko da awanni. Dramatically yana canza digiri da ruwa na bakin teku daga -2 zuwa +15.
Wurin da iska ke busa, jama'a suna kiran "ramin iska". A cikin kaka, swans tashi daga cikin wannan rami, kuma a cikin bazara sun tashi da baya.
Anan tsuntsayen suka tsinkaye daga dabino daga hannunka ...
Tsibiri sune masarautar mulkin tsuntsaye masu kwarjini. Masu ba da agaji, tekuna, masu ɓoye tare da mummunan laushi suna tafiya kan kawunansu, suna ƙirƙirar kasuwannin tsuntsaye don da yawa dubun dubatan tsuntsaye, suna tilasta mutane daga matsayinsu a ƙarƙashin rana. Idan yawan tsibiran kusan mutane dubu 400 ne, to tsuntsayen miliyoyi ne. Swans, ducks, mayafin hannu, petrels, albatrosses, mujiya, guillemots, matan aure, kyankyasai, wauta ...
... Tare da su akwai mikiya ta sama, wanda kallonta ya bayyana a fili wanda ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba ...
Yawan adadin wasu nau'ikan halittu da kuma raunin wasu shine bambancin Sakhalin. Jirgin ruwa na Steller na juzu'i ne na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Suna ninkawa a hankali, galibi sukan mutu kafin su zama iyaye.
Kawai a cikin Kunashir an sami kusancin tsuntsu mafi karancin duniya na mujiya ta kifaye, kuma kashi 20 ne kawai suke zaune a kasarmu na wani babban sarki mai son hawa. Wataƙila kun sami sa'a don ganin waɗannan kyawawan kyawawan kayan tsuntsaye, masu kama da halittun daga aljanna da aka ɓace a cikin teku. Anan a cikin ɗayan kakar zaka iya zama mai sa ido na tsuntsu mai kulawa.
Gulliver a ƙasar Kattai da dwarfs
... An huro hutunan Ainu. Mata, tsofaffi, yara sun jike a cikin ruwan sama. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani ciyawa ta girma girman bukka. Aaya daga cikin Ain ya dace da kowane ɗayan, da yara huɗu ....
A Sakhalin, abin farin ciki ne da ban sha'awa don gwada yanayin gida na sauyawar Alice a Wonderland. Ganye da bishiyoyi da alama sun yi musayar hormones na girma. A cikin ciyawa na bilberry, butterbur (burdock), angelica bear, buckwheat - zaku kasance masu karamin karfi.
Kuma daga cikin bishiyoyi: itacen al'ul, alder, willow, birch (bishiyoyi da nau'in dwarf) ko a cikin katako, wanda a cikin ƙasashe masu ɗorewa sun fi mutum girma kuma suna ɗaukar itace, sai ka girma kuma ka zama mai ƙyalƙyali.
Mene ne dalilin gigantism na shuka
Shin saboda ana shan su ne ta ruwa mai narkewa, mai kama da na yara, ruwa na duniya? Ko kuwa saboda tasirin shinkafa ne da ƙasa na gley a wuraren laifofin tectonic? A bayyane yake cewa a kan ƙasa mai zafi, dukkanin tsari yana da sauri da ƙari. Sabili da haka, ganye na Sakhalin yana ƙara 17 cm kowace rana, yana kai mita 2-4 a tsayi.
Anan da kan furanni lawa girma
Wararfafawa alama ce ta arewacin yankin da tsaunuka. Wahala daga mummunan yanayi ko rashin sarari, ikebans daga saxifrage, peonies, carnations suna da tushe a kan tsaunukan tsaunuka, tsauraran dutse, lava. Alamar tsirrai dake Sakhalin karamar ce amma girman kai da fure mai “fure” fure edelweiss. Ya kasance alama ce ta kyau da ƙarfin hali na wannan ƙasa.
Wani hoto na yanayi mara mutunci - birch dutse tare da rassan da suka karye sosai da kallo wanda yake kallonta, Ina son zama mawaƙi. Me ya sa ba za a yi zagaye na rawa na itatuwan daɗi ba?
Sabbin Robinsons
Idan zuwa arewa zaka ga spruce, Pine da fir, to kusan flora na wurare masu zafi suna mulki a tsibiran kudu. Akwai manyan nau'in fure mai ƙoshin fure a nan, kamar Glen's Lily 3 m. Kudancin Kunashir kawai ke girma da girma na girma na magnolia, itace mai tsayi tare da manyan furanni masu kamshi. Jirgin Sakhalin Nuhu ya kiyaye tsararrakin tsararraki na zamanin d.
Lily Glen da Magnolia
Kudancin tsire-tsire suna juya yankin zuwa kusan yanayin shimfidar daji na daji. Vineyard, Schisandra chinensis, actinidia, mustard, konewa, hydrangea - waɗannan vidiyo na hawan dutse (hoto a tsari), tare da manyan ferns, ƙirƙirar yanayin shaƙatawa a tsibirin hamada.
Kuma a ina, idan ba cikin tsibirin Kuril ba, don saduwa da Robinson Crusoe? A kan hotunan Shikotan tare da ketar Krai Sveta, darakta S. Govorukhin ya harbi kasada "ba ta lalacewa" tare da actor L. Kuravlev. An dauki ra'ayoyin Bezymyannaya Bay a matsayin introli don fim din, kuma ruhun tsibiran ya taimaka samar da yanayi na zahiri na korar shahararrun dutsen.
Don kunna fashi, ko yawon shakatawa na "daji", Tsibirin Kuril ba su da aikin yi. Wasu daga cikin tsibiran 100% ba su zaune, inda babu mutane kwata-kwata. Inda kuke sha iska mai tsabta sararin samaniya da farkon wanda zai zo da sunayen kusurwoyin halitta. Wannan shine farkon talafin bunkasuwar so da kauna!
Tafiya a nan dabbobi marasa kyawun gani
Arewa da kudu sun haɗu a kan tsibiran da fauna. Yankin na zaune a cikin dabbobin Arctic da latitude na tsakiya: reindeer, dawakai, bera, Wolverine, Jawo. Labaran lemu da na kudu suna cikawa ta hanyar lizards, macizai, kwari, kuliyoyi, har ma da bakin ruwa na kunkuru. Tafiya tare da hanyoyin kariya a cikin shirye-shiryen kimiyyar halittu, zaku koya game da samfuran gida na duniya masu saurin lalacewa.
Fiye da dukkan dabbobi masu rai
Kuma sadarwa tare da bea yawanci katin gayya ne na tsibiran. Ba don tsoron mutane, suna kama idanunsu ko'ina. Yawancin mazaunan yankin sun saba wa mutum mai hankali don danganta da wasan "ƙwallon ƙafa" na labarun yara. Kuma Ainu ya kasance yana da dabi'arsa ta girmamawa ga bear - "Dan dutsen, allahn dutse, dabba mai tsarki mai hikima."
Wata mata tana tsintar berries a cikin daji sai ta hadu da beyar. A cikin wannan dabara, Ayarisuba, allahntaka mafi girma na duniyar Sirius, ya bayyana a gare ta. Ta haifa masa ɗa, wanda ya zama farkon Ainu.
Ba kamar malamai ba, asalin Ainu a bayyane yake kuma mahalli ne ga kansu. Sunan mutane yayi kama da Nivkh “ayyu” (“bearish”). Kuma a cikin takardun Rasha an jera su a matsayin "shaggy" don ƙarfin gashin fuska da jiki.
Girmama bear, Ainu ya yi imani cewa ta wannan dabba ne suke ci gaba da hulɗa da gumakan duniyar su. A bikin Bear, Ainu ya gabatar da bukatunsu ga alloli ta hanyar yin amfani da tsafe tsafe.
A lokaci guda, da beyar ba kawai an shirya shi don aikin tsarkakakku ba, amma yana da alaƙa da shi. Tun daga ƙuruciya, teddy bear ya zauna a ƙauyen, an ciyar da shi da madara mace, ya aske shi kuma ya yi masa tarko kamar mutane. Don tsohon Ainu, dabbar ta kasance dangi ne na jini da DNA.
Ziyarci kogon ɓarnar Bear, zaku koya game da tsohuwar hutu na cosmogonic. Kuma bayan kun haɗu da ma'ab thecin duwatsun a kan kunkuntar hanya, ku shirya don jin lokacin sanin kanku. Bayan duk, wani mutum, ko da kuwa dutsen. Abin da ruhohi ba sa wasa yayin da kuke kan Sakhalin!
Ganawa tare da kabilar beyar zasu kasance da yawa kuma daban! Kuma turare barkwanci, galibi tare da mu.
Siffar Sakhalin zane-zanen Repin “Ba su jira ba”.
Kuma yaya kuke son irin wannan wargi ko kyakkyawan kuskuren yanayin Sakhalin - dabbar bear-ash bear?
Ruhun tarihi
Jigo na Furry na asali yana da mahimmanci sosai ga Sakhalin har ma akwai Gidan Tarihi na Bear. Isasa ta cika ba kawai tare da tarihin kabilun yankin. Anan akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa inda aka tattara ɗaruruwan dubunnan nade-nade nunin tarihin. Kowace tsibiri tana da sashen tarihinta na yankin.
Yawon shakatawa na ilimi zuwa Sakhalin keɓaɓɓu ne, zaku koya da yawa kuma kawai ga anan. Ba za a rarrabe shafin Chekhov daga tarihin tsibirin ba, saboda alherin zamantakewa na littafinsa, wanda ya yanke shawarar ƙaddarar mulkin sarauta.
Duk da nisan tsibiran tsibiran, yaƙe-yaƙe sun zo nan ma. Shekarun mawuyacin hali na duniya na farko da na biyu suna zaune a cikin abubuwan tarihi ga masu kare tsibiran da ragowar kayan aikin soja waɗanda zasu zo muku a ko'ina.
Ga ruhun Jafananci, yana jin warin Japan a nan
Kasancewa Sakhalin zaku taɓa taɓa Japan. Kusanci da Rasha ga makwabciyarta Asiya sun caccaki rayuwa, al'adu da akidun mutane biyu.
Babban gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin yankin na Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk yana cikin gidan tsibirin Japan. Kuma kofofin Tories har yanzu suna rarrabe duniyar rayayyu da ruhohi. Nationungiyar da ta ci gaba a duniya ta sami karɓuwa daga bangaskiyar Ainu cikin gumakan Kamui. Hakanan ana jin zuciyar Jafan a yadda ake sake gina tsibiran a cikin tsawan shekaru 40 na Jafan.
An tattara jerin gwanon tarihin abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Jafananci na Karafuto a Sakhalin. Waɗannan abubuwa 117 ne: Gidajen yahudawan sahyoniya, gadoji, katako, gine-ginen soja. Zai ba wa masu yawon bude ido damar kada guda ɗaya.
Sabuwar karni da haɗin hawan lokuta
Lokacin ƙirƙirar Saharen Nasiri, Allah ya aza dutse ɗaya akan wani. Kowane mutum ya shafa. Lokacin da duwatsun suka motsa, mai yana gudana. Babban ruhu yana zaune a ƙasa. Numfashinsa yana fita ta ramuka a ƙasa.
Ainu da Nivkhs sun daɗe da zama shaidun saki da mai, gas da mai, suna kiran dutsen "baƙi", koguna, har ma dukkan tsibiran. Sabuwar karni “cike da mamaki” yadda ake bunkasa Sakhalin, cire wadatattun albarkatunta, bawai cutar da yanayi na musamman ba.
Filin iskar gas na aikin Sakhalin-2 ana yin su ne bisa ga irin shinge, kuma bututun bututun gas na iya shimfidawa yayin motsa abubuwa na duniya kuma ya zagaya hanyoyin da ke cike da kogunan da ke cikin manyan hanyoyin whale. Wannan babbar halittar ci gaba ta wata alama ce ta musamman ta yankin kamar yadda ta ke rike da ita.
Kuma wani katon jirgin ruwa Grand Mereya yana yawo a gefen teku da sunan yarinyar Ainka Merea, wanda ya taɓa jiran mai jirgin ruwan Dutch, Georg, har abada saurayi ne kyakkyawa. Centuriesarnuka uku bayan haka, wannan taron ya faru: wanda ya gina bututun gas shine kamfanin Dutch ɗin Shell. Nivkhs sun ce lokacin ba shi da iko akan ƙauna mai ƙarfi.
Ruhohi da ruhaniya - kalmomin tushe iri guda
Loveaunar ƙasa ta ƙasa tana tafiya kowane lokaci. Mutanen zamanin da suna da raha, masu nuna halin ɗabi'a ga yanayin, ruhaniyan muhalli yana cikin jini. A wani ɓangare na wannan ƙauna.
Mahaliccin halittu masu rai ya koyar da Nivkhs kada su azabtar da ganima, kada su dauke shi fiye da yadda ake bukata. Lokacin da wasu wadatattun abinci na Nivkhs suka keta alfarma, Kurn Madaukakin Sarki ya buɗe fushin Yg-myth. Teku ya zo duniya ya kashe duka rayuwa.
Majalisar mutane da dabbobin da suka tsira daga ambaliyar a cikin tsaunin Nabil na Sakhalin, sun tsara ofa'idar Rayuwa kan yadda ake amfani da kyautar allolin cikin hikima. Ya kamata ya zama Doka ga mutanen zamaninmu. Don adana dukiyar wannan muhimmiyar ajiyar a gefen teku don sababbin lokuta. Don haka, kamar yadda ya gabata, kifayen whales sun nutse har zuwa gabar Sakhalin. Kuma ga mazaunan babu tambaya: a ina ne Uwar Motherasar ta fara? Daga kyakkyawar ƙasa tun daga farkon zamani, inda, a ƙarƙashin haskoki na rana, 'Yan asalin garin sun koma zuwa lokacin haihuwarsu:
Maɓuɓɓugar tsibiri inda suke motsawa
daga Ranar Halitta
Inda raina yake - kamar - tsuntsu - ke tashi ... (Roman Hye)
A Yankin Sakhalin, shigowa da yawon shakatawa na cikin gida na haɓaka. Kowace shekara, foreignersari da 'yan kasashen waje suna zuwa Sakhalin da ƙarin moreyan Russia sau 2. Lokaci ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa.
Yarda, kyakkyawar alama. Amma a gare ni wannan mafarki ne kawai zuwa yanzu. Abin takaici, farashin irin wannan tafiya yanzu "zai tafi daji." Dogon nesa ya sa tikiti yayi tsada. Hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye da hukumomin tafiya na gida ba su da arha, amma ban ce komai game da rangadin haƙƙin mallaka ba. Abin da ya sa hutu da aka kashe a cikin nazarin ƙasa mai ban mamaki, ya kasance a gare ni har yanzu mafarki ne kawai. Amma mafarki wani lokaci ya tabbata, aƙalla na yi imani da shi. Taurari sun fuskance ni kuma tafiya zuwa wannan kusurwa mai ban mamaki ta ƙasarmu zata faru.
Idan baku yanke shawara a kan hanyar hutu ba, karanta labarin "Hutun ƙasa a waje ko a cikin Rasha: menene mafi kyau ga inganci da farashi?", Wataƙila bayanin da aka bayar a can zai kai ku ga shawarar da ta dace.
Bar maganganun, raba labarin a kan hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa, yana da kyau koyaushe a fahimci cewa aikina ba a banza bane.
Take
Sunan "Sakhalin" ya fito ne daga sunan Manchu na Kogin Amur - "Sakhalyan-Ulla", wanda ke nufin "Rocks of the Black River" - sunan da aka buga akan taswirar an kuskure shi Sakhalin, kuma a bugu na baya na map an riga an buga shi a matsayin sunan tsibirin. .
Sunan kasar tsibirin - Karafuto - ya fara ne daga bayanin Ainu "Kamuikara putoi-masallaci", Wanda ke nufin" ƙasar allahn bakin. " Koyaya, a cikin Japan na zamani, ana amfani da sunan sosai. Saccharin (サ ハ リ ン), wanda yake fassarar sunan Rasha.
Taimako
Samun taimako na tsibirin ya ƙunshi tsaunukan tsakiyar tudu, ƙananan tsaunuka da filayen kwari. Yankin kudu da tsakiyar tsibirin yana da yanayin tsibiri kuma yana kunshe da tsarin tsaunuka biyu na al'adun gargajiya - Yankin Sakhalin na Yamma (ya kai tsauni 1327 - Onor tsaunuka) da tsaunukan Sakhalin Gabas (har zuwa 1609 m tsaunuka - garin Lopatin), rabuwa da Tym- mai tsayi mai tsayi Poronayskaya lowland. Arewacin tsibirin (ban da Schmidt Peninsula) gari ne mai laushi.
Gabar tsibirin yana ɗan ɗanɗana yanayin aiki, manyan hanyoyin kuɗi - Aniva da Terpeniya (waɗanda ke buɗe zuwa kudu) suna cikin kudanci da tsakiyar tsibirin, bi da bi. Manyan manyan biya biyu da kuma sashin ƙasa mai shiga teku suna tsaye a kan gabar teku.
An rarrabe yankuna 11 da ke gaba cikin jin kai na Sakhalin:
- Yankin Schmidt (kusan 1.4 dubu km²) yanki ne mai tsibiri a nesa da tsibirin tare da m, a wasu wuraren bankunan da kuma ramuka biyu na yamma - Yamma da Gabas, mafi girman batun shine isan uwan Uku (623 m), da aka haɗa da Sakhalin ta Arewa. bayyananniyar Isthmus na Isthmus, nisa wanda a mafi ƙarancin nisansa ya wuce 6 km,
- Yankin Sakhalin na Arewa (kusan 28,000 km²) yanki ne mai hazo mai faɗi kaɗan daga kudu na Schmidt Peninsula tare da hanyar sadarwa mai zurfi, raunin da ke alama mai zurfi da kowane yanki mai tsayi, yana tashi daga Baikal Bay a arewa zuwa amincin kogin Nysh da Tym a kudu, ma'anar ita ce birnin Daahuria (601 m), arewa maso gabashin tekun tsibirin yana tsaye a matsayin subarea, wanda ke da manyan lagoons (mafi girma - Piltun, Chayvo, Nyisky, Nabilsky, Lunsky bays), rabe daga teku ta hanyar kunkuntar matakai na alluvial , Dunes, matattarar jiragen ruwa - a cikin wannan subarea da gefen rafin Tekun Okhotsk sune manyan filayen mai da iskar gas,
- Tsaunin yamma Sakhalin yana shimfidawa kusan kilomita 630 daga nesa daga s. Hohe (51 ° 19 'N) a arewacin zuwa Krillon Peninsula a cikin matsanancin kudu na tsibirin, matsakaicin girman tsaunuka ya kai kilomita 40-50, mafi girma (a latti na Cape Lamanon) kusan kilomita 70 ne, kamalhovy ne ya kirkireshi (daga arewacin Isthmus na Belt) ) da rukunin kudu-masoyi,
- Tym-Poronayskaya lowland is is a tsakiyar tsibirin kuma tuddai ce mai sulke, tana haɓaka kimanin kilomita 250 a cikin hanyar haɗakarwa - daga Terpeniya Bay a kudu zuwa rikicewar kogunan Tym da Nysh a arewa, ta kai matsakaicin faɗa (har zuwa 90 kilomita) a bakin Kogin Poronay, mafi ƙaranci (6-8 km) - a cikin kwarin Tym River, a arewa ya wuce zuwa Nabil Lowland, an rufe shi da murfin layin Cenozoic, wanda aka haɗa da kwaskwarimar Quaternary: sandstones, gravels, south swampy Kashi na biyu ana kiransa 'Lowlands Poronai "tundra"
- Yankin Susunai yana cikin kudu na tsibirin kuma yakai nisan kilomita 100 daga Aniva Bay a kudu zuwa Kogin Naiba a arewa, tsaunin yana iyakance ne da Dutsen Sakhalin yamma a yamma, Susunai Range da Korsakov Plateau a gabas, kuma yankin mai kangararre ya kai kilomita 20 a kudu , a tsakiyar - 6 km, a arewa - 10 km, cikakkar madaidaiciya a cikin arewa da kudu ba su wuce 20 m sama da matakin teku, a tsakiyar yankin, a kan rufin Susuya da Big Irin kogunan, sun kai 60 m, yana mallakar nau'ikan ƙananan ƙasusuwa na ciki da wakilta babban abin bakin ciki da aka samu ya haifar da tsananin kauri daga yanayin Quaternary na cikin yankuna masu karamin karfi na Susunai sune garuruwan Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Aniva, Dolinsk da gida mai kusan rabin yawan tsibirin,
M ruwaye
Manyan koguna na Sakhalin:
Kogi | Yankin Gudanarwa (s) | Inda ya gudana | Tsawon, km | Wurin tafki, km² | Matsakaicin yawan ruwa na shekara-shekara, m³ / s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bari mu tafi | Tymovsky, Smirnykhovsky, Poronaysky | Bayyar haƙuri daga cikin Tekun Okhotsk | 350 | 7990 | 120 |
Tym | Tymovsky, Nogliki | Nyisky Bay, Tekun Okhotsk | 330 | 7850 | 89 |
Nyba | Dolinsky | Tekun Okhotsk | 119 | 1660 | |
Lyutoga | Kholmsky, Anivsky | Aniva Bay, Tekun Okhotsk | 130 | 1530 | |
Shafi | Nogliki | Chayvo Bay, Tekun Okhotsk | 112 | 1440 | |
Ainu | Tomarinsky | Kankana Ainsky | 79 | 1330 | |
Nysh | Nogliki | Kogin Tym (harajin hagu) | 116 | 1260 | |
Uglegorka (Esutoru) | Uglegorsky | Tekun Japan (Tatar Strait) | 102 | 1250 | |
Langeri (Langra) | Ohinsky | Amur ana cikin Tekun Okhotsk | 130 | 1190 | |
Babban | Ohinsky | Sakhalin Gabar Tekun Okhotsk | 97 | 1160 | |
Rukutama (Vitnitsa) | Poronaysky | Kankana Nevskoye | 120 | 1100 | |
Mai siye | Poronaysky | Bayyar haƙuri daga cikin Tekun Okhotsk | 85 | 1080 | |
Lesogorka (Taimyr) | Uglegorsky | Tekun Japan (Tatar Strait) | 72 | 1020 | |
Nabil | Nogliki | Nabilsky Bay na Tekun Okhotsk | 101 | 1010 | |
Malaya Tym | Tymovsky | Kogin Tym (harajin hagu) | 66 | 917 | |
Leonidovka | Poronaysky | Poronay Kogin (haraji na dama) | 95 | 850 | |
Susuya | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Anivsky | Aniva Bay, Tekun Okhotsk | 83 | 823 |
A Sakhalin, akwai tabkuna 16,120 tare da cikakken yanki game da 1000 km². Dukkanin su ruwa mara ruwa ne. Yankunan da suka fi maida hankali a kansu sune arewa da kudu maso gabashin tsibirin. Babban tabkuna biyu na Sakhalin sune Nevskoye tare da yankin madubi mai tazarar 178 km² (gundumar Poronaysky, kusa da bakin kogin Poronai) da Tunaycha (174 km Ko) (gundumar Korsakovsky, a arewacin Muravyov Lowland), dukkanin layukan biyu suna cikin nau'in lagoon. Akwai manyan layuka kusan kashi 20% na tsibirin Sakhalin. Yankunan layin da suka fi yawa, wadanda ke mamaye fiye da kilomita 200 na tsibirin bakin teku, an fi mai da su a arewa maso gabas da kudu na tsibirin.
Albarkatun ƙasa
Sakhalin yana da matukar tasirin albarkatun ƙasa. Baya ga albarkatun halittu, ta hanyar ajiyar abin da Sakhalin shine ɗayan farkon wurare a Rasha, tsibirin da shelfinta suna da babban reshen hakar mai da baƙin ƙarfe. Dangane da yawan abubuwan da aka gano na gas din, Sakhalin Oblast ya ɗauki matsayi na 4 a Rasha, gas - 7th, ci - 12th (mara lafiya.) Kuma mai - wuri na 13, yayin da a cikin yankin keɓaɓɓun waɗannan ma'adanai a zahiri gaba daya mayar da hankali kan Sakhalin da shelfinta. Daga cikin sauran albarkatu na tsibirin su ne itace, zinari, Mercury, platinum, germanium, chromium, talc, zeolites.
"Littafin Rubutu"
Furancin tsibirin, danshi, da microbiota sun haɗa da nau'ikan dabbobi masu kariya, tsirrai, da fungi. 18 jinsunan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun yi rajista a Sakhalin, nau'in tsuntsayen 97 (gami da tsuntsaye 50), nau'ikan kifaye bakwai, 20 na invertebrates, 113 nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu jijiyoyin jini, 13 nau'ikan bryophytes, nau'in algae bakwai, nau'ikan namomin kaza 14 da nau'ikan lichens 20 (i.e. 136 nau'in dabbobi, 133 na tsirrai da 34 nau'in namomin kaza (jimlar 303 nau'ikan) suna da matsayin kariya, wato, an jera su a cikin littafin Red na yankin Sakhalin, yayin da kusan kashi ɗaya daga cikin su ake haɗa su a lokaci guda cikin littafin Red na Federationungiyar Rasha.
Daga cikin “furanni na tarayya na tarayya” na fure mai tsire-tsire, Sakhalin flora ya hada da aralia mai kamannin zuciya (Aralia stringata), Calypso bulbous (Calypso bulbosa), Glen cardiocrinum (Cardiocrinum glehnii), Jafananci sedge (Jawancen Carex) da kuma jagoranci launin toka (Carex livida), Venus 'yan sarkoki na ainihi (Calcepus na cypripedium) da manyan-flowered (Cypripedium macranthum), Grey ninki biyuDiphylleia grayi), ganye mai sanyi fenugreek (Epipogium aphyllum), Jafananci kandyk (Japonicum Erythronium), babban-manyan (babba)Gastrodia elata), xiphoid iris (Ingan tata), tsakar rana (Juglans ailanthifolia), kalopanaks bakwai-bladed (Kalopanax septemlobum), liger lily (Lilium lancifolium), Tolmachev ta sarkar zuma (Lonicera tolmatchevii), firam mai saurin shuka -Matattarar ƙwayoyin Macropodium), duk ganye miyakiya (Miyakea integrifolia) (miyakiya shine asalin halittar tsirrai a jikin Sakhalin), nesting din yana yin fure (Neottianthe cucullata), peonies obovate (Paeonia obovata) da tsauni (Paeonia oreogeton), bluegrass m (Poa radulada kuma Wright's viburnum (Viburnum wrightii), i.e. nau'in 23. Bugu da kari, akwai wasu karin tsire-tsire guda takwas na 'Federal Red Book' a tsibirin: wasannin motsa jiki guda biyu - juniper Sargent (Juniperus sargentiida kuma spiky yew (Taxus cuspidata), nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in fern-Mid - Midwort Asiya (Isoëtes asiatica), Mikel kuturu (Leptorumohra miqueliana) da kuma mecodium na Wright (Mecodium wrightii), jinsuna biyu da nau'ikan mosses iri-iri - Jumhuriyar JapanBryoxiphium norvegicum var. japonicum), Arewa Necker (Neckera boralis), kuma plagiotherium bebaye ne (Platiothecium obtusissimum) .
Sarakunan tsibiri
CIKAKKEN SUNA. | Take, matsayi, matsayi | Lokacin aikawa |
---|---|---|
Yanada Andrey Ivanovich | babban janar | 14.06.1884—21.02.1888 |
Kononovich Vladimir Iosifovich | babban janar | 21.02.1888—05.06.1893 |
Merkazin Vladimir Dmitrievich | babban janar | 20.06.1893—30.05.1894 |
Gwamnonin soja
CIKAKKEN SUNA. | Take, matsayi, matsayi | Lokacin aikawa |
---|---|---|
Merkazin Vladimir Dmitrievich | babban janar | 30.05.1894—03.05.1898 |
Lyapunov Mikhail Nikolaevich | babban sufeto janar | 08.05.1898—31.01.1906 |
Canja wurin Sakhalin ta Arewa zuwa USSR
Bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi tsakanin USSR da Japan, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Beijing a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1925, wanda ya maido da huldar diflomasiya tsakanin kasashen da nufin nuna girmamawa ga Soviet Russia. Kasar Japan ta yi alkawarin sakin yankin arewacin Sakhalin da ta mamaye har zuwa 15 ga Mayu.
An zartar da ƙaddamar da kwangilar ga kwamiti na kwaminis wanda wakilin Kwamishina na ofasashen Waje na V. Ya. Aboltin. Ya hada da ma'aikata na OGPU, Kwamishinan Jama'a na Harkokin Waje da majalisar soja na juyin juya hali na arewacin Sakhalin. A watan Fabrairu, sun isa Khabarovsk, daga inda a kan alkawurra goma masu rauni, uku daga cikinsu wadanda aka sanye da kayan saukar gaggawa cikin sauri don kare su daga iska, kuma a kan karyar kare sun tafi tsibirin. Dukkan mambobin kwamatin suna sanye da kayan dafa abinci da kuma wani shago da aka siya akan tabo. A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, kwamatin ya bar Khabarovsk, kuma a ranar 21 ga Maris a Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, a gaban umarnin Jafananci, an gudanar da taron farko na rukunin canja wurin arewacin Sakhalin.
Tun da Jafanawa suna jin sakamakon tattaunawar Beijing da ba ta dace ba, hukumar ta shirya shirye-shiryen ba da damar su. Kamar yadda V. Ya. Aboltin ya tuno, ana buƙatar wakilan Soviet ba wai kawai su kasance da ƙarfi a cikin aiwatar da umarnin gwamnatin ba, har ma da sassaucin diflomasiyya. Shugaban wakilan ya gana da jakadan Japan din sau tara kuma ya sami damar kulla dangantaka mai zurfi tare da umarnin kasar Japan, wanda a karkashin wasu maganganu daban-daban kuma ta hanyoyi da dama suka yi kokarin karfafa yankin da aka mamaye. Sakamakon aikin haɗin gwiwa na kwamatin Soviet da wakilan Japan, waɗanda suka sadu har sau 6 don sasantawa, a ranar 1 ga Mayu, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ƙarshe game da ƙarshen mamayar Japan ɗin a arewacin Sakhalin.
Canjin yanayin tsibirin zuwa Soviet Union ya sauka cikin tarihi a matsayin ɗayan ayyukan sojan Soviet na andan Sanda da Kwamitocin Foreignasashen Waje na ,asashen waje, waɗanda ke iya warware saɓani cikin lumana tare da cimma nasarar janye sojojin Japan.
Daga baya Vladimir Aboltin ya shugabanci mulkin Soviet na arewacin Sakhalin, wanda ya kafa jaridar Sovetsky Sakhalin. Aboltin ne kuma ya inganta shi.
Canja wurin Sakhalin ta kudu
Sakamakon nasarar da aka samu kan Japan a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, daukacin yankin tsibirin Sakhalin (da kuma dukkanin tsibirin Kuril) an haɗa su cikin Soviet Union (RSFSR).
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk an kafa shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha a 1882 a ƙarƙashin sunan Vladimirovka. Bayan nasarar USSR da kawayenta a yakin duniya na II, tare da daukacin tsibirin, sun wuce zuwa ga USSR.
Kudin tsabar kudi
A watan Janairu-Agusta 2009, matsakaicin albashi a cikin Sakhalin Oblast shine 31,947 rubles. a kowane wata, kuma matsakaicin tsabar kuɗi na kowane wata a wata shine 24,225 rubles. (kusan $ 800), wato, ya kasance sananne (ta 44%) ya fi matsakaicin Rasha, wanda a watan Afrilu-Yuni 2009 ya kai 16,879 rubles / watan. . Idan aka kwatanta da wannan lokacin na shekarar 2008, albashin marasa galihu a yankin ya karu da 13.5%, kodayake ainihin ikon sayanta ya ɗan ragu - da 0,5%. Dangane da batun biyan kuɗi (17,449 rubles / wata a kowace shekara a cikin IV-VI. 2009), yankin Sakhalin ya fara aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ta huɗu a cikin dukkanin Rasha (bayan Moscow, Yamalo-Nenets da Khalud-Mansiysk Okrugs mai cin gashin kansa).
Kashi 10% na mafi arziki a Yankin Sakhalin ya kai kashi 33.5% na yawan kudin shiga. Don haka, matsakaicin albashin ma'aikatan yanki a Sakhalin na farkon rabin 2009 ya kai 72,887 rubles / watan, kuma a cikin majalisun dokoki sun yi daidai da 122,031 rubles / watan. . Kashi 10% na matalautan mutane suna da kashi 1.6% ne kawai na yawan kuɗin shiga yanki.
Ana nuna tsibirin ta hanyar rarrabuwar kuɗi mai karfi: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk da yankuna na arewacin da ke hako mai suna kan gaba, kuma yankuna masu ɓacin rai tare da samarwa da suka tsaya a cikin 90s sun kasance a baya. Misali, a cikin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk albashi na wata-wata na dubu 10 da dubu 10 rubles. An dauke shi ba tare da lada ba, yayin da ga ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka a bakin gabar yamma (musamman, a cikin gundumar Tomarinsky, Uglegorsky, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalin) wannan kyakkyawar kudin shiga ne. Rashin samun kudin shiga na doka a wurare da yawa na tsibirin yawanci ana biyan diyya ne ta hanyar karuwar farauta - da farko, girbin doka ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Hakkin zama
Kudin rayuwa don 1-kwata na 2009 ya kai 8094 rubles a duk yankin. (kusan $ 270), wanda ya hada da yawan -an-adam - 8551 rubles, ga ersan fansho - 6 610, ga yara - 7655 rubles.
Yawan waɗanda talaucinsu ke ƙasa da tallafin mai tallafin mutum dubu 126,2,2 ne, ko kuma 24.5% na yawan jama'a (a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin 1 na 2008 - mutane dubu 110,4,02, ko kuma 21.3%).
'Yan fansho da masu karbar fansho
Tun da yake yankuna biyu na arewacin Sakhalin - Okhinsky da Nogliksky - ana daukar su yankuna na Arewa ta Arewa, sauran yankuna kuma suna daidaita da yankuna na Far North, shekarun ritaya a tsibirin yayi kasa da yawancin Tarayyar Rasha, kuma shekaru 50 ne na mata da 55 na maza (tare da 20- ƙwarewar aikin bazara akan Sakhalin).
Dangane da Asusun fansho na Yankin Sakhalin, ya zuwa watan Afrilu 1, 2009, mutane 157,785 da suka karbi fansho (kusan kashi 30 cikin dari na yawan jama'a), wadanda mutane 73,377 ke ci gaba da aiki. Matsakaicin matsakaitan fansho, idan aka yi la’akari da biyan diyya, kamar adadin su, ya kai 6967.8 rubles. Idan aka kwatanta da lokacinda yayi daidai da shekarar da ta gabata, girman kudaden fansho cikin madaidaiciyar sharuda ya karu da kashi 28.6%, a zahirin gaskiya - da kashi 12%. Baya ga wadanda suka yi ritaya da shekaru, 1529 mutanen da shekarunsu suka fara aiki wadanda ke kula da 'yan kasa da ke da nakasassu suna karbar fansho, matsakaicin nauyin fansho ya kai 1717.5 rubles.
Sufuri
Hanyar hanyar jirgin ƙasa na jama'a ta ƙunshi yawancin tsibirin (mafi nisa daga sadarwa ya kasance daga Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk zuwa ƙauyen Nogliki), akwai kuma layin dogo na jirgin ƙasa wanda yake ƙetara zuwa yankin teku. Jirgin dogo na Sakhalin yana da ban sha'awa a cikin wannan, har zuwa 2019, ana sarrafa shi tare da ma'aunin 1067 mm, sabon abu ne ga Rasha, an bar ta daga Japan. A cikin USSR, musamman don Sakhalin, TG16 da TG22 diel locomotives an tsara kuma an gina su cikin jerin.
An aiwatar da aiki kan canjin waƙar zuwa ga ma'aunin ma'aunin 1520 mm na Rasha tun daga 2004. Fasinjoji masu fasinja bayan sake buɗe waƙar an buɗe shi ne 1 ga Satumba, 2019. Don jigilar sufuri, ana amfani da motocin dila na TG16M da motocin jirgin ƙasa RA3.
Jiragen kasa marasa kan gado na jama'a (na yanki-kunkuntar) suna aiwatar da sufuri a wuraren da babu layin dogo na jama'a. Yawancinsu sun watse, kuma hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai ɗaukar nauyi ya kasance a gundumar Uglegorsk.
A shekarun 1950, an yi ƙoƙarin gina rafin Sakhalin -land, wanda aka watsar da shi bayan mutuwar Stalin.
Akwai aikin layin dogo tsakanin Khabarovsk Territory da Sakhalin ta hanyar Nevelsky Strait a cikin shafin Lazarev-Pogibi. Ginin gadar ya kamata. Tsawon babbar hanyar zai kasance kilomita 540-580. A nan gaba, ana shirin danganta Sakhalin tare da tsibirin Hokkaido na Japan, amma bisa ga maganar tsohon shugaban Kamfanin Railways na Rasha, Vladimir Yakunin, ya dakatar da wannan aikin ta hanyar matsalolin siyasa da ba a warware su ba tsakanin Tarayyar Rasha da Japan. A halin yanzu, ana aiwatar da sadarwa tsakanin babban yankin da Sakhalin ta hanyar jirgin ruwan Vanino-Kholmsk.
Hanyoyi suna haɗa kusan dukkanin ƙauyukan yankin. Ingancin hanyoyi ba su da kyau, hanyar bututun mai tana cikin yankin kudu kawai.
An haɗa Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ta iska tare da Moscow, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk da Vladivostok, tare da birane da garuruwa na Yankin Sakhalin (Okha, Shakhtyorsk, Nogliki, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Burevestnik (a tsibirin Iturup)), har da Japan Tokyo, Hakodate), Koriya ta Kudu (Seoul) da Sin (Harbin, kuma mafi kusa, Beijing). Yana da ban sha'awa cewa daga Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (cibiyar yanki) babu wata ma'amala ta kai tsaye da cibiyar yanki na Markaro-Kurilsk, kuma dole ne ku isa can ta hanyar zagaye - ta hanyar Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Bayanan kula
- Island Lutsky S.L. Tsibirin Sakhalin
- ↑ Chekhov A.P. Tsibirin Sakhalin
- ↑Filin B.P.Kasashe da Al'umman Gabas / Karkashin janar na Olderogge D. A. - M.: Nauka, 1968. - P. 68-85. - 264 p.
- ↑Bari mu tafi - labarin daga Babban Soviet Encyclopedia.
- ↑Sakhalin - labarin daga Babban Soviet Encyclopedia.
- ↑V. S. Labay, I. A. Atamanova, D. S. Zavarzin, I. V. Motylkova, O. N. Mukhametova, V. D. Nikitin.Jikin ruwa na tsibirin Sakhalin: daga lagoons zuwa tabkuna / G.V. Matyushkov. - Cibiyar tsara kasafin kudi ta al'adun gargajiya "Gidan Tarihi na Sakhalin na Lore na gida". - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Gidan Buga Yankuna Sakhalin, 2014 .-- S. 8, 10, 13. - 208 p. - kwafi 500. - ISBN 978-5-900334-71-4. An makale 14 ga Satumba, 2017 a kan Wayback Way
- ↑Petukhov A.V., Kordyukov A.V., Baranchuk-Chervonny L.N. Atlas na tsire-tsire na jijiyoyin jini a cikin kusancin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk // Gabatarwa. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Akon, 2010. - S. 9. - ISBN 978-5-904209-05-6
- ↑Barkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Jerin nau'ikan tsire-tsire na jijiyoyin jini a tsibirin Sakhalin // Flora da Fauna na Tsibirin Sakhalin (Mater. Sakhalin na Duniya). - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - Kashi na 1. - S. 39-66. - ISBN 5-8044-0467-9
- ↑ Nechaev V.A. view Over una Over fa faAves) Sakhalin Oblast // A cikin littafin: Flora da fauna na tsibirin Sakhalin (Kayan aikin Babban Sakhalin na Duniya). Kashi na 2. (ISBN 5-8044-0507-1) - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005. - P. 246 –327.
- Red Book of Sakhalin Oblast: Shuke-shuke. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin. Yarima Gidan Bugawa, 2005 .-- 348 p.
- ↑ 12Yawan mutanen Sakhalin da tsibirin Kuril mutane 510.9 ne. 02/03/2010. Isticsididdiga. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. Bayani
- Yawan jama'a na Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha ta gundumomi har zuwa Janairu 1, 2013. - M.: Ofishin Kididdiga na Tarayya na Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Tebur 33. Yawan gundumomin birni, gundumomi, ƙauyukan birni, ƙauyukan birni, ƙauyukan birni)(ba a bayyana ba) (hanyar haɗin da ba a shiga ba). Ranar magani Disamba 11, 2019.An makale a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2019.
- Yawan jama'a na Tarayyar Rasha ta hanyar gundumar kamar Janairu 1, 2016
- ↑M.S. Vysokov.Babi na 10. Tsibirin Kuril a cikin karni na XVII (Rashanci). Tarihin Tsibirin Kuril. Jami’ar Jihar Sakhalin.
- Cc Cinyewa daga Sakhalin ta Arewa da yarukan Japan
- ↑L. Stepanets.Wakilin kungiyar Commissar Chicherin. Kamar yadda ba tare da harbe guda ba ya ƙare mamayar arewacin Sakhalin (Rashanci). Sakhalin Soviet. Gudanar da Yankin Sakhalin (8 Yuni, 2017). Ranar daukaka kara Satumba 16, 2019.
- ↑ 12Matsakaicin albashin kowane wata a Sakhalin ya kusan kusan dubu 32 da rubles - Sakhalinstat. 10/27/2009. Isticsididdiga. Sakhalin. Bayani
- ↑ 12Kudin tsabar kudi da kashe kudin masarufi a kowace shekara a shekarar 2009(ba a bayyana ba) (hanyar haɗin da ba a shiga ba). An makale a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2006.
- ↑ 12Rubu'i na jama'ar Sakhalin suna zaune a layin talauci. 04/23/2009. Labarai. Sakhalin. Bayani
- ↑ A rabin farko na shekara, matsakaicin albashin wata-wata na jami’an lardin a Sakhalin ya kai 72,887 rubles. 08/25/2009. Isticsididdiga. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. Bayani
- ↑ Matsakaicin fansho akan Sakhalin shine 6968 rubles, kuma tallafin yara shine 274 rubles 04.23.2009. Isticsididdiga. Sakhalin. Bayani
- ↑ Sakhalin ya sauya zuwa rutowar Rasha(ba a bayyana ba) (Satumba 1, 2019).
- Ways Railway-ma'aunin layin dogo na yankin Sakhalin - S. Bolashenko(ba a bayyana ba) (babu hanyar haɗin yanar gizo - labari ) .
- ↑ 12Yurchak V.A.SAKHALIN TUNNEL A CIKIN Tarihin FASAHA SANTAWA RUSSIA // Kayayyakin Taro na Kungiyar Ilimin Nazarin Ilimin Siyasa na Kasa da Kasa na VIII "Dandalin Ilimin Kimiyya na Dalibi"(ba a bayyana ba) (16.01.201).
- ↑Alexey Chichkin.Rasha ta sake hadewa da wani aikin jigilar kayayyaki na Soviet(ba a bayyana ba) (hanyar haɗin da ba a shiga ba). TPP-Inform (6 ga Agusta, 2012). Ranar magani Yuli 8, 2015.An makale 9 ga Yuli, 2015.
- ↑ Yakunin: siyasa ta kawo cikas ga kirkiro hanyar sufuri tsakanin Sakhalin da Hokkaido(ba a bayyana ba) . TASSAR (8 ga Yuli, 2015).
Littattafai
- Barkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Jerin nau'ikan tsire-tsire na jijiyoyin jini a tsibirin Sakhalin // Flora da fauna na tsibirin Sakhalin (Kayan aikin Babban Sakhalin na Duniya). Kashi na 1. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - S. 39-66.
- Littafin Cikakken Sakhalin Oblast: Dabbobi. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Gidan wallafa littafin Sakhalin, 2001. - 190 p.
- Littafin Jawada na Sakhalin Oblast: Tsirrai. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Gidan wallafa littafin Sakhalin, 2001. - 348 p.
- Nechaev V.A. Tsuntsayen tsibirin Sakhalin. - Vladivostok: FEB Cibiyar Kimiyya ta USSR, 1991 .-- 748 p.
- Nechaev V.A. Shimbarwar tsuntsu fauna (Aves) Sakhalin Oblast // Flora da fauna na tsibirin Sakhalin (Kayan aikin Babban Sakhalin na Duniya). Kashi na 2 .. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005. - S. 246 --327.
- Mai yanke hukunci na mafi girma tsirrai na Sakhalin da Kuril Islands / D.P. Vorobyov, V.N. Voroshilov, N.N. Gurzenkov, da sauransu .. - L.: Kimiyya, Leningrad. Dep., 1974.- 372 p.
- Gritsenko O. F.Haye kifi na tsibirin Sakhalin (takaddar haraji, kimiya, kifi). - M., 2002.
- Chekhov A.P. Tsibirin Sakhalin.
- Pikul V.S. Katorga.
- Svechin N. Tsibirin Matattu