Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Subfamily: | Sturgeon |
Duba: | Sterlet |
Haraji akan wikids | Hotunan akan Wikimedia Commons |
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Littafin Red na Rasha kallon ya gushe | |
Duba Bayani Sterlet a shafin yanar gizon IPEE RAS |
Sterlet (Latin Acipenser ruthenus) - kifi na dangin Sturgeon, an jera shi a cikin littafin Red na Rasha da Shafi na II CITES a matsayin “nau'in mawuyacin hali”. Tsayin jikin mutum ya kai cm cm, nauyi - har zuwa kilogiram 16. An haramta kamun kifi a cikin dukkanin gabar ruwan kifayen Volga-Caspian da Azov-Black Sea (da kuma kowane irin nau'in tsauni). An bayar da lasisin kamun kifi a wasu koguna na Yammacin Siberiya, da kuma a cikin kogunan Yankin Kifi na Arewa. Abinda ake amfani da shi a cikin ruwa.
Siffar
Tsakanin wasu matsafa, yakan bambanta ta farkon lokacin balaga: maza na farko sun yi fice tun yana dan shekara 4-5, mace - shekaru 7-8. Haihuwa shine qwai 4 - dubu 140. Spawns a watan Mayu, yawanci a cikin manyan kantuna. Caviar yana m, an sanya shi akan ƙasa mai narkewa. Yana tasowa kimanin kwanaki 4-5.
Yawancin mutane sun kai tsawon 40-60 cm kuma nauyin 0.5-2 kilogiram, wani lokacin ana samun samfurori waɗanda ke nauyin kilogiram 6-7 kuma har zuwa kilogiram 16.
Manya suna ciyar da akasari akan chironomid larvae, ƙananan mollusks, da sauran invertebrates (mysids, gammarids).
A cikin kaka, a watan Satumba, yana tattarawa cikin zurfi na koguna (rami), inda yake ciyar da duk lokacin hunturu a cikin ƙasa mai rauni, ba tare da cin abinci ba. Dokar Kogin sau da yawa yana inganta yanayin ciyar da ganyen kwalba, amma yakan cutar da yanayin haifuwarta.
Matsakaicin shekarun kwarton shine kimanin shekaru 30.
Kifi na kasuwanci mai mahimmanci. Dalilin kandami da kiwo a cikin tafkin.
Ta hanyar tsallake wannan nau'in tare da beluga, an samo wata dabara mai ma'ana ga kamun kifi da ake kira bester.
Rarraba
Tana zaune a duniya a cikin koguna na Black, Azov da Caspian Seas, a cikin kwarin kogin Arewacin Dvina, Ob, Yenisei da Pyasin, kuma ta shiga cikin rafin Kogin Ladoga da Onega.
An sake shigo da shi cikin koguna: Neman, Western Dvina, Onega, Pechora, Amur, Oka, har ma zuwa cikin wasu tafkuna.
- a cikin kwandon Dnieper a cikin Smolensk (Dnipro) da Bryansk (Desna),
- a cikin kwari na Dniester da Prut a Moldova,
- a cikin Don basin - duk tsawonsa daga Rostov zuwa yankuna Tula,
- a cikin kwari na Ural a cikin yankin Orenburg,
- a cikin kwari na Sura a cikin jumlolin na Mari El, Chuvashia da Mordovia, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk da Penza,
- a cikin kwandunan Kama - a cikin jihohin Udmurtia, Tatarstan da Bashkortostan, Perm Territory da Kirov Yankuna,
- a cikin kwari na Kuban sun hadu a cikin yankin Terrisor na Krasnodar,
- a cikin kwari na Vyatka - a cikin lardunan Nolinsky da Urzhumsky,
- A cikin kwandon Yenisei daga bakin kogin Angara zuwa kasan.
- A cikin kwari na Bahar Maliya, baƙar tukunya ta kasance kaɗan a yawanta; a halin yanzu, a cikin kwandunan kogin Dnieper da Don ba a taɓa samun sa a samfuran guda ba.
- A cikin kwarin Kogin Kuban, mai yiwuwa wannan kifin ya ɓace.
- A cikin tudun Kogin Caspian (musamman a cikin basin Volga) akwai wasu sinadarai da yawa.
- A tsakiyar kwari da kuma saman Kama, yalwar sa a cikin 50s da 70s na karni na 20 ya ragu sosai kuma an yi barazanar lalata nau'in, amma a cikin shekarun 90s akwai yuwuwar ƙara lambobi, wanda hakan na iya kasancewa sakamakon raguwar gurɓataccen ruwa a sakamakon raguwa mai kaifi samar da masana'antu kuma tare da karewar katako da katako.
- A cewar ƙwararrun masana, alƙawarin ɗan asalin ƙasa ya rayu ne a kwarin Surat. Har zuwa 1969, yana da yawa, mahimmanci ne na kasuwanci, amma a cikin 1969-1970 kusan bacewar ta ya kasance kuma a cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa kawai samfurori masu keɓancewa ne aka lura, a cikin 1986-1987, masana'antun daga Volga sun shiga, amma yanzu da wuya aka sake rajista. guda halaye.
- A cikin kwari na Volga, ana samun shi a cikin tafkunan Volgograd, Uglich da Rybinsk.
- A cikin kwarin kogin Ural, musamman a cikin ɓangaren Rasha, ana samun wata nau'in halitta mai ban sha'awa a cikin yankin Orenburg a lokuta guda.
- A cikin gundarin Ob, tun daga rikicewar kogunan Biya da Katun har zuwa Gaban Ob.
- Hakanan an samo shi a tsakiyar isa Kogin Irtysh (daga Pavlodar da ƙasa).
Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar mutane shine gurbatar kogin ta hanyar masana'antu, aikin gona da ruwan sharar gida (sterlet yana da matukar damuwa ga gurbacewar ruwa da abubuwan da ke tattare da oxygen a cikin shi), yin farauta, kwararar koguna. Aljanin dake hana yin amfani da ruwan tafki a cikin koguna, wanda ruwa mai tsafta ya zama mafi tsafta (wani lokacin ya yi ruwa) da wadataccen iskar oxygen, da madatsun ruwa na tsirrai masu yawa na toshe bakin kifin daga cikin teku zuwa saman kogin zuwa tsaftar. Ana ɗaukar matakan aiki (dangane da injections na kuɗi) don kare nau'in. Yawancin lokaci wannan yana girma akan gonaki na musamman.
Bayyanar
Ana daukar Sterlet mafi ƙanƙanta a tsakanin kowane nau'in Sturgeons. Gwargwadon girmancin da ɗanɗuwa ya wuce cm 120-130, amma yawanci waɗannan gurneti ma sun fi ƙanƙane: 30-40 cm, kuma basu cika kilo biyu ba.
Sitirtar yana da jiki mai da elongated da kuma babba babba, babba, mai ɗaure kai. Fuskarta tana da elongated, conical, tare da ƙananan leɓenta ya kasu kashi biyu, wanda shine ɗayan fasalin fasalin wannan kifin. Theasa da hancin akwai adadin anan eriya da yawa, kuma akwai cikin wasu wakilan dangin Sturgeon.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Sterlet ya zo ne ta fuskoki guda biyu: mai kaifi-mai nuna fifiko, wanda aka dauke shi mai kyawu ne kuma mai cike da annuri, wanda gefen ƙwanƙwasa ya kewaya.
An rufe kansa da saman da garkuwar kashi. A jiki akwai sikelin ganoid tare da kwari masu yawa, cike da wasu ƙananan yaɗun protsrusions a cikin hatsi. Ba kamar nau'in kifaye masu yawa ba, a cikin gangar jikin an sanya finciko mai ƙwanƙwasa zuwa ga ɓangaren ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Wutsiya tana da sifa irin ta sihiri, tare da babban falo na tsayi fiye da ƙananan.
Launin jikin kletali yakan zama duhu sosai, yawanci launin shuɗi-baki ne, sau da yawa tare da ɗaɗɗen launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Cikakken ciki ya fi na fari launi, a wasu samfuran ana iya kusan fari fari. Ya bambanta da wani Sturgeon sterlet, da farko, ta hanyar katse ƙananan lebe da ɗimbin yawa, adadin su wanda zai iya wuce guda 50.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Sterlet kifi ne mai tsinkaye wanda ke rayuwa a cikin koguna, haka kuma ya fi dacewa ya zauna cikin tsaftataccen tsaftataccen ruwa tare da ruwa mai gudana. Lokaci-lokaci ne kawai zai iya iyo a cikin teku, amma a nan ana iya samunsa kusa da kusa da kewayen isharar.
A lokacin rani, ana sa shi a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, kuma ana iya samun ƙananan siraran a cikin kunkuntar tashoshi ko wuraren biya kusa da kusa da kewayen. Daga kaka, kifin ya koma ƙasa ya sauka a cikin recesses da ake kira rami, inda yake sanya hibernates. A cikin lokacin sanyi, tana jagorantar rayuwa mara tsayi: ba ta farauta kuma ba ta cin komai. Bayan dusar kankara ta buɗe, kodar ta bar ramuka a ƙarshen tafki kuma ta hau kogin don ta ci gaba da kasancewarta.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Ba kamar yawancin tsayayyar baƙi ba, waɗanda ake ɗaukar 'yan koyo ne don yin rayuwa mai zaman kansu, ƙwayar tukunya ta fi son zama cikin manyan garke. Ko da a cikin rami don hunturu, wannan kifin bai bar shi kadai ba, amma tare da abokan sa da yawa.
A cikin ɓacin rai ɗaya, ɗaruruwan ɗakuna ɗari wani lokacin hunturu a lokaci guda. A lokaci guda, za'a iya matso su sosai tare da wuya su motsa gills da ƙonewa.
Yaya tsawon lokacin zama yake?
Sterlet yana zaune, kamar sauran biranen, tsawon lokaci. Zamanin rayuwarta a cikin yanayin halitta na iya kaiwa shekaru talatin. Ko yaya dai, idan aka kwatanta da irin wahalar da ke tafkin, lokacin da shekaru suka kai shekaru 80 har ma fiye da haka, ba daidai bane a kira shi dattijan a tsakanin wakilan iyalinsa.
Dimorphism na jima'i
Dimorphism na jima'i a cikin wannan kifin ba ya nan. Maza da mata na wannan nau'in ba sa bambanta da juna ko dai a launi na jiki ko kuma girmansu. Jikin mace, kamar na jikin mace, an lullube shi da ƙamshi, ƙashi-kamar ƙaddara, sikelin ganoid, kuma yawan sikeli ba ya bambanta da yawa tsakanin mutanen jinsi daban-daban.
Habitat, mazauni
Sterlet yana zaune a cikin koguna waɗanda ke gudana cikin Tekun Baƙi, Azov da Caspian Sea. Hakanan yana faruwa a cikin koguna na arewacin, misali, a cikin Ob, Yenisei, da Arewacin Dvina, kazalika a cikin kwarin Ladoga da Onega tabkuna. Kari akan haka, wannan kifin ya cika wucin gadi a cikin koguna kamar Neman, Pechora, Amur da Oka da kuma wasu manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwa.
Sterlet zai iya rayuwa ne kawai a wuraren ajiye ruwa tare da ruwa mai tsabta, yayin da ya fi dacewa ya zauna a cikin koguna tare da ƙasa mai yashi ko dutse. A lokaci guda, mace tayi ƙoƙarin kasancewa kusa da ƙasan tafki, yayin da maza ke iyo a cikin ruwa ruwa, kuma gabaɗaya, suna jagorantar rayuwa mai aiki.
Abincin maniyyi
Sterlet shine maɓallin ɗanɗano wanda ke ciyar da, mafi yawan lokuta, akan ƙananan ruwa na cikin ruwa. Tushen abincin wannan kifayen shine ƙananan halittu, kamar su larvae, da amphipods, mollusks da ƙananan tsutsotsi masu tsalle-tsalle waɗanda suke zaune a ƙarƙashin tafki. Gwargwadon bazai hana caviar wasu kifi ba, yana cin sa musamman tare da nishaɗi. Manyan mutane na wannan nau'in zasu iya ciyar da karamin kifi, amma a lokaci guda yi ƙoƙarin rasa ganima.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa ƙwaƙwalwar mace na jagorantar rayuwar rayuwa na ƙarni, kuma maza suna iyo a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa, kifayen mata daban suna cin abinci daban. Mace suna neman abinci a cikin ƙashin bayan ƙasa, kuma maza suna cin abin da ke cikin kwari a cikin ruwa. An fi son Sterlet farauta a cikin duhu.
Fry da matasa kifi suna ciyar da plankton dabbobi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, sannu a hankali suna faɗaɗa abincinsu ta ƙara ƙarami sannan kuma manyan sifofin zuwa gare shi.
Kiwo da zuriya
A karo na farko, wajan girke-girke na farkon ga mai rauni: maza sunkai shekaru 4-5, kuma mace - yana da shekaru 7-8. A lokaci guda, yana ninka sosai a cikin shekaru 1-2 bayan ɓarnar da ta gabata.
Wannan lokacin yana wajaba ga mace ta sami cikakkiyar farfadowa daga "haihuwar" da suka gabata, wanda ke lalata jikin wakilan wannan dangi sosai.
Lokacin kiwo don wannan kifin yana farawa ne daga ƙarshen bazara ko farkon lokacin bazara - kimanin, daga tsakiyar Mayu zuwa ƙarshen sa, lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa a cikin tafki ya kai daga digiri 7 zuwa 20, duk da cewa mafi yawan zafin da zai dace don tsabtace shine 10 -15 digiri. Amma wani lokacin spawning na iya farawa a baya ko kuma daga baya a wannan lokacin: a farkon Mayu ko a tsakiyar watan Yuni. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ruwan zafin jiki da ke buƙatar spawning ba a saita ta kowace hanya saboda dalili ɗaya ko wata. Hakanan, lokacin da ainihin tsalle-tsalle a gangar jikin zai fara, matakin ruwa a cikin kogin inda yake rayuwa shima yana shafar.
Ba a aiko da tsibirin da ke zaune a cikin Volga ba duk a lokaci guda. Mutane daban-daban da suke zaune a rafin kogin sun ɗan ji ɗanɗana a baya fiye da waɗanda suka fi son su sauka daga zurfin kogin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa lokacin ɓarnatar da waɗannan kifayen ya faɗi akan mafi yawan zubewar ƙasa, kuma yana farawa a cikin kogin babba tun farko fiye da na baya. Garanti ya kan jefe caviar a wuraren da ruwa yake a bayyane kuma ƙasan ta ke zube. Ita kifaye ce mai yawan gaske: adadin qwai da mace ta ajiye a lokaci guda na iya kaiwa dubu 16 ko fiye.
M ƙwai, dage farawa a kan tushe, haɓaka kwanaki da yawa, bayan wannan an soya ƙyallen. A rana ta goma ta rayuwa, lokacin da kwai gwaiduwa ya shuɗe, girman karamar kwarton bai wuce 1.5 cm ba. Bayyanan ƙananan yara a cikin wannan nau'in sun ɗan bambanta da fitowar mutane manya. Bakin larvae karami ne, mai jujjuyawar magana, da eriya mai faɗi tana daidai kamar girman. Wannan ƙananan leɓansu ya riga ya kasu kashi biyu, kamar yadda yake a cikin manya sterlets. Coveredangare na kai a cikin ƙananan kifaye na wannan nau'in an rufe shi da ƙananan kashin baya. Matashi yana canza launin duhu fiye da danginsa na manya, ɓoye cikin wutsiyar jikin thean shekara musamman sanannu ne.
Na dogon lokaci, matattarar matasa suna zama a wurin da da zarar sun tsinke daga qwai. Kuma kawai a cikin fall, sun kai girman 11-25 cm, suna zuwa rafin kogin. A lokaci guda, bakararru na mata daban suna girma a daidai matsayin: duk maza da mace tun daga farko ba su da bambanci da juna a girma, kamar yadda, duk da haka, iri ɗaya ne a launinsu.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Sterlet na iya shiga tsakanin sauran kifayen dangin Sturgeon, kamar nau'ikan nau'ikan Sturgeon, misali, Siberian da Rasha ko kuma Sturgeon Sturgeon. Kuma daga beluga da gero a cikin shekarun 1950s na karni na ashirin an sake hada sabon tsari da wucin gadi - mashin, wanda a yanzu nau'in kasuwanci ne mai mahimmanci.
Ofimar wannan nau'in matasan yana faruwa saboda gaskiyar cewa, kamar beluga, yana girma da kyau kuma yana samun nauyi da sauri. Amma a lokaci guda, sabanin marigayi balaugas, balagaggu, kamar sterlet, ana rarrabe su ta hanyar balaga, wanda yasa ya yiwu a hanzarta haifuwar waɗannan kifin a cikin bauta.
Bayanin da fasali
Duniyar da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa tana da arziki sosai a cikin mazaunan. Kawai jinsunan kifaye akwai dubun dubun. Amma akwai wasu daga cikinsu waɗanda suka karɓi lakabi na girmamawa na "sarauta". Wadannan sun hada da Sturgeon kifi sterlet. Amma me yasa kuma me yasa ta cancanci irin wannan lakabi? Wannan shi ne abin da ya kamata mu tsara.
Idan ka yarda da labarin masu kamun kifi na zamanin da, irin waɗannan halittun da suke cikin ruwa ba ƙananan ba. Wasun su, da suka zama girman kai na masu sa'a waɗanda suka kama su, suka kai kusan mita biyu a tsayinsu, gawawwakinsu sun kai kilo 16. Yana iya yiwuwa ya zama cewa duk wannan almara ne, ko wataƙila lokutan sun canza.
Amma matsakaiciyar gero na kwanakinmu ya fi dacewa, musamman mazan, waɗanda yawanci ƙanana ne da bakin ciki fiye da wakilan mata masu ban sha'awa. Girman waɗanda aka saba da irin wannan kifi yanzu sun kai rabin mil, kuma taro bai wuce kilo 2 ba. Bayan haka, ya kamata a kula da nau'in manya na 300 g da girman da bai wuce 20 cm ba.
Siffofin bayyanar waɗannan mazaunan ruwa ba sabon abu bane kuma sun bambanta da tsari da tsarin yawancin kifaye a cikin cikakkun bayanai masu ban sha'awa. Sloping, elongated, mazugi-dimbin yawa ɓoyayyen na sterlet ƙare da dan kadan lankwasa sama, nuna, elongated hanci. Matsawa zuwa ƙarshensa, tsayinsa kusan yayi daidai da kan kifin kansa.
Amma a wasu halaye ba shahararru ba ne, zagaye. A ƙarƙashinsa, gashin-baki, wanda yake faɗuwa kamar ruwan geza, ana iya gani. Kuma bayyanar da fuska ga ƙaramin haɓakar idanu wanda ke a ɓangarorin biyu.
Bakin ya zama jigon ruwa, kamar an sare shi ne daga tushe na hancin, lebensa na ƙasa yana haɓaka, wanda shine mahimman halayen halayen waɗannan halittu. Wutsiyar su tana da siffar yan alwati mai yanke biyu, tare da sashin fin fin fin ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na irin wannan kifi shine rashi sikeli a jikin mutum mai tsayi tare da manyan manyan launuka masu launin toka, wannan shine, a yanayin da muke tsammani. An maye gurbin shi da garkuwar kashi. Mafi girma daga cikinsu suna kasancewa a cikin layuka masu tsayi a tsaye.
Mafi girma, sanye take da faya-faye kuma suna da kamannin ci gaba mai kama da tauraron ɗan adam, suna maye gurbin ƙyallin dorsal da waɗannan halittun masu ban al'ajabi. Daga bangarorin biyu kuma ana iya ganinsa a yawan masu gadi. Kuma da ƙarin iyaka biyu, babban yanki wanda ba shi da kariya da kariya.
A waɗancan wuraren na kifayen inda babu layuka manya-manyan siket, ƙananan faranti kawai ke rufe fata, wani lokacin kuma tsirara take. A takaice, wadannan halittu suna kama da gaske sabon abu ne.Amma da yawa ba su bayyana ba, ba shi yiwuwa a hango bayyanar su, idan ba ku duba ba a cikin hoton kwalba.
Ga mafi yawan ɓangaren, launi na baya na irin wannan kifi mai launin ruwan kasa tare da launin toka mai duhu ko inuwa mai duhu, ciki kuwa yana da haske tare da hazaka. Amma dangane da ɗabi'un mutum da mazauninsu, launuka sun bambanta. Akwai wurare da launi na bishiyar rigar rigar a cikin ruwan sama ko launin toka-rawaya, wani lokacin ɗan wuta.
Haka ne, irin kifin, a cewar jita-jita, wani lokaci da suka wuce sun fi girma yanzu. Bugu da kari, sterlet kama da sabon abu. Amma kakanninmu ba su kira su “sarakuna” ta kowace hanya ba. Amma saboda wannan kifin koyaushe ana ɗaukarsa azaman mashahurin mashahuri ne, ana aiki dashi akan tebur kawai a cikin manyan fada, kuma ba kowace rana ba, har ma a cikin bukukuwa.
Kama ta ba koyaushe yana da iyaka, kuma har ma masunta da kansu ba su yi mafarkin yunƙurin ɗan ɗaukar abin da za su ci ba. An nuna godiya ga wannan abincin tare da jinkirin. Amma ta yaya biyu irin waɗannan kifayen suka bambanta, kowannensu daga zamanin da mallakar mallakar daraja? A zahiri, su biyun sun kasance babban dangin sauro, waɗanda biyun sun kasu gida biyu.
Dukkan kifin namu ɗayan ɗayansu ne ta hanyar kimiyyar ilimin halittar dabbobi da kuma halittar gaba ɗaya da ake kira sturgeons. Sterlet nau'in nau'in wannan halittar ne kawai, kuma danginsa, bisa ga tsarin da aka karɓa, su ne daskararren fata, beluga, ƙwallafa da sauran sanannun kifin.
Wannan wata tsohuwar halitta ce mai tsohuwar rayuwa wacce ke rayuwa a cikin duniyar ruwa a sararin samaniyar duniyar shekaru da yawa. Baya ga binciken archaeology, yawancin alamu na waje da na ciki wakilan wakilan suna nuna shi.
Musamman, irin waɗannan halittun basu da kashin ƙashi, amma a maimakon haka suna da katangar kere-kere wanda ke aiwatar da ayyukan tallafi. Ba su kuma da ƙasusuwa, kuma an gina kwarangwal daga guringuntsi. Yawancin tsauraran matakan koyaushe sun shahara saboda girman girman su.
Giantswararrun Specialwararrun withwararraki masu ɗauke da tsinkaye shida na iya nauyi zuwa kilo 100. Koyaya bakararre daga danginsa yana nufin ƙananan nau'ikan. Gashin hancin ya fi guntu, kuma kai ya fi fadi sama da na mambobin jinsunan da muka bayyana. Wadannan mazaunan cikin ruwa kuma sun bambanta da adadin garkuwar kashi a garesu.
Amma ga sterlet, ana san nau'ikansa guda biyu. Kuma babban bambanci tsakanin su a cikin tsarin hanci. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, ana iya ɗan gaje shi ko kuma dogon tsayi. Ya danganta da wannan, ana kiran kifin namu: mai ƙyalli ko nuna alama. Duk waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta ba kawai a bayyanar ba, har ma da halaye.
Hanyoyin ƙarshen ƙarshen suna da motsi ga motsi, wanda yanayin yanayi har ma canji a lokacin rana, tare da kasancewar abubuwan da ba su da kyau, shine, hayaniya da sauran rikice-rikice, suna sa su aikata.
Hakkin ya nuna akasin haka ya fi son ɓoye wa matsalolin duniya a ƙarshen wuraren ajiya. Tana da hankali, sabili da haka masunta suna da ƙarancin samun hakan. Gaskiya ne, igiyar harun farauta na iya zama tarko, amma wannan nau'in kamun kifi ana ɗaukarsa ba a yarda da shi ba.
Abokan halitta
Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa sterlet yana zaune a cikin rukuni na ruwa ko ma kusa da ƙarshen tafki, waɗannan kifayen suna da ƙarancin abokan gaba..
Haka kuma, babban hadarin baya fuskantar barazanar manya, amma calenar caviar da soya, wanda kifayen masu cin abincin suka cinye, gami da wadanda ke cikin dangin Sturgeon da ke zaune a cikin filayen tsibiri. A lokaci guda, kifin kifi da beluga suna wakiltar haɗari mafi girma ga yara.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
A da, koda shekaru saba'in da suka gabata, kodar ta kasance daya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu masu tarin yawa da wadata, amma har ya zuwa yanzu gurbata ruwa ta hanyar gurbi, haka kuma matsalar karancin farauta ta aiki. Don haka a wani lokaci yanzu an sanya wannan kifin a cikin Littafin Red kamar yadda ake cikin haɗari, kuma bisa ga rarrabuwa na ƙasa da keɓaɓɓiyar nau'in kare, za'a sanya matsayin "nau'in nau'in cutar".
Kifi na kamun kifi
A tsakiyar karni na 20, ana daukar sterlet a matsayin mafi yawan kasuwancin cinikayyar yau da kullun, wanda kifayen ke da ƙoshin kamun kifi, kodayake ba za a iya kwatanta shi da yanayin kama-karcen juyin-juya-hali ba, lokacin da aka kama kusan tan 40 a shekara. Koyaya, a halin yanzu, an hana shan ganyen kwalba a cikin mazaunun halitta kuma kusan ba a aiwatar dashi. Ko ta yaya, wannan kifin yana ci gaba da fitowa a kan siyarwa, duka sabo ne ko mai sanyi, kuma mai gishiri, ɗanɗana kuma yana cikin abincin gwangwani. A ina ake samun ganyen kwalba idan har aka dakatar da kama shi a cikin koguna kuma ana ganin shi ba doka bane?
Hakanan zai kasance mai ban sha'awa:
Gaskiyar ita ce, mutanen da ke kulawa da waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan muhalli waɗanda ba sa son sterlet su shuɗe daga fuskar duniya kamar yadda nau'in ɗan adam suka fara ɗan lokaci don samar da wannan kifi a cikin bauta bisa gonakin kifi na musamman don waɗannan dalilai. Kuma idan da farko ana ɗaukar waɗannan matakan ne kawai don adana ƙwayar sterlet a matsayin ɗabi'a, yanzu da wannan kifi, wanda aka haife shi a zaman bauta, ya zama da yawa, sannu-sannu sannu a hankali ga tsoffin al'adun gargajiyar da ake dangantawa da wannan kifin. Tabbas, a halin yanzu naman gasasshen ba zai iya zama mai araha ba, kuma ingancin kifin da aka kamo yana da ƙanƙantar da wacce tayi girma a cikin yanayin yanayi. Ko da yake, noman kifayen dama ce mai kyau ga tsibirin ba wai kawai ta rayu a matsayin jinsin kawai ba, har ma ta sake zama wani nau'in kasuwanci na yau da kullun, kamar yadda yake a shekarun da suka gabata.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Sitilaiti, wanda aka dauki mafi ƙarancin nau'in Sturgeon, ya bambanta da sauran wakilan wannan dangin ba kawai a cikin girman girmansa ba, har ma a cikin sa har ya isa ga balaga da sauri fiye da sauran hanyoyin.
Yana da wannan, har ma da gaskiyar cewa sterlet shine kifi wanda ba a bayyana shi ba don abinci, kuma yana sa ya dace don kiwo a cikin bauta kuma don aiki kan kiwon sababbin nau'in kifi na Sturgeon, kamar, alal misali. Sabili da haka, duk da cewa a halin yanzu yana cikin jinsin masu haɗari, sterlet har yanzu yana da kyawawan damar rayuwa a matsayin ɗan adam. Bayan haka, mutane ba su da sha'awar sanya wannan kifin ya ɓace daga fuskar duniya, sabili da haka, ana ɗaukar duk matakan da suka dace na muhalli don cakuda kwalbar.
Habitat da ilmin halitta
Sterlet wani nau'in ruwa ne mai tsafta wanda ke da wuya a cikin manyan tafkuna. Tana zaune a ƙananan ƙananan rami da ƙafaffun koguna, yawanci ana kiyaye shi a cikin wuraren rami, zurfi a cikin kogin. Ana samun yawancin ƙananan mutane a cikin ruwa mai yashi.
Tsarin ramuka a cikin tuddan koguna, zurfin daga 7 zuwa 15 mita, ko kuma a cikin ambaliyar ruwa na koguna, a kan tsakuwa kuma, m akai-akai, a kan wani tsakuwa-yashi kasa. Yawancin lokaci sterle mazaunin kogin ne na dindindin kuma baya yin ƙaura mai nisa. A dabi'a, maza sun isa samari ta shekaru 3-6, 1-2 shekaru fiye da mace. Yanayin kwanciyar hankali na tsarin dawowa, tare da sarrafa zazzabi, hasken wuta, tsarin ciyarwa, yana hanzarta hanzarta haɓakar kifaye (har zuwa shekaru 2). Yanayin muhalli: zazzabi - 6 - 29 ° C, maida hankali ne akan narkar da iskar oxygen - 4.5 - 11.5 mg / l. Yana buƙatar oxygen kai tsaye tare da zazzabi.
Rayuwa
Sterlet yakan zaɓi mafi zurfin wuraren jikin ruwa don rayuwa. Mafi yawancin lokuta yana kasancewa a kasan kuma yana zaune a asirce. Karshen ma ya yanke hukuncin kifin da ba shi da yawa a cikin hanyar masu kiwo. Da maraice da dare, tana iya shiga cikin ruwa marasa nisa daga bakin teku, inda take ciyarwa.
Amfanin kodadde shine “riba” a kasan yashi ko guringuntsi, a tsaftataccen ruwa mai tsafta. Sanda ba ya son kifi. A lokacin yanayi mai dumin yanayi, ana iya samunshi a rabin ruwa-ruwa kusa da saman.
Baƙar Tsirare yana zaune da wuya ba shi kaɗai - kifi ne na jama'a kuma ya fi son kasancewa tare da irin nasa. Yana motsawa (daga bazara zuwa kaka) tare da koguna don nisa mai nisa. Masu cin nasara a cikin ramuka masu zurfi a cikin adadi mai yawa, kasancewa a cikinsu kusan a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi. Latterarshen shine dalilin kamawar sa da wuya daga kankara.
Caviar da sterlet na maza
Lokacin haila a 15 ° C shine kwanaki 6 (sa'o'i 145 bayan hadi). Nan da nan bayan ƙyanƙyashe, ƙwayar narkewar ƙwayar cuta ta rufe kuma an cika shi da kayan abinci mai kyau (granules na gwaiduwa). A rana ta biyu, tsutsa zai buɗe bakinsa. Tsakanin kwanaki 8 zuwa 9, ana yin haɗi tsakanin bakin da ciki, kodayake ɓacin rai har yanzu ba shi da abinci. Da rana ta 9, soya ya wuce zuwa abinci mai narkewa, kuma wannan tsari yana da alaƙa da sakin ƙwayoyin melanin. Ba kamar sauran nau'in kifayen da ke da tsaka-tsakin nau'in abinci mai gina jiki a matakin tsufa ba, ƙwayar ƙwayar ganyayyaki daga endogenous nan da nan ta sauya zuwa abinci mai narkewa. Sabili da haka, ciyar da ganyayen har sai an saki melanin abin toshe kwalaba ba shi da tasiri. A cikin bauta, namiji ɗan kwana 10 zai iya ciyar da tubule mai yanɗani.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Kamar bayyana sterlet 'yan makonni ku ci abin da ke ciki na gwaiduwa mafitsara. Sannan zasu fara ciyar da kansu da ciliates, microscopic crustaceans.Mambobi na manya bayan tsallakewa da kuma farkon raguwar ruwa ya bayyana akan magudanar ruwa, inda suke ciyarwa, ciyar da abinda ya ɓace da kuzari. A wannan karon sun sadaukar da farauta ne domin maganin sauro, kuɗaɗe. A lokaci guda, suna cin abinci sosai har suna kama da cike da caviar.
A lokacin rani, a cikin abincin wannan kifin, dangane da yankin da kuma tafki, mayflies, yellowish tsutsotsi, larvae na jini, sauran roe, amphipods, caddis fi. Da kaka, kifin ya sauya zuwa cin tsutsotsi da tsutsa tsutsa. Manyan kifi sun fi son kifi, leeches, mollusks.
Kifi da kifayen ruwa
Sterlet muhimmin nau'in kasuwanci ne. An kama shi a raga, manyan wuraren kamun kifi, kwandunan willow da mashi. Yawanci, ana sayar da kifi a raye, ƙasa da kullun, mai sanyi, daskararre da kuma shan sigari. Ganyen Sterlet shine mafi daɗin ci tsakanin masu tsauri. Ana amfani da mazajen wannan nau'in don samun mayu, asalin-ƙarni na fari daga beluga mace. Hybrids ma m, kuma daga gare su hybrids na biyu da na gaba ƙarni tare da m Properties aka samu. Sterlet yana da ƙwazo a cikin bauta kuma ya kai ga balaga a cikin kwantena cike da ruwa mai ɗumi. Tarihin kiwo mai wucin gadi ya samo asali ne tun sama da ƙarni. A shekara ta 1869, Masanin ilimin kimiyya F.V. Ovsyanikov, yana amfani da maniyyi daga maƙarƙashiya na Rasha (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) da kuma jigilar daskararru (Acipenser stellatus), cikin nasara ya sami ƙwai na sterlet Acipenser ruthenus. Ya annabta kyakkyawar makoma game da rayuwar kifayen dabbobi. Saboda ƙimar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci, haɓaka jima'i, ƙananan girma kuma, a saboda haka, sauƙin kulawa da mutane daga kayan kwalliya, ƙwayoyin kwastom ɗin sun girma daga tan 50,000 a cikin 2003 zuwa tan dubu 170,000 a 2006. Wannan shine mafi girma nau'in Sturgeon na uku. An noma ta a cikin kasashe 15, ciki har da masu samar da kayan gargajiya na caviar da nama mai tsauri - Rasha da Iran.
Don kiwan gero, an shirya filayen keji, wanda aka sanya cikin ramuka na rufe. Kifi "yana nufin" ga duk wannan a hankali. Yayin rana, yana manne da ƙananan yadudduka na ruwa, yakan hau zuwa daddare kuma, kasancewa mai buɗe kumfa, sau da yawa don haɗiye iska.
Matsakaicin zafin jiki don ganyen kwalba shine + 22 ° C. Idan ta faɗi ƙasa + 0.3 ° C, kifin ya mutu. Yana ciyarwa a cikin keji daga tushe da bango - abincin da ke cikin kwatancen ruwa gaba daya yayi watsi.
Tsarin tsiro na tsiro ya haɗa da:
- Mazauna masu kera a cikin sansanonin, wadannan sun riga sun girma, kifayen masu balaga - an riga an kama su a irin wadannan yankuna na masunta kuma ana jigilar su zuwa inda ya dace,
- ko masu kera masu tasowa: ana yin hakan ne idan ba a yi amfani da kayan da aka shigo da su ba, an girma ne a kan gonakin kansu, ya fi kuzari kuma da yawa daga masu kera kwalta na amfani da su,
- ko siyan caviar, ana yin hakan ne idan gonar ta shafi harkar noman kifi kawai zai bar aiki tare da masu samarwa,
- shiryawa da qwai: wani tsari wanda ake kiyaye ƙwai a cikin wasu sharuɗɗa, bayan abin da larvae ya bayyana a kansu,
- rearing na soya: a lokaci guda suna tsunduma cikin ciyar da larvae tare da abinci da aka zaɓa musamman, a cikin abincin akwai abinci na farko, wanda aka ɗaure da agar, daga baya an ƙara shi cikin dreisser, minced fish,
- wintering na yara a cikin wintering cages,
Ayyukan haɓaka ƙwayar kwalba yana nuna cewa hanya mafi inganci a cikin wannan kasuwancin ita ce haɗaka. Wannan yana nufin cewa kifin yana kashe lokacin bazara a cikin ruwa a buɗe, don hunturu ana canza shi zuwa wuraren waha wanda ruwan yake mai zafi.
Da amfani
Energyimar makamashi na Sterlet shine 88 kcal. Ganyen Sterlet yana dauke da sinadarin zinc, chromium, fluorine, molybdenum, nickel, chlorine, da kuma Vitamin PP. Caviar da naman gwal suna da sinadarin omega-3 mai, wanda ke daidaita ayyukan kwakwalwa da jijiyoyin jini na jiki. Don kula da tsarin zuciya a cikin cikakke kuma don rage haɗarin bugun zuciya, kawai ya zama dole a ci sterlet sau 2-3 a mako.
Akwai tabbaci cewa cin kifi mai mai rauni yana raunana wasu daga cikin alamun cutar psoriasis, inganta hangen nesa da aikin kwakwalwa. Manyan sinadarai a cikin wannan kifin suna taimakawa ci gaban kasusuwa.
Sterlet ya fi dacewa da aspic, miya mai kifi, azaman cika, cake da kayan kwalliya, ana iya gasa shi kuma a gasa shi. A lokaci guda, idan ana buƙatar sterlet a cikin fillet, to, bayan yankan ya kamata a daskarewa - yana da sauƙin yin aiki tare da shi. Kuma an cire fata cikin sauki, kuma ya fi dacewa a cire kasusuwa.
Hanyar kamun kifi
A lokacin fattening na sterlet bayan spawning, yana da matukar yiwuwa a kama kan donka tare da robar tura roba. Wannan hanya ce mafi amfani, saboda tana baka damar amfani da adadin leashes da yawa (akwai iyakoki!) Kuma baya tsoratar da kifi. A wannan lokacin, tirinti ya matso kusa da gaci kuma jefa babban kaya na gum a madaidaiciya bashi da wahala.
A wani lokaci na bazara a lokacin bazara, jakuna sun fi dacewa, ana iya jefa su zuwa nesa mai nisa, tunda ganyen na motsawa kusa da masu ruwan. Dole ne a ɗauka a hankali cewa nauyin dole ne ya yi nauyi sosai don kada ya faɗo. Zai fi kyau jefa irin wannan nauyin tare da taimakon sandar kamun kifi mai ƙarfi tare da babban kullu (cyprinids, catfish). '' Oak '' zaren cikin gida ko na kasar Sin shi ma zai taimaka wajen zubar da kayan. Zai yuwu da “alkalami”, amma ba zai yi nisa sosai ba.
Baar ma yana da sauƙin - tsutsa ko tsutsa. Koyaya, idan akwai sha'awar kama mutum mafi girma, to kuna buƙatar gwada kan soya. 3-5 cm karami, baƙon abu, shine babban nasarar ƙarancin babban kodar, kodayake ba mai farauta bane ko kaɗan. Zai fi kyau a dasa soya tare da “sa hannun jari” ko “zobe”.
Bayan ya yi tsami, zai iya yin peck a kowane lokaci na rana. Daga baya, "kama cizo" sau da yawa zai yiwu ne da dare. Yawancin lokaci bayan duhu da ƙarshen dare. Filin kwallan ya sauka sosai, amma ba da jimawa ba. Ba ta yarda da ciwo ba kuma da sauri ta kwantar da ƙugiya. Saboda dalilai iri ɗaya, idan aka yi faɗa, yakan jingina da jinkiri idan aka kwatanta shi da kowane irin kifin nasa.
Kar ka manta cewa sterlet yana da kaifi sosai da kuma manyan spikes. Idan ka fitar dashi da kyau, hannayenka zasu iya yin rauni sosai. Ya kamata ayi la'akari da kasancewar spikes yayin yin zaɓin kauri da tsawon leash ɗin. Leashes na bakin ciki fiye da 0.25 mm kuma ya fi tsayi 40 cm ba su da amfani. Launin leashes ba shi da mahimmanci sosai, amma daga kwarewar mutum ya fi dacewa zama akan leashes kore. Ba a bayyane yadda ta rarrabe su ba a cikin zurfin dare, amma gaskiya.
Zaɓin wurin jefa kuri'a al'amari ne na gwaninta. Amma shawarwarin gaba ɗaya wani abu ne kamar wannan: mai sauri, wurare masu zurfi tare da dutsen da yashi ƙasa. Kuma ba tare da rami tare da ruffs ba, in ba haka ba zai haifar da rashin kunya cikakke.
Bayan tsinkewa, gabobin mambobi suna mamaye sararin samaniya, kuma sabon caviar da farko yana da alamun ƙananan haɓaka na fari. A cikin waɗannan mutane guda ɗaya, waɗanda saboda wasu dalilai basu sami wuri mai dacewa don lalata ba, tsohuwar samfuran samfuran haihuwa suna aiwatar da tsari na lalata metamorphosis, a fili wannan kusan babu tasiri ga lafiyar kifin.A cikin duka halayen biyu, sabon caviar ya kusan isa ga al'adarsa bayan makonni 2-3, ya zama launin ruwan-baki, a wata kalma, yana ɗaukar nau'in caviar da ya manyanta, wanda ke baƙar fata ta faɗuwa kuma ya nuna ta cikin zurfin ciki ta hanyar bakin ciki. Wannan yanayin shine dalilin imani na karya, musamman na yau da kullun a tsakanin masu kamun kifayen, matattarar kwalba ta zama sau biyu a shekara - a damina da damina.
Ciyarwar bazara na garin kwalisa yayi ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma a farkon lokacin bazara tuni ya fara gangarawa kan kogin kuma da yawa kuma da wuya yakanzo zuwa saman kai. Amma wannan dawowar kifin yana faruwa a hankali, musamman tunda sau da yawa yakan shiga biranen, a kan bankunan yashi, daidai da daddare, kuma yana ci gaba da ciyarwa. A lokacin kaka, wani ɗan ƙaramin gangar jikin ya rage don tsirowa, kuma babban taro na wannan kifin ya tara a cikin ramuka kuma a ƙarƙashin yadudduka na ƙananan Volga, inda a wasu lokuta yakan ɓoye a cikin zurfin 25 m, kuma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin daɓuka da yawa. A wannan lokacin, ba ta cin komai, ko da yake, mai yiwuwa, mafarkin hunturu na sterlet ya bambanta kuma ba zurfi sosai ba daga yanayin rashin kifin na wasu kifayen ja. Haka kuma, ba a rufe shi a wannan lokacin da abin da ake kira. tare da mara nauyi. "
Sterlet fasali da mazauninsu
Predatory kifi sterlet yana da tarin kwari da yawa a cikin bangarorin, a ciki da baya. Kuma daga cikin 'yan uwanta ana rarrabe ta da lebe mai ƙananan rauni. Launi, a matsayin mai mulkin, duhu ne, launin toka, tummy haske ne.
Sterlet - kifi babba sosai. Girman girma zai iya kaiwa mita ɗaya da rabi tare da nauyin kilo 15. Mafi sau da yawa, ana samun ƙananan wakilai na nau'in.
Siberian yana haɗuwa a cikin kwarin Yenisei jan kifin kifi. Bugu da kari, masunta a wannan yankin yawanci suna yin alfahari da kama wani nau'in kwalba mai kauri da kaifi. Hakanan Sturgeon kifi sterlet Akwai tartsatsi sosai.
Ana daukar wannan nau'in da matukar mahimmanci a cikin kamun kifi. A farkon karni na 20, ana kama ɗaruruwan ton na kifin gewaye a shekara a cikin kwari Volga. Sannan, a tsakiyar karni, ƙaryar jinsunan suka ragu sosai, watakila saboda zubar da mutuncin ɗan adam da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa.
Koyaya, a ƙarshen ƙarni, ƙididdigar ta fara ƙaruwa sosai. An yi imanin cewa wannan yanayin yana da alaƙa da matakan kiyayewa waɗanda ake aiwatarwa a ko'ina dangane da barazanar lalata nau'in halittar.
A cikin shekaru, amfani da wannan nau'in abinci ya haifar da nau'ikan abubuwa da yawa girke-girke na kifi. Yana da kyau a lura cewa dogaro da ƙasa, shirya kifin kwalba ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma wadataccen dandano koyaushe baya canzawa.
Ba wai kawai kayan haɗin jita-jita da yin hidima ba, har ma da hanyoyin dafa abinci sun bambanta, farawa daga miya kifi a kan gungumen azaba, yana ƙare da gasa da aka gasa a cikin tanda tare da ƙari da kayan yaji.
Wasu nau'ikan halittu da currentlyan adam a halin yanzu suna ƙarƙashin kariya. A cikin matakan matakan adanawa da haɓaka yawan ayyukan, ana aiwatar da tsaftace ruwa da yaƙi da kamun kifi ba tare da izini ba.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Tarihin nau'in halitta yana nufin ƙarshen zamanin Silurian - kimanin shekaru miliyan 395 da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin ne wani muhimmin canji na juyin halitta ya faru a cikin irin waɗannan nau'ikan kifi - canji a cikin muƙamuƙi na ƙwanƙwaran katako. Na farko, maƙarƙashiyar, wacce ke da sifar da ke da zobe, ta sami aikin haɗin gwiwa, tare da taimaka mata ta samar da zobe biyu da rabi. Sakamakon ya kasance wani kamfani na kambori. Mataki na gaba shine haɗin cranium tare da babba na semicircle. Wata daga gare su (ƙananan ƙananan muƙamula ta gaba) ta riƙe motsi.
Sakamakon canje-canje da suka faru tare da kifi, sun zama masu farauta na gaske, abincinsu ya zama ya bambanta. A wancan lokacin, magabatan sterlet da sauran Sturgeon ne kawai aka tace plankton. Bayyanar kwayar zarra - wacce suka rayu har wa yau, wacce aka kafa shekaru miliyan 90-145 da suka gabata. Zamu iya cewa wadannan kifayen sune zamanin dinosaur. Kawai, ba kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe ba, sun sami nasarar tsira daga jerin bala'o'in duniya kuma sun kai ga canzawa yanzu.
Wannan yana nuna yanayin yanayin kifayen, da ikon daidaitawa da yanayin muhalli da kuma amfani da albarkatun da yanayi ya mallaka. Bikin ranar haihuwar ta kwalisa da sauran sa'a na zamanin Mesozoic ne. Bayan haka, an narkar da kifayen kasusuwa da yawa. Koyaya, sabanin nau'in nau'in harsashi, Sturgeon ya rayu cikin nasara.
Sterlet kiwo da tsawon rayuwa
Bayanai game da haifuwa na kwalba, a fili saboda rabewar kewayawa, ana ɗaukar yawancin lokuta zuwa mazaunin jama'a na musamman.
Don haka, ya danganta da adadin kifin da mutane suka kashe, da lalata ko inganta wuraren zama, al decreaseummomin suna raguwa da haɓaka a wurare daban-daban.
A matsakaita spawning guntun kifi yana daga wata zuwa wata daya da rabi. Lokacin kiwo shine yawanci a ƙarshen bazara, lokacin da zafin jiki na ruwa ya tashi. Wato, mata suna shirye don kiwo yayin da yawan zafin ruwa ya hau zuwa digiri 10. Wannan yanayin yana zuwa digiri 17-20.
Intensarfin da yaɗuwar jijiyoyi ya dogara da yanayin ruwa. Don haka, zazzabi sosai, da ƙarancin kifi, bai dace ba. Bugu da kari, mace mai guduna ta fi son tsawaita kogin a kalla kilomita hudu a kowace awa.
Haihuwar haihuwa ya dogara da shekarun eel. Don haka, ƙaramin mutum ke nan, ƙarancin ƙwai ya shimfida. Kuma, gwargwadon haka, akasin haka. A lambobi, a cikin shekaru biyar lambar bakararre kifi qwai bai wuce 15,000 ba, kuma kifi da ya girmi shekaru 15 a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau na iya kwantawa ƙwai dubu 60.
Qwai da kansu ƙanƙane a cikin girman - kusan 2-3 milimita a diamita. Yawancin lokaci, lokacin balaga ya cika shekaru uku. Kodayake, mace tana samun isasshen abin da za ayi don ciyarwa ta hanyar shekaru 5, maza suna shirye don aiwatarwa a kusan shekaru ɗaya, banbancin mutum yana yiwuwa.
Yana da daraja a lura cewa mace ta wannan nau'in ba koyaushe zata iya samar da yawansu sama da ɗaya. Koyaya, idan wannan ya faru, tare da kowane yanki na gaba, ingancin caviar kanta ma yana inganta. Sterlet a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau na iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci - har zuwa shekaru 27-30, duk da haka, irin waɗannan lokuta suna da wuya sosai.
A ina ne garin kwalba yake zama?
Hoto: Yaya kwalliya take?
Gasar mazaunin gwal shine kogin da yake gudana cikin tekuna: Baƙi, Caspian da Azov. An samo wannan kifin a cikin Dvina ta Arewa. Daga kogunan Siberiya - a cikin Ob, Yenisei. Yankin gero kuma ya haɗu zuwa kogunan da ke cikin tasirin tafkuna: Onega da Ladoga. Wadannan kifayen an zaunar dasu a Oka, Nemunas (Neman) da kuma wasu wuraren ajiyar ruwa. A cikin ƙarin daki-daki - game da yanayin rayuwa a cikin manyan ɗakunan ajiya.
- Dvina ta Arewa da Yammacin Turai - letarfe na tari da ƙwaƙwalwa don adana nau'in.
- Ob. Mafi yawan jama'a ana yin rikodin kusa da bakin kogin Barnaulka.
- Yenisei. Yawancin lokaci Sterlet ana samun ƙananan ƙananan daga bakin Kogin Angara, haka kuma a cikin harajin kogin.
- Nemunas (Neman), Pechora, Oka, Amur - an kawo kifi ta wucin gadi.
- Don, Ural - sterlet ne da wuya, a zahiri a lokuta guda.
- Surah. Tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20, yawan jama'a, sunada girma, sun yi kauri sosai.
- Kama. Yawan kwale-kwalen ya karu sosai sakamakon rage kiwo da kuma cewa ruwan da ke cikin kogin ya zama da tsabta sosai.
- Kuban. Anyi la'akari da matsayin mafi kusurwar kuduren gewar gero. Yawan sterlet ƙananan ne, amma sannu-sannu yana ƙaruwa.
- Irtysh. Mafi yawan garken suna faruwa ne a tsakiyar rafin.
Sterlet yana zaune ne kawai a cikin ruwa mai tsabta, ya fi son ƙasa an rufe shi da yashi ko ƙanƙara. Mace na zama kusa da ƙarshen tafki, yayin da maza sun fi ƙarfin aiki kuma suna cinye mafi yawan lokaci a cikin jerin ruwa.
Mecece cin abinci?
Hoto: Sterlet a cikin daji
Sterlet mafarauta ne. Tushen abincincinta shine ƙananan invertebrates. Mafi yawa, yana ciyar da dabbobin ƙasa: ƙananan crustaceans, kwayoyin masu laushi, tsutsotsi, da larvae kwari. Sterlet da caviar wasu kifi ana jin daɗin su. Manyan mutane da yawa suna ciyar da ƙaramin kifaye, suna guje wa manyan ganima.
Tunda mace ta zauna a gindinta, kuma galibi maza suna iyo a cikin ruwa, abincinsu ya ɗan bambanta. Mafi kyawun lokacin don farauta na gero shine duhu. Abincin matasa da soya shine ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da plankton. Yayin da kifayen suke girma, “menu” nasa zai iya zama dabam dabam.
Kifin Sterlet - bayanin
Sterlet nasa ne wanda ake kira rarrabewar halittar katako, ma'aunin abin da yake haifar da ci gaban kashi. Wadannan faranti masu kariya suna rufe duk wani sashi na jikinta mai fasali, yana karewa da wutsiya mai karfi tare da babban katako. Abubuwan na waje na iya hadawa:
- kai mai kusurwa uku tare da tsananin cizo,
- tsaga ƙananan lebe (mafi kyawun fasalin)
- rsarshen dorsal ya koma kusan wutsiya,
- antennae tare da “ringaya” a ƙarshen,
- launin launi ash na farji da bangarorin tare da juyawa mai kaifi zuwa launin farar fata mai launin fari a ciki.
Sterlet yana da sauƙi don rikice tare da sturgeon, musamman ma horar da shi. Ba kamar siffofin daji ba, fuskarta ba ta nuna ba, amma an dan zagaye ta, kamar sanannen dangi. Wataƙila wannan shine sakamakon rashin haɗari da aka yi lokacin rabuwarsu da wucin gadi.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sandunan, wannan ƙaramin kifi ne, da wuya yayi girma a tsayinsa ya wuce cm 120. Matsakaicin girman sikelin shine 40-60 cm, kuma nauyin ya kai 2 kg. An yi imanin cewa a ƙarƙashin ingantaccen yanayi zai iya samun nauyin 15 kilogram na nauyi tare da haɓaka daga cm 120-130. Gaskiya ne, wasu tsoffin 'yan Siberian ba su yarda da masanan kimiyyar dabbobi ba. Suna da'awar cewa a gefen tekun Irtysh sun sami damar kama mutane manya-manya - “dodanni” daya da rabi suna yin nauyin 20.
Abin sha'awa, sterlet gaba daya bashi da jima'i dimorphism. Babu bambance-bambance na waje tsakanin mace da namiji; suna da matsayi iri ɗaya, siffa da launi na jiki.
Ina salon rayuwa
A baya, an samo kifin kwalba a cikin kwandon Baƙi, Azov, Barents, Caspian, Farin da Baltic Teas. An samo shi sosai a Yenisei, Amur, Volga da kuma wasu manyan koguna na Rasha, a cikin tafkin Ladoga da Onega, kuma yanzu ya zama da wuya ga masunta, duk da girman sa. Oneaya mace za ta iya kwanciya har ƙwai dubu 140, amma har wannan ba ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwa. Wataƙila dalilin ya ta'allaka ne da lalatattun jikkunan ruwa ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam masu haɗari.
Sterlet yana ɗaukar tushe a cikin koguna mai sanyi tare da kwarara mai sauri da tsari mai kyau na oxygen. Ta jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa mai kyau, samar da wasu kananan kungiyoyin mutane da dama. A cikin makaranta ɗaya, kifayen kusan shekaru ɗaya suna tattarawa su yi ƙaura zuwa gajerun nisan nisan (har zuwa kilomita 10) don neman abinci. Yawancin lokaci suna zama a wani ɓangaren tafki inda aka haife su, kuma kada ku yi nisa da shi. Ban da wannan kuma baƙar fata ce, wacce ke zaune a koguna na Kamchatka da kwandon Caspian, saboda haihuwar tana iya haɓaka daga nesa.
A lokacin hasken rana, wannan kifin ya fi son kasancewa cikin zurfin cikin sararin sama, kuma da duhu ya fara tashi, sai ya koma ruwa zuwa gabar teku don ciyar da shi. Ayyukanta na abinci suna farkawa a cikin bazara, tare da farawa na farko, kuma yana wanzuwa har zuwa Oktoba. A tsakiyar kaka, kamar kowane sturgeons, sterlet tattara cikin garken da yawa kuma mirgine ƙasa zuwa wintering rami. A cikin hutu ɗaya, za a iya samun ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan mutane da ke matsi da juna. Sukan ciyar da hunturu cikin yanayi na nutsuwa (dakatar da tashin hankali), wanda dukkan matakai a jiki suke ragewa. Saboda iyawar shiga wannan halin, kifi ba tare da abinci ya rayu har zuwa bazara.
Shekarun rayuwar matsakaita na kwalba shine shekaru 25-30, kodayake cikin yanayi masu kyau zai iya rayuwa har zuwa 70. A wasu jikin ruwa, saboda barna da gurbata muhalli, wakilai da yawa na wannan nau'in ba su kai ga balaga (shekaru 5-6).
Abincin abinci
Filin kwalba na cin abincin ne, amma wannan baya nuna cewa yana ci akan ƙananan kifaye ba. A soya bayyana a menu kawai bayan kai wani zamani, kuma tushen abinci ya kasance daban-daban ƙananan kwayoyin:
- tsutsa tsutsa (kwari, kwari, dawakai, sauro, kwari farar hula, mayflies),
- tsutsotsi, tsummoki, kwari,
- mollusks (zebra zesel, lithoglyph, rufe),
- ƙananan crustaceans (amphipod, daphnia, garkuwa).
A cikin shekarun farko na rayuwa, plankton yakan zama abinci ne ga sterlet, amma yayin da yake girma, yana faɗaɗa abincinsa saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta da crustaceans, ana kuma ƙara caviar na sauran nau'ikan. A bazara, lokacin da aka fara barkewar wasu kwari, abubuwan da ake zaba na kifaye suna canzawa. Yawancin lokaci yakan hau zuwa saman bene don cin gajiyar kwari masu tashi, waɗanda ba zato ba tsammani a cikin ruwa.
Ciyarwa
Sterlet yana shirye don kiwo a baya fiye da sauran hanyoyin. Mata suna farawa tun yana ɗan shekaru 7-8, kuma a cikin maza na balaga na faruwa ne tun da farko - a shekaru 4-5. An sani cewa mace bayan tsallakewa tana ɗaukar shekaru 1-2 domin ta murmure cikakke kuma samun ƙarfi don "haihuwa" ta gaba.
Ciyarwa yawancin lokuta yakan faru ne a cikin rabin na biyu na Mayu, amma kuma yana iya faruwa a farkon lokacin bazara. Lokacin shakatawa yakan dogara ne akan yanayin yanayi: da sauri zafi ya zo, farkon a cikin sterlet spawns. Mafi girman zafin jiki na ruwa don haifuwa shine daga digiri 10 zuwa 15.
Bugu da kari, matakin ruwa a cikin kogin na iya shafar lokacin kare wannan nau'in. Misali, Volga sterlet za'a iya kasu kashi biyu. Wanda ke rayuwa sama sama, wanda yake zaune a qarshe ya riske shi daga baya.
. Lokacin shiryawa zai iya zuwa kwanaki 10. Zai zama wani sati daya da rabi zuwa makonni biyu kafin jakar kwai su ya shuɗe kuma suka fara ciyar da kansu. Wadannan ƙananan kifayen, kawai 1.5 cm tsayi, sun sha bamban sosai da iyayensu. Upperangaren sashin kansu yana kunshe da ƙananan fayafai, bakinsu ƙarami ne, duk eriya iri ɗaya ne, gashin baya yafi duhu.
Matasa matasa za su kasance a inda aka haife su, har zuwa faduwar, sannan kuma su tafi kogin. A wannan lokacin, sun riga sun girma zuwa 15-25 cm kuma suna zama abun farauta ga manyan abokan gaba - kifin kifi da beluga.
Kiwo na wucin gadi
Kifi na kamun kifi na tsiro cikin ruwan da aka rufe ko a cikin wuraren waha na musamman sanannan abubuwan da suke bukata. Babban yanayin don daidaitaccen abun ciki shine aeration, wanda ke ba da damar kula da matakin oxygen a cikin ruwa aƙalla 5 mg / l. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci don kula da yawan zafin jiki. Don gero, mafi kyawun mazaunin yana dauke da ruwa mai zafi zuwa digiri 18-22.
Ci nasarar wannan kifin cikin nasara to yana taimakawa fasahar zamani, godiya gareshi wacce zata iya gurɓatar da ruwa, sanya shi tare da iskar oxygen, sanya shi idan ya cancanta, sanya ƙoshin ruwa ko na injinan ruwa don amfani dashi kuma don rage farashin. Babbar matsala ga ma'aikatan gonar kifi ita ce silar isar da abinci ga abinci. Lokacin da wannan ya ci nasara, kifin ya fara girma a cikin hanzari kuma a cikin watanni 10 ya juya daga ƙaramin toya zuwa cikin babban mutum mai nauyin da ya kai rabin kilo.
Dokoki don zabar kifi
Mafi kyawun kifaye shine kifaye masu rai. A wannan yanayin, babu wata shakka game da sabo. Amma idan kantin sayar da gawawwakin gawawwaki kawai yake bayarwa? Don sanin ƙimar su, kuna buƙatar:
- Dubi idanu, ya kamata su zama masu haske, ba tare da farin mayafin mayafi ba.
- Duba karkashin murfin gill. Kifi mai kyau yana bayar da haske mai launin ja, ba mai kauri ba, launin toka.
- Latsa gawa da yatsanka. Don ingantaccen samfurin, haƙorin zai fita kai tsaye.
- Ellona samfurin don tabbatar cewa babu ƙanshin wari mara kyau wanda ke nuna “tsufa”.
Kifi na Sterlet
Wannan nau'in kifayen sun daɗe a cikin shafukan Red Book kuma suna da tushe sosai a can. Amma saboda kifi sitiri don mafi yawan ɓangaren an haramta, kuma a wasu yankuna da aka iyakance ta tsayayyun ƙa'idodi. Irin wannan kamun kifi yana buƙatar lasisi.
A wannan yanayin, babban kifi manya a cikin adadin ba su wuce goma an ba da izinin kama. Kuma kawai saboda sha'awar wasanni, kuma bayan ganima ya kamata a sake shi. Amma keta doka ba sabon abu bane, kamar yadda ake amfani da kayan aikin poula.
Irin wannan rarrabuwa ya zama mummunan rauni kuma yana haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga ƙarancin yawan mutanen da ke fama da maganin tari. An sanya takunkumi mai mahimmanci a kan kasuwancin sa. Kuma kifin, wanda ke zuwa kantuna kuma ana ba shi zuwa ga masoya na "abinci" abinci a cikin gidajen abinci, galibi ba a kama shi a cikin yanayin halitta, amma ya girma a cikin gonaki na musamman.
A cikin Amur, Neman, da Oka wani lokaci da suka gabata, a kan yunwar masana, an gudanar da ayyuka na musamman. Kiwon dabbobi da ke cikin hadarin an yi shi ne ta hanyar wucin gadi, wato, sanya matatar leda da aka shuka a wani matsakaici a cikin ruwan kogin da aka nuna.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
Kakanninmu sun ba da irin wannan kifin mai suna "ja". Amma ta wata hanya saboda launi, kawai a zamanin da an kira kyawawan abubuwa da wannan kalma. A bayyane yake, jita-jita da aka yi daga kwalba da gaske ya ɗanɗana babban.
Irin waɗannan mutane ƙauna ne suke ƙaunar su. Dabbobi da sarakuna sun cinye Sterlet, tsars na Rasha suna da matukar daraja, musamman, Ivan Mai Tsoro, bisa ga tarihin. Kuma Peter I har ma ya yi wata doka ta musamman don haifar da "jan kifi" a cikin Peterhof.
A zamanin yau, gero yana soyayye, kyafaffen, salted, barbecue da miya kifi ake yi daga gare ta, cushe don kyawawan kayan kwalliya. Sun ce don dandano naman sa ɗan wani abu ne alade da alade. Yana da kyau musamman a ƙarƙashin kirim mai tsami, wanda aka yi wa ado da gherkins, zaituni, miyar lemun tsami da ganye.
Wannan abin tausayi ne kawai kifin ruwan kwalba kwanakin nan ba kwatankwacin yadda ya kasance ba. Samfurin da aka bayar yanzu a shagunan ba duka bane. Bayan duk wannan, wannan ba kifayen da aka kama ba ne, amma a wucin gadi ana girma. Kuma kodayake yana da araha sosai a farashin, kogin daga ciki ba shi da wadata.
Kuma dandano ba kwatankwacin hakan ba, da launi. Hakikanin nama na “jan kifi” yana da launin toka mai launin shuɗi, kuma wannan shine mai ke sawa, wanda baya cikin samfuran zamani. Lokaci-lokaci, za'a iya ganin ganyen kwalba na gaske a kasuwa. Amma suna sayar da shi a asirce, daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, saboda masu sihiri ne suka sami irin wannan kifin.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Sterlet shine mafarauci wanda ke shimfida ruwa a bayyane a cikin koguna. Wani lokacin sterlet yakan yi iyo a cikin teku, amma a lokaci guda suna zama kusa da bakin kogin. A lokacin rani, ana sa gero a kan tudu, tsararraki ya shiga ƙananan tashoshi ko kuma biya kusa da bakin. Tare da farkon yanayin sanyi na kaka, kifin ya shiga cikin zurfin, yana neman abin da ake kira ramuka. Tana amfani dasu don bukkain lokacin hunturu. A cikin lokacin sanyi, sterlet ba ya aiki, kada ku ci komai, kada ku yi farauta. Bayan kogin ya buɗe, kifin ya bar wuraren zurfin ruwa kuma ya ƙaura zuwa kogin na sama don tsinke.
Sterlet, kamar kowane dutse, masu dadewa ne a tsakanin kifi. Tsawon rayuwarsu ya kai shekaru 30. Koyaya, ba za a iya kira ta zakara ba tsawon lokaci tsakanin mutane. Lake Sturgeon na rayuwa sama da shekaru 80.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: kifin kwalba
Yawancin Sturgeons ba su da aure. A wannan batun, sterlet ne togiya ga dokar. Halinsu shine kifin ya shiga manyan makarantu. Ko da ba ta sa hibernate ita kaɗai, amma tare da 'yan'uwa da yawa. Yawan tukunyar gero da ke jiran sanyi a cikin rami na ƙasa an auna su cikin ɗaruruwan. An guga su sosai sosai tare da wuya su motsa ƙeƙunan da ƙoshinsu.
Ana la'akari da maza masu balaga lokacin jima'i da shekaru 4-5. Balaga a cikin mace yana faruwa ne daga shekaru 7-8. Shekaru 1-2 bayan tsallakewa, mace ta sake shirya wa haihuwa. Wannan shine lokacin da ya zama dole ga jikin kifi domin ya murmure daga aikin da yake shashi mai rauni. Lokacin kiwo don ganyen kwalba yana cikin ƙarshen bazara ko farkon bazara, mafi yawan lokuta daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen Mayu, lokacin da zazzabi ruwan kogin ya sauka a digiri 7-20. Mafi kyawun zazzabi don tsalle-tsalle daga 10 zuwa 15 digiri. Lokacin shakatawa na iya zama a baya ko kuma daga baya, gwargwadon yanayin zafin ruwa da matakinsa.
Volga sterlet baya tsallakewa a lokaci guda. Satarwa cikin mutane waɗanda suka zauna a cikin kogi na sama ya fara kaɗan. Dalilin shi ne kogin ya kwarara a waɗannan wurare a baya. Kifi ya tsunduma cikin wurare masu tsabta tare da saurin gudana, ƙasa tare da ƙanƙara. Yawan ƙwai da aka aza a lokaci ɗaya ta hanyar alkali mace ta wuce dubu 16. Qwai suna da yawa, duhu cikin launi. An lullube su da wani abu mai santsi, wanda aka haɗa su da duwatsun. Bayan daysan kwanaki kaɗan ana soya. Jakar kwai a cikin kananan dabbobi ya ɓace a rana ta goma. A wannan lokacin, matasa sun kai tsawon 15 mm. Yawan haihuwa mutum ya dogara da shekarun sa. Youngeraramin sterlet, ƙarancin ƙwai yana jefa. Kifi fiye da shekaru 15 sa kimanin 60 dubu qwai.
Fitowar soya ta bambanta da mutane manya. An rufe kansa da kananan spikes. Bakin yana karami, mai wuce gona da iri. Launi ya yi duhu fiye da na kifi na manya. Wutsiya tana da inuwa mai duhu musamman. Matasa sterlet girma a wannan wurin da suka ƙetare daga caviar. Ta hanyar faɗowar ƙarni na 11-25 cm ne ke kaiwa zuwa bakin kogin.
Kyakkyawan fasalin: sterlet na iya haɗa baki tare da sauran kifayen Sturgeon: beluga (matasan - bester), stellate sturgeon ko Sturgeon na Rasha. Raguna sun yi saurin girma kuma suna kara wa taro. A lokaci guda, lokacin balaga, kamar gero, lokacin balaga yakan faru da sauri, wanda ke sa waɗannan kifin amfani ga kiwo.
Sterlet mai gadi
Matsalar raguwar yawan mutanen gewaye an hade da su ba tare da canjin yanayi ba, amma tare da aikin anthropogenic.
- Fitar da ɗakin ɗumi zuwa ga ruwa. Sterlet ba zai iya rayuwa cikin gurbata ba, ba a cike shi da ruwan oxygen ba. Cire mahaukatan sinadarai da sharar masarufi a cikin kogunan sun cutar da yawan kifaye.
- Gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a manyan koguna. Misali, bayan kirkirar tashar wutar lantarki ta Volga, kusan kashi 90% na filayen wasa sun lalace saboda kifin basu iya cin nasara abubuwan toshewar wucin gadi. Foodarancin abinci don kifin da ke cikin Volga na sama ya haifar da kiba da aikin lalata haihuwa na maganin gwal. Kuma a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren kogin, caviar ya mutu sakamakon karancin oxygen.
- Kama ba da izini ba. Kama sauro na gero ya haifar da raguwar adadin su.
A Rasha, akwai wani shiri na jihar da aka yi don adana nau'in halittar. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka yi nasara shine sake hade kifayen a jikin ruwa. An tsayar da tsauraran dokokin kamun kifi Sturgeon. Samun lasisi na musamman yana ba da damar kama wasu adadin kifayen manya. Nau'in kayan da aka yarda dasu shine kayan ciye-ciye (5 inji mai kwakwalwa.) Ko kuma, azaman zaɓi, cibiyoyin sadarwa guda-2. Yawan halattattun kifayen da aka kama ƙarƙashin lasisin lokaci ɗaya shine guda 10., A kowane wata - 100 inji mai kwakwalwa.
Hakanan an tsara nauyin da girman kifin:
- Tsawon - daga 300 mm.
- Weight - daga 250 g.
Lokacin da aka yarda da kamun kifi daga Yuli zuwa Satumba. Yawan lasisi yana da iyaka, don haka wadanda suke so ya kamata su kula da rajistar su a gaba.
Abin farin, sterlets suna cikin nau'ikan filayen filastik. Don dawo da yalwar wannan kifin, kuna buƙatar kawai: ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai kyau, da kariya ga filaye da ƙuntatawa akan kamun kifi. Kyakkyawan ma'ana shine Sturgeon hybridization, wanda ke ba da damar samun ingantattun siffofin ingantattu. Ajiye bakararre bukatar Kawar da nau'in halittar dabbobi babu makawa yana haifar da keta tsarin tsarin halittu, wanda hakan ke cutar da mutane, da dai sauran abubuwa.