Kwayoyin kwalayen aji Coral suna cikin rami na hanji kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan 6,000. Babu wani matakin jellyfish a tsarin rayuwar su. Kwayoyin murjani, dangane da nau'in halittu, na iya zama na ɗaya ko na mulkin mallaka. Girman nau'ikan siffofi na iya kaiwa zuwa mita ko fiye a diamita, kuma samfuran samfuran mutum ɗaya na ƙasa da santimita.

Kwayoyin murjani na farko suna zaune ne a cikin tekuna na wurare masu zafi a zurfin zurfin.

Siffar halayyar ƙwayar murjani ta ƙasa shine kasancewar kashin kansa mai rauni ko tsohuwar kasusuwa. Lemun tsami kwarangwal polyps form murjani reefs. Polyps murɗaɗɗun ƙwaƙwalwa ba su da irin wannan kwarangwal, suna iya motsawa tare da tushe, binne a cikin benthos har ma yin iyo ƙwanƙwasa kadan.

Coral ana kiranta ƙasusuwan mulkin mallaka. Murjani na d formed a sun kirkiro da adaddin ƙasa mai ɗumbin wuta, wanda a yanzu ake amfani da su wajen gini.

Tsarin kasusuwa na kwayar murjani an kafa su ne a cikin ƙananan bangarorin ko dai ectoderm ko mesogley. Sakamakon haka, ya zama cewa kowane ɗayan mazaunan mallaka ya zauna a cikin ɓoye na ƙasusuwa na yau da kullun. Haɗin tsakanin polyps yana faruwa ne saboda wani yanki na rayayyun nama a saman murjani.

A cikin rami na hanji akwai bai cika septa radial (takwas, ko mahara shida). Caaƙƙarfan ƙwayar ciki yana da fasalin biyun, ba radial ba. Openingofar buɗe bakin yana da shinge masu yawa. Tsarin mulkin mallaka yana ciyar da plankton (crustaceans da sauran arthropods). Polyps coral guda, kamar su anemones na teku, suna ciyar da dabbobin da suka fi girma (kifi, crustaceans).

Kwayoyin murjani suna da ƙwayoyin tsoka da tsarin tsoka.

Kusa da bakin buɗewa akwai fitsarin jijiyoyin ƙwayoyin jijiya.

Hanyoyin murjani na ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da hailala da jima'i. Ana aiwatar da haifuwa ta hanyar jima'i ta hanyar budding. A cikin wasu polyps guda ɗaya, ban da batun budadawa, raba madaidaicin mutum zuwa kashi biyu yana yiwuwa. Yayin haihuwar jima'i, sel kwayar halitta suna cikin endoderm, yawanci akan ɓangarorin jujin ciki. Spermatozoa barin namiji kuma yi iyo cikin ciki na mace, inda hadi ya auku. Wani tsutsa mai iyo (planula) yana tasowa daga zygote, wanda ke iyo daga bayan wani lokaci ya zauna a cikin sabon wuri, yana ba da sabon polyp.

Ruwan anemones shine ɓarna da ƙwayoyin murjani, akasarinsu keɓe kawai. Sun bambanta da siffar jikin mutum, kasancewar kwarangwal ma'adinai, alfarma da yawa, da launuka masu haske. Wasu anemones na teku sun shiga cikin symbiosis tare da kayan ɓarnar da ke zaune a cikin ɓarna da aka rage daga mollusks. A cikin wannan symbiosis, ciwon daji yana amfani da anemone na teku a matsayin hanyar kariya daga magabatan (yana toshe ƙwayoyin ƙwayar hanji). Actinia tana motsawa tare da taimakon ciwon kansa, wanda ya ba shi damar tarko da abinci.

Kwayoyin ruwan murjani suna da tasiri ga gurbatar ruwa. Don haka raguwar oxygen a cikin ruwa yana haifar da mutuwarsu.

Muhimmin aikin murjani

Kowane reshe murjani shine tara ƙananan polyps da ake kira mallaka. Kowane irin kwayoyin halitta suna samarda membrane mai damuwa a jikinta, wanda yake zama kariya. Lokacin da aka haifi sabon polyp, yana jingina ga saman abin da ya gabata kuma zai fara samar da sabon harsashi. Wannan shine haɓakar walƙatar hankali, wanda a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi shine kusan 1 cm kowace shekara. Babban yawaitar wadannan halittun ruwan suna samar da murjani ne.

Tsarin polyps murjani ya ƙunshi waɗannan halittu masu zuwa:

1. Samun kashin mahaifa. Suna cikin aiwatar da samar da reef.

2. Kasancewar kwarangwal mai gina jiki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da murjani baki da gorgonians.

3. Rashin kowane kwarangwal kwarangwal (anemone teku).

Istswararrun masana sun banbanta nau'ikan ƙwayoyin murjani dubu 6. Sunan Anthozoa a Latin yana nufin "furen dabbobi." Kwayoyin murjani suna da bayyananniyar hotuna. Ana bambanta su ta fuskoki daban-daban. Aclesaurensu masu motsi suna kama da furannin fure. Manyan polyps mafi girma suna girma zuwa 1 m a tsayi. Sau da yawa diamita su kusan 50-60 cm.

Habitat

Yawancin wakilan kwalayen murjani suna zaune kusan dukkan ruwayen tekuna. Amma a lokaci guda, mafi yawansu suna mayar da hankali ne a cikin tekuna mai tsananin zafi. Suna haɓaka daidai da zazzabi ba ƙasa da 20 ° C. Kwayoyin murjani suna zaune a zurfin har zuwa m 20. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa plankton da ƙananan dabbobi waɗanda ke ciyar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna rayuwa a cikin wannan rukuni na ruwa.

Hanyar iko

Kwayoyin murjani, a matsayina na doka, ana matsa su da rana, kuma da duhu sukan buɗe alfarwansu, wanda suke kamawa yana wucewa. Polyananan polyps suna ciyar da plankton, yayin da manyan polyps ke sami damar narke ƙananan dabbobi. Mafi sau da yawa, manyan polyps guda ɗaya suna cinye kifi da jatan lande. A cikin wannan rukuni na kwayoyin, akwai kuma irin waɗannan wakilai waɗanda ke wanzu saboda symbiosis tare da algae unicellular (autotrophic protozoa).

Gini

Kwayoyin murjani, waɗanda tsarinsu ya ɗan bambanta dangane da nau'insu, suna da ƙwayoyin tsoka. Suna samar da tsokoki na tsaye da na tsaye na jiki. Popsps suna da tsarin juyayi, wanda shine babban abin ɗorewa a ɓangaren diski na baka na waɗannan kwayoyin. Ashin jikinsu na iya zama na ciki, ya kasance cikin mesoglya, ko na waje, wanda ectoderm ya kafa. Mafi sau da yawa, polyp yakan zauna da hutu mai kama da murhu akan murjani, wanda a bayyane yake ya fito a saman farjin sa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, siffar polyps ɗin columnar ne. A saman su, ana sanya faifan peculiar diski, wanda daga ciki abubuwan ƙyamar wannan kwayoyin ke tashi. Pops suna tsayayyen marasa motsi akan kwarangwal ɗin da aka saba da mulkin mallaka. Dukansu suna da alaƙa da wani ƙwayar rai mai rai wanda ke rufe dukkan ƙasusuwan murjani. A wasu nau'in, dukkanin polyps suna hade da bututun da ke shiga cikin ƙasadar dutse.

Kasusuwa na ɗumbin murjani na ɓoye ta hanyar epithelium na waje. Mafi yawan abin da yake fitowa daga tushe ne (tafin kafa) na wannan tsarin "ruwa". Godiya ga wannan tsari, mutane masu rai suna haɓaka akan murjani, kuma yana ci gaba da girma. Yawancin polyps-ray na murjani takwas suna da kasusuwa da ba su da kyau. An maye gurbinsa da abin da ake kira hydroskeleton, wanda ya wanzu saboda cika kogon ciki da ruwa.

Ganuwar jikin polyp ta ƙunshi ectoderm (Layer na waje) da kuma endoderm (Layer na ciki). Tsakaninsu akwai siraran mesogley marasa tsari. A cikin ectoderm ana toshe sel wanda ake kira cnidoblasts. Tsarin nau'ikan polyral na murjani na iya dan bambanta dan kadan. Misali, anemones na teku sunyi silsila. Tsawonta shine 4-5 cm, kuma kafinta shine 2-3 cm .. Wannan silin ɗin ya ƙunshi ganga (shafi), ƙananan (kafafu) da kuma na sama. Wato anemone na tekun yana ɗauka wata faifai wanda akan bakinsa (ya kasance a ɓoye), kuma a tsakiyar sa akwai tazara mai tsawo.

Kewayenta akwai shinge da ke cikin rukuni-rukuni. Suna kafa da'irori da yawa. Na farko da na biyu suna da 6, na uku suna da 12, na huɗu suna da 24, na biyar suna da tanti 48. Bayan 1 da 2, kowane da'irar da ke biye tana da su sau 2 girma fiye da wacce ta gabata. Ruwan anemones na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa (fure, tumatir, fern). Pharynx yana kaiwa zuwa gawar mahaifa, ya kasu kashi septa radial da ake kira septa. Suna wakiltar manyan hanyoyin ƙarshen zamani, wanda ya ƙunshi yadudduka biyu. Tsakanin su akwai mesogley tare da ƙwayoyin tsoka.

Septa yana samar da ciki na polyp. Daga sama, suna girma tare da 'yanci kyauta ga makogwaronsa. A gefuna na septa an corrugated, su kauri da zama tare da narkewa da kuma Kwayoyin Kwayoyin. Ana kiran su da filastin mesenteric, kuma ƙarshen ƙarshen su ana kiransu accentuations. Narke abinci ta hanyar polyp ana aiwatar dashi ta amfani da enzymes da ke ciki.

Kiwo

Ana aiwatar da juyi da murfin murjani ta wata hanya ta musamman. Yawansu yana ƙaruwa koyaushe saboda haihuwa, wanda ake kira budding. Wasu nau'ikan polyps suna haihuwar jima'i. Yawancin nau'ikan wadannan kwayoyin suna dioecious. Maniyyin maza ta hanyar fashewa a bangon gonads sun shiga cikin rami na ciki da kuma fita. Daga nan sai su shiga bakin mace. Sannan qwai takan hadu sai suyi dan lokaci a cikin mesoglysis na septum.

Yayin aiwatar da cigaban tayi, an sami kananan larvae wadanda suke iyo cikin ruwa kyauta. Bayan lokaci, sun zauna a ƙasa kuma suka zama tushen sabbin mazauna ko kuma ɗaiɗaikun ƙwayoyin polyps.

Murjani a matsayin magudanan ruwa

Yawancin polyps ruwan marine suna da hannu a cikin samuwar reefs. Coral shine mafi yawanci ana kiranta kashin ragowar polyps wanda ya kasance bayan mutuwar yawancin waɗannan organ ananan kwayoyin. Mutuwarsu galibi tana tsokanar su ne ta hanyar karuwar abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa da gindin zama. Mai samar da wannan tsari sune microbes. Mahalli mai wadatar halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta wuri ne mai kyau don aiki mai aiki na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, a sakamakon mahimmancin aiki wanda acid ruwa na ruwa da iskar oxygen ɗin ya ragu. Irin wannan "hadaddiyar giyar" tana da illa mai kyau a cikin polyps na murjani da na mallaka.

Gilashin Kwallan Kwallan Gwada

Kwararrun sun bambanta gilashi biyu na polyps, waɗanda suka haɗa da umarni daban-daban na waɗannan kwayoyin halittun marine:

1. Haske-katako (Octocorallia), wanda ya haɗa da murjani mai laushi (Alcyonaria) da ƙaho (Gorgonaria). Hakanan sun haɗa da gashin tsuntsaye na teku (Pennatularia), stolonifera (Stolonifera), Helpporacea polyp na shuɗi. Suna da farfajiyar jiki guda takwas, kwarangwal mai ƙwalƙwalwa na ciki, da tanti na shinge.

2. Shida-katako (Hexacorallia), daga cikinsu an bambanta Corallimorpharia, anemones teku (Actiniaria), ceriantharius (Ceriantharia), zoantharias (Zoanthidea), madreporic (Scleractinia) da baƙar fata (murjani).

Amfani na cikin gida

Wasu ƙwayoyin murjani na cikin nasara suna inganta su ta hanyar masu ɗorewa a cikin yanayin yanayin wucin gadi. Ana amfani da kashin kashin jikin wasu nau'ikan waɗannan halittun ruwan don yin kayan ado. A wasu ƙasashe inda har yanzu ba a hana yin murfin murjani ba, ana amfani da gawarwakinsu don gina gidaje da sauran tsare-tsare. Hakanan ana amfani dasu azaman kayan ado tare da gidaje da lambuna.

Menene bambanci tsakanin murjani da murjani?

Kwayoyin murjani - halittu masu rai. Waɗannan 'yan mulkin mallaka ne na teku ko kuma keɓantattun wurare masu rai waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa mai zafi mai zafi. Su iri ne Stalking, wanda halayen ya kasance ta hanyar ɓoye ƙwayoyin sel da ake amfani da su don farauta. Yawancin polyps suna da kwarangwal mai kauri. Wannan sigar kwarangwal din ce ke wanzuwa bayan mutuwar wasu tarin ƙwayoyin murjani, da ake kira kawai murjani. Wancan shine bambanci. Amma galibi ana fahimtar kalmar "murjani" a matsayin rayuwa mai ratsa jiki, da kashinsu, kuma wani lokacin harda kayan adon da aka yi da murjani na musamman masu launi.

Ana samun murjani ne a cikin ruwan teku mai gishiri. Fresh ruwa ne a gare su. Hakanan zasu mutu cikin sauri, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan murjani da ke rayuwa a cikin wani "kwalin" mai kama da harsashi na mollusks. A karancin ruwa, ruwan tekuna ya kasance a ciki, wanda ke kula da rayuwar polyp har sai ruwan ya dawo.

Gidan murjani - ruwa mai ɗumi da ruwa mai zafi tare da haske mai kyau da zafin jiki + 20 ° C. Yawancin nau'ikan halittu suna rayuwa ne a zurfin nisan mil 50. Girman manyan jinsuna ne kawai ke da ikon rayuwa a zurfin inda hasken rana bai shiga ba.

Murjani a ciki Coral da polyps na murjani.

Nau'in da nau'ikan Ka'idodi

Kwalayen murjani sun kasu gida biyu: shida-katako da katako takwas.

Polyps na murjani mai haske shida (Hexacorallia) - Kadarorin ruwa na ruwa ko abubuwan mulkin mallaka tare da adadin alfarwansu da yawa na 6. Da wuya dai polyps ne da ke da tarin alfarma daban daban (5, 8 ko 10). Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan 4,300 na polyps coral mai nunawa. Shahararrun wakilan wannan subclass sune ruwan anemones. Basu da tsayayyen kwarangwal kuma basa shiga cikin sake tsarin halitta. Anemones na teku sun saba da rayuwa a kan wani kogin da ke shiga symbiosis tare da sauran dabbobin ruwa.

Kifayen da suke zaune a ciki suna zaune a cikin matsanancin matattarar ruwan anemones. Haka kuma, kowane kifi ya kasance tare da zaɓaɓɓen ruwan teku na rayuwa. An rufe kifin Clown tare da gamsai na musamman, wanda ke sa su sami kariya daga guba na anemones teku. Preari daidai, ƙwayoyin polyp masu aiki ba sa aiki lokacin da ake hulɗa da fata mai laushi mai kama da kifi. Don haka, anemone yana kare kifin mai karko daga magabatansu, kuma hakan a lokaci-lokaci yana tsabtace shi daga cututtukan fata.

Murjani a ciki Coral da polyps na murjani.

Wani misali kuma game da haɗin kai abu ne guda biyu na anemones teku tare da ciwon daji hermit. Kwayar za ta zauna a kan kwantar da kansa kuma godiya gare shi yana tafiya tare da bakin tekun. A musayar wannan, daskararren ganye yana karɓar aikin kariya daga maƙiya da yawa.

Babban rukuni na polyps coral mai nuna guda shida sune madreporic ko murjani dutse (Scleractinia) A halin yanzu, an bayyana nau'ikan 3,600. Ana kwatanta su da kasancewar kasusuwa mai rauni. Wadannan murjani sune babban mai yin kiwo. Murjaniyoyi guda 1 na iya ɗaure girman 50 cm a diamita kuma su zauna a zurfin zurfin har zuwa kilomita 6. Amma mafi yawan wakilan wannan warewa sunada karami (har zuwa 5 mm.) Popsps. Suna shirya babban yanki, wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaruruwan dubban polyps kuma ya kai nauyin tan.

Polyps takwas na Murjani (Octocorallia) Shin ƙaramar komputa ne na murjani mai kwakwalwa wanda ke da layu guda takwas. Wannan shine mafi tsohuwar nau'in halitta, burbushin halittun wanda aka samo asusu, wanda aka kiyasta shekarunsa miliyan 145. Da alama dukkansu sun fito ne daga magabata daya na kowa. Waɗannan ƙananan polyps ne - girman su yawanci baya wuce 1 cm.

Yawancin polyps-ray na murjani takwas masu rai suna da tsayayyen kasusuwa. Shiga cikin sake fasalin

Murjani a ciki Coral da polyps na murjani.

Symbiosis na teku anemone da ciwon daji hermit

Musamman mun lura da kyakkyawan yanayin misalin symbiosis (symbiosis na Girka - zama tare) - kusancin zama biyu ko fiye, wanda (a matsayin mai mulkin) ya zama mai amfani kuma ya zama dole ga kowane abokin tarayya.

Symbiosis yana faruwa tsakanin anemone teku da ciwon daji na hermit. Wani abin birgewa mai rarrafe, da samun anemone, ya fara bugun ta. Abin mamaki, a cikin martani game da wannan, anemone baya tsayar da cutar kansa - wannan inji ya sami ci gaba ta hanyar juyin halitta akan dubunnan shekaru. Madadin haka, anemone yana kwance daga dutsen (substrate) kuma yana motsawa zuwa kansar akan harsashi.

Abincin da ake kira "Hermit" ya ci ƙananan dabbobi masu rauni a cikin ta hanyar toshe ƙwayoyin ruwan anemone. A lokaci guda, anemone yana cikin motsawa koyaushe, saboda abin da ya fi yawa ganima. Hakanan yana da aikin kariya dangane da cutar kansa.

Coral Reefs da Reef form

Murjani yana shiga cikin aikin samar da ruwa Reef samuwar - Tsarin samar da murjani a cikin ruwan sanyi wanda ya danganci ragowar tarin kwalayen mulkin mallaka, da kuma wasu algae da zasu iya fitar da lemun tsami daga ruwan teku. Coral reefs yana haɓaka cikin ruwa mai zurfin zuwa zurfin 50 m., A cikin ruwa mai tsabta da dumi (+ 20 ° C).

Yawancin nau'ikan murjani na yau da kullun sun fara samar da shekaru miliyan 10 da suka gabata, bayan shekarun kankara na ƙarshe. Dusar kankara ta haifar da hauhawar yanayin teku da ambaliyar ruwa a gabar teku ta nahiyoyi da tsibirai.A lokaci guda, karuwa a cikin zafin jiki na tekuna ya kirkiro yanayi mai kyau don haifuwar ƙwayoyin murjani, waɗanda ke cika shiryayye na ƙasashen duniya kuma suka fara girma, har zuwa saman. Sun kuma cika ruwayen da ke kusa da tsaunukan da tsibirai masu zafi, galibi asalinsu daga wutar lantarki yake.

Shahararren masanin kasar Ingilishi kuma matafiya Charles Darwin a cikin aikin kimiyya "Tsarin da rarraba murjani na ruwa"Ya bayyana yadda aka samar da reshi a misalin tsibiri mai ba da wuta. Dangane da ka’idar sa, hanyoyin sune kamar haka:

• Fashewar Volcano. A wannan matakin, tsibiri mai tsayi mai tsayi "ya girma" daga cikin ruwa.
• "Mazaunin" tsibirin. Yayin da tsibirin ke tsiro, ya nitse har ƙasa ƙarƙashin nauyinta. Tsibirin da kansa ya zama ƙasa, kuma yankin ruwan da ke kusa da shi ya zama ƙarami - yana cike da duwatsu. Ana kiran wannan yankin gaɓar teku "fringing reef". A wannan gaba, lagoons na iya kafawa kusa da tsibirin.
• Rijiyar dutse tana zaune ta hanyar murjani, wanda a ƙarshe ya sake juyawa zuwa cikin murfin murjani - ya ƙunshi ragowar ikon mallaka. Da muryar murjani ta isa saman ruwa, tsibirin da kanta ta ci gaba da nitsewa har ƙasa.
• Tsibiri an ɓoye gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Da murjani mai ruwa ta haɗu da mitutu da yawa sama da ruwa. Ana iya rufe shi da yashi aka bari daga ƙasan tsibirin. Bangaren tsakiya ya ɓace gaba ɗaya, ya bar baya da zuriyar lago. Ana kiran irin wannan shinge mai shinge tare da lagoon tsakiya atoll.

Murjani a ciki Coral da polyps na murjani.

Rayayyun ruwan kwaro suna mamaye da 0.1% na tekun duniya, amma suna gida kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk nau'in dabbobi masu ruwa.

A halin yanzu, kusan rabin (kusan kashi 45%) na duk filaye na murjani ana samun su a cikin Tekun Pacific a yankin Asiya. Waɗannan su ne ruwan Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, da sauran ƙasashe. A cikin ragowar Tekun Pacific, ana samun kashi 18% na wuraren amfani da ruwa. A cikin Indiya - 17%. A cikin Tekun Atlantika - 14%. Mafi ruwan teku murjani shine Jar Teku (kusan kashi 6% na jimlar).

Babban murjani murjani - Babban Bako Reef wanda yake a cikin Bahar Coral a cikin Tekun Pasifik a bakin arewa maso gabashin tekun Australia. Tana buɗewa tsawon mil 2,500. kuma yana rufe yankin kusan 400 km². Wannan shine mafi girman abin halitta a duniya, wanda aka gina ta halittu masu rai. Girmanta yana da girma sosai har ana iya ganinta koda daga sarari.

Dangane da ƙididdigar zamani, yankin murjani mai ƙarfi shine 284 dubu km4. Da baya a 1980, wannan adadi ya fi girma - kimanin 600,000 km². Idan wannan yanayin bai canza ba, to bayan shekaru 15-20, wasu rerals na murjani zasu shuɗe gaba daya.

Rayuwa

Yawancin polyps na murjani suna zaune a cikin tekuna masu zafi, inda zafin ruwa bai faɗi ƙasa da +20 ° C ba, kuma a zurfin bai wuce mita 20 ba, a cikin yanayin yawan ruwan tekun, wanda suke ciyar da shi. Yawanci, polyps suna narkewa a cikin rana, kuma a cikin dare an cire alfarwansu kuma a miƙe, tare da taimakon abin da suke kama ƙananan dabbobi da yawa. Manyan polyps guda ɗaya masu ikon iya ɗaukar manyan dabbobi: kifi, jatan lande. Wasu nau'in polyps na murjani suna rayuwa ne sakamakon symbiosis tare da algae unicellular, wanda suke rayuwa a cikin mesoglye.

Subclass takwas Beam Coral (Octocorallia)

Murjani takwas masu launin rawaya suna da rakodi takwas, bangare takwas a cikin rami na ciki, da kashin ciki. Wannan kashin ya kasu kashi biyu: 1) Alcyonaria (Alcyonaria), 2) murjani mai ruwa (Gorgonacea), da sauransu.

Yawancin alcyonaria sune murjani mai taushi wanda basu da kwarangwal mai ƙoshin magana. Kawai wasu tubipores sun mallaki kwarangwal mai narkewa. A cikin mesoglayer na waɗannan murjani, an samar da bututu waɗanda ke sayar da junan su ta faranti. Kasusuwa a cikin sifa shine a hankali yake sake tunawa da sashin jiki, don haka tubipores suna da wani suna - organichki. Jikin guntun hannu suna cikin aiwatar da tsarin reef.

Murjani na zamani, ko gorgonians, suna da kasusuwa na ciki. Wannan umarnin ya haɗa da ja, ko murjani mai ƙarfi (Corallium rubrum), wanda shine batun kamun kifi. An yi kayan ado daga kwarangwal na murjani ja.

Subclass shida Murjani (Hexacorallia)

Murjani shida masu kwalliya suna da alfarma da yawa, wanda adadinsu shida ne. Yayan ciki ya rarrabu ta wani tsarin hadaddun tsarin bangare, adadin wanda shima yakai shida. Yawancin wakilan suna da kasusuwan kasusuwa na waje, akwai ƙungiyoyin da suka rasa kwarangwal.

Rukunan da ke biye sun ƙunshi ƙananan komputa na shida-Beam Coral: 1) Ruwan anemones, 2) murjani Madreporic, da sauransu.

Kwayoyin halittun teku suna manyan polyps guda ɗaya ne ba tare da kwarangwal ba. Suna da launi daban-daban, masu haske koyaushe, wanda ake kiransu da dutsen teku (Fig. 3, 4). Zasu iya motsawa a hankali akan jijiyoyin jiki. Wasu nau'ikan anemones na teku sun shiga cikin symbiosis tare da fasahar hermit. Abun Hermit yana aiki a matsayin abin hawa don anemone na teku, kuma anemone na teku tare da shinge tare da toshe sel yana kare kansa daga abokan gaba.

Muryoyin Madrepore sune guda biyu da polyps na mulkin mallaka, waɗanda ke halayyar kasancewar skearfin kwarangwal mai ƙarfi. A cikin manyan zurfin (har zuwa 6000 m) yawanci ƙananan siffofin guda ɗaya suna zaune, ana samun manyan polyps a gefen tekun, har ma da wuraren mulkin mallaka (har zuwa 1 m tsayi), wanda ke samar da katako - bankunan murjani. Masu wakiltar wannan kamfani sune manyan masu reams. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kwakwalwa, murjani mai siffar naman kaza, da sauransu.

Coral reefs - an samo su ne saboda mahimmancin ayyukan murjani murjani yana da kashin mahaifa. Reef ɗin ya ƙunshi muryoyin madreporic, wani ɓangaren murɗaɗɗun muryoyi shida da sauran dabbobi tare da kwarangwal (mollusks, sponges, bryozoans).

Kolafa mai kirkirar dutse tana zaune ne kawai a yankuna na wurare masu zafi na Tekun Duniya, tun da suna buƙatar ɗumbin ruwa mai ɗorewa da kullun, suna kula da yanayin haske, ƙyalli na ruwa da cikawar sa tare da oxygen. Dogaro da rarrabuwar rarraba akan haske shine sakamakon symbiosis na murjani na murhu tare da algae unicellular (zooxanthellae).

Reefs suna da nau'i uku: bakin teku, shinge da atolls. Atoll wani tsibiri ne mai launin zobe mai launin shunayya. Dangane da hasashe na C. Darwin, nau'in farkon shine reef na bakin teku. Abubuwan shinge da shinge na rami suna samar da abubuwa ne sanadiyyar raguwar ƙasa.

► Bayanin sauran azuzuwan nau'in Enterocarpal:

Murjani a ciki

Harshen murjani shine yanki mai halayyar halitta wanda polyps polyps suka kirkira da wasu nau'ikan algae da ke samar da lemun tsami - ƙwayoyin kalsium. A kwana a tashi, ƙwayoyin murjani na mutum guda ɗaya sun mutu, amma ƙasusuwarsu ta ragu - saboda wannan, reef ɗin ya girma kuma yana faɗaɗa.

Koyarwar murjani wata hanya ce ta karbuwa: don haɗe zuwa tushe a hamayya da raƙuman ruwan teku, don kare daga maharan.

Bellevich Yuri Sergeyevich ne ya rubuta wannan labarin kuma mallakinsa ne na ilimi. Yin kwafa, rarrabawa (gami da kwafin zuwa wasu shafuka da albarkatu akan Intanet) ko kowane amfani da bayanai da abubuwa ba tare da izinin mai haƙƙin mallaka na farko doka ta same shi ba. Don kayan labarin da izinin amfani dasu, tuntuɓi Bellevich Yuri.

Tsarin rayuwa da haifuwa

Murjani na haifuwa ta hanyar buddwa da kuma jima'i. Popsps yawanci suna dioecious. Maniyyi ta hanyar fashewa a jikin bangon gonad din ya shiga cikin rami na ciki, sannan kuma ya fita ya shiga ta bakin cikin bakin mace. Qwai da ke ciki ya haɗu da ɗan lokaci a cikin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na septum. Yawancin lokaci, yayin haɓakar tayi, an kirkiro lardin-freean kankara - planula, wanda bayan ɗan lokaci ya zauna ƙasa ya kuma ba da sabon mutane ko mazauna. A cikin polyps na murjani da yawa, ci gaba yana gudana ba tare da metamorphosis ba kuma tsutsawar ba ta samu ba.

Mutuwar Murya

A cikin jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar akan murjani na Great Barrier Reef, an gano wata hanyar da ke haifar da mutuwar murjani. Mutuwarsu ta fara ne da haɓaka abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa da laka, kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sune matsakanci na waɗannan hanyoyin. Yankin yanayin ƙasa yana aiki a matsayin kyakkyawan tushe don saurin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta, sakamakon haka, an rage yawan abubuwan oxygen da pH na matsakaici. Haɗin wannan yana da mutuƙar murjani. Hanzarta rage yawan sulfate, wanda yake amfani da mataccen nama a matsayin mai canzawa, kawai yana hanzarta mutuwar murjani.