Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Infraclass: | Platin |
Jinsi: | Meerkats (Suricata Namiji, 1804) |
Duba: | Meerkat |
Suricata suricatta (Schreber, 1776)
- Suricata suricatta suricatta
- Suricata suricatta iona
- Suricata suricatta marjoriae
Meerkat , ko Meerkat (lat. Suricata suricatta) - wani nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin mongoose (Herpestidae) An rarraba shi a Afirka ta Kudu (galibi a cikin hamada Kalahari: a cikin yankuna na kudu maso yammacin Angola, Namibia, Botswana da Afirka ta Kudu).
Bayanin
Meerkats ƙananan mongooses ne, nauyin jikinsu shine 700-750 g. Tsawon jikin meerkat (tare da kai) ya kasance daga 25 zuwa 35 cm, kuma tsawon wutsiya (bakin ciki da matsa zuwa ƙarshen) - daga 17.5 zuwa 25 cm Maganin hakori na Meerkat kamar haka:
I 3 3 C 1 1 P 3 3 M 2 2, < showstyle I <3 over 3> C <1 akan 1> P <3 akan 3> M <2 akan 2> , ,>>
(a nan I < showstyle I> are incisors, C < nunistyle C> su ne fangs, P < nunastyle P> su ne molas, M < nunastyle M> gaskiya ne), don haka akwai hakora 36 a duka. A wannan yanayin, incisors suna dan kadan mai lankwasa, kuma molars suna da manyan, tubercles mai nuna alama.
Launin rigar gashi yawanci orange-brown ne. Duk meerkats suna da halayyar sifa na ratsin baƙar fata, waɗanda suke gashin kansu ne daban, ƙyalli waɗanda fentin baƙi. Shugaban yana da fari, kunnuwan suna da baki, hanci yana launin ruwan kasa, wutsiya mai launin rawaya ce, bakin wutsiyar baƙar fata ce. Jawo yana da tsawo da laushi, dansandan ya yi ja ja. Mayafin a ciki da kirji yayi gajere. Maganin meerkat na siriri ne, amma lokacin farin ciki dusar ya rufe shi. Akwai glandon inguinal wadanda ke sanya sirrin mai kamshi wadanda ke lullube fatar fatar, guda kanana ke adana bayanan sirrin. Hannun goshin suna da dogaye masu ƙarfi. Matan suna da nono 6.
Meerkats suna dabbobi masu jan ragama. Garuruwan Meerkat sun haƙa ramuka ko amfani da ramuka na ramuka na murabba'in Afirka. Ramin suna da zurfi, yawanci daga mita 1.5 da zurfi, tare da hanyoyin shiga da yawa. Idan suna zaune a yankin tsaunuka, to, kogon dutse ya zama mafaka a gare su. Jagoranci rayuwar yau da kullun. A ranar dumi suna son shiga cikin rana, suna ɗaukar manyan abubuwan da ba su da kyau. Zasu iya tsayawa a kan kafafu biyu na dogon lokaci. Sau da yawa ana canza gidajen kwana, kuma yawanci gidaje yakan kasance kilomita 1-2 daga tsohon.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Meerkats suna ciyar da dabbobinsu, suna juya duwatsun da tono abubuwan fasa a cikin ƙasa. A mafi yawancin halayen, meerkats suna cin kwari, amma abincin yana kuma inganta ta hanyar lizards, macizai, kunama, gizo-gizo, millipedes, ƙwai tsuntsu, abubuwan shuka. Dangane da wasu ƙididdigar, abincin asalin dabbobi da aka haɗo cikin abincin meerkat shine 82% kwari da 7% arachnids (3% sune centipedes da millipedes, 2% sune dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye).
Meerkats suna rigakafi ga wuraren maciji. Hakanan suna da tsayayyar cuta (sabanin ɗan adam) ga guba na kunama da ke zaune a cikin hamada Kalahari, duk da cewa cizo na da haɗari iri-iri na kunama na iya zama mai lalacewar na meerkat, amma matsayin mafi yawan dabbobi shine ƙifar sa, yanayinsa na walƙiya da kuma ayyukan da suka ci gaba, a lokacin da ya fara kawar da warin kunama na kunama, ya cije shi, sannan yashi ya cire nau'ikan guba daga chikinous scorpion. Kunama yana ciyar da tsofaffi da marayu. A lokaci guda, manya bawai kawai ke ciyar da jarirai ba, amma suna amfani da dabarun peculiar don koyar da yadda ake kama da kuma kawar da kunama.
Rayuwa
Meerkats dabbobi ne masu haɓaka sosai waɗanda ke haɗuwa da mazauna (Damuna, jemagu, zomaye da wasu tsokoki suna jagorantar da irin wannan rayuwar, amma wannan ita ce kawai a tsakanin masu hasashen). Garuruwan Meerkat sun hada da dangin dangi biyu zuwa uku, amma jimilla daga 20-30 ne (rikodin mutane 63). Groupsungiyoyin dangi suna da ƙiyayya a tsakani kansu akan yankuna, kuma sau da yawa fadace-fadace kan iyakokinsu, galibi yana ƙarewa cikin rushewa na akalla guda. Wasu sanannun majiyoyin kimiyya sun yarda da wannan dabba mai matsakaici a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zubar jini: bisa ga bayanan su, har ya zuwa na biyar a cikin tsarin mace-macen dabbobi ana sanya su sakamakon illolin da suka yi da juna.
Kowane gungun dangi na meerkats ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu na manya dabbobi da zuriyarsu. Matriarchy yayi sarauta a cikin kungiyar meerkat, mace na iya zama babba fiye da namiji a girma kuma ya mamaye shi. Meerkats sau da yawa suna magana da juna, lambar sautin ta hada da aƙalla sau ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar.
Aikin yau da kullun na meerkat yakan bi wannan tsarin: da sanyin safiya dabbobi sun farka, share ƙofar rami a cikin yashi, fita don neman abinci, shakatawa cikin inuwa a lokacin mafi zafi, sannan ku koma neman abinci kuma ku koma ramin kamar awa ɗaya kafin faɗuwar rana.
Yayin da wasu mutane ke yin jita-jita a cikin ƙasa, wasu suna kallo don neman haɗari, saboda wannan dalili ma za su iya hawa bishiyoyi.
Ationaura daga ɓoye zuwa ɓoye burki na faruwa ne saboda dalilai biyu: tsawaita zama cikin tsohuwar burrow, wanda ya haifar da sassaucin sashin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin burrow, ko kusanci da ɗan dangi zuwa ga burrow. Locaura sau da yawa yana farawa kai tsaye bayan binciken safe. Da isowa, dangi ya fara share duk ramuka a cikin rami.
Kiwo
Meerkats ya isa lokacin balaga da kimanin shekara daya. Mace meerkat na iya kawo litter hudu zuwa shekara. Cutar ciki tana ɗaukar kwanaki 77 ko ƙasa da haka. Akwai manyan 'yan sanduna 7 a cikin zuriyar dabbobi, galibi hudu ko biyar. Jariri mai nauyin 25-36 g, yana buɗe idanunsa a rana ta 14, kuma akan shayarwa jariri 7an makonni 7 zuwa 9, yawanci 7.5. Cubs na iya barin ramin kawai lokacin da suke sati uku da haihuwa. A cikin iyalan meerkat daji, kawai mata mafi rinjaye suna da hakkin su haifi zuriya. Idan wata mace ta sami juna biyu, ko kuma ta sake haihuwa, to, babbar mace za ta kori “mai laifin” daga dangin, sau da yawa ita ma tana kashe cuban ta.
Dabbobin gida
Meerkats suna lafiya sosai. Suna da matukar damuwa ga sanyi. A Afirka ta Kudu, ana adana meerkats a gida don maciji da macizai. Meerkats wani lokaci ana rikice da rawaya mongooses (Cynictis), wanda suke yawan zama tare da juna. Rawaya mongooses ba mai tarko bane kuma babu dabbobi masu fita daga cikinsu.
Rakumi - jiragen ruwa na yashi
Mafi mashahuri mazaunin hamada, ba shakka, raƙumi. Akwai nau'ikan raƙuma guda biyu - biyu-humped da ɗayan-humped. Sunan kimiyya game da rakumi mai launin biyu mai suna Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus), kuma raƙumi ɗaya-mai baƙar fata ne (Camelus dromedarius).
An samo ganyayyaki na daji a duk faɗin Asiya, a yau suna zaune ne kawai a jejin Gobi. Za'a iya samun raƙuman cikin rakumi mai launin biyu a China, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Kazakhstan, da Pakistan.
Dromedars daji ba ya wanzu. Kakanninsu sun taɓa zama a cikin hamada mai zafi da hamada na Arab da Arewacin Afirka. Raƙumi-raƙumi mai cike da takaddun gidaje sun zama ruwan dare a Arewacin Afirka da ƙasashen larabawa.
Kamaru suna jure yanayin yanayi, zafi da sanyi. Coran fari mai ban tsoro yana kiyaye kasala da haɗuwa na ƙafafun dabbar daga zafin da yake fitowa daga yashi. Dogayen kafafu da shugaban da suka ɗaga sun tabbatar da cewa sassan jiki masu hankali suna da nisa daga ƙasar mai zafi. Dogon gashin ido, da tsintsiya-kamar ƙyallen hanci a rufe take kare dabba daga yashi mai tashi. Ana adana mai a cikin hump kuma an adana shi, wanda ke ajiyar makamashi. Dogayen hanci daga hancin suna ɗauke da danshi mai ƙima daga iska mai nutsuwa. Kari ga haka, jikin raƙuma suna dacewa da karancin danshi wanda hakan baya cutar dasu rasa ruwa cikin adadin kusan kashi 40% na jikin mutum. Suna fara yin gumi kawai lokacin zafin jiki ya kai 40 C.
A cikin zafin rana, masu bugu na iya tafiya ba tare da shan giyar ba har sati biyu. A ƙananan yanayin zafi da abinci mai narkewa, dabbobi na iya sha daɗewa. Amma lokacin da damar ta samu, raƙumi ya sha ruwa na ruwa 130 a cikin minti 10! Suna ciyar da ciyawa, ciyayi masu tsiro da kuma nau'ikan itacen Acacia.
Raƙuma biyu sun zauna a hamada. Kuma bayan gidan bayan sun fara hayewa tare da mutumin babban yankin Sahara. Wani mutum ya haƙa zurfin rijiyoyi don wadatar da dabbobi da ruwa a kan doguwar tafiya. Ta haka ne dangantakar ta bayyana: in ban da “jirgin ruwansa” da mutum zai taɓa ƙetare waɗannan tekuna masu yashi, kuma in ba tare da sa hannun mutum rakumi ba zai rayu a doron ƙasa kamar ɗan adam mai zaman kansa.
Jakin daji - dabba mara ma'ana
Jakin daji na Afirka (Equus africanus) ya taɓa zama dutsen Atlas na Moroccan har zuwa Cape Horn kuma an rarraba shi ko'ina cikin Arewacin Afirka. A yau ya wanzu kawai a cikin ƙananan rikice-rikice a cikin yankuna mara hamada.
Abincin jakin daji shi ne hatsi, busasshiyar ciyawa, da ganyayyaki. A metabolism a cikin dabbobi ne irin wannan cewa sun gamsu da karamin adadin abinci kuma ko da a cikin musamman lokacin rani ba sa fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Koyaya, suna buƙatar sha kowace rana, don haka jakunan daji suna ƙoƙarin kasancewa kusa da tushe ko ma dabbobin ruwa. A cikin busassun kogin rami sun haƙa ramuka masu zurfi kuma suna ɗebo ruwa a can. Don adana danshi, jakuna ba su yi zagi ba yayin da suke gudana, suna daidaita yanayin su da zafi. Waɗannan dabbobi marasa misalai, masu girman kai da saurin dabbobi. Abin takaici, an yi musu barazanar rushewa saboda tarnaki.
Daga jakin daji na Afirka ya zo da jakin gida, wanda a yau a wasu yankuna shine abincin da aka fi so dabbobin.
Gazelles - mazauna Sahara masu aminci
A cikin Sahara akwai gazelle yashi (Gazella leptoceros) da mai kama da ita, amma launin ruwan hoda mai duhu mai duhu (Gazella dorcas). Dukkan nau'ikan biyu suna kiwo a maraice da daddare, suna cin abinci tazara, ciyayi da ciyawa. Da rana suna ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa daga rana. Ba sa buƙatar ruwan sha, tunda suna karɓar duk abubuwan da ake buƙata daga abinci. Wuraren yadudduka, kamar takalmi, suna taimakawa wajen motsawa tare da yadudduka yashi.
Dambin Damisa da Gundis
Desert damans of genus Procavia are ungulates, dangi giwaye da sirens. An kare yatsunsu ta kusoshi masu lebur. Hamster-dogon soles tare da gammaye yayin gudana emit gumi daga gland. Damans iya saurin hawa saman tsaunin. Dabbobin ba su da ikon haƙa rami ko gina buɗa-baki, kuma manyan duwatsun suna zama mafaka a gare su.
Damans suna ciyar da ganye, rassan ganye da ganye.
Gundi - rodents kama da aladu na Guinea. Suna zaune cikin rukuni a cikin wuraren da ke da dutse. Kamar damans, gundis shima zai iya ja da baya tare da kankara, amma yanayinsu baya barin gumi. Babban farin gashi mai kauri gundi kwalliya ce mai ban sha'awa, wanda ke basu damar jure yanayin sanyi na arewacin Sahara bawai kuma sanya hibernate ba. Jawo mai laushi shima yana tsirowa daga zafin rana. Tsaba, ganye da sauran ciyayi sune abincinsu.
Dukansu Gundi da Damas a cikin jeji suna da abokan gaba da yawa. Yawancin tsuntsayen da ke farauta, mai kula da hamada, dawakai, jackal, lynx, da sauransu suna farauta.
Daman da gundi suna da kama sosai, sabili da haka duka biyun ana kiransu “binddi”, wanda ke nufin “mai tsaro” a cikin harshen larabci (saboda yawan maƙiyan mulkin mallaka na dabbobi da suke sanya shingaye).
Jerboa na Masar - kyakkyawan jumper
Jerboa na Masar (Jaculus jaculus) na zaune ne a Arewacin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Iran. Hannunsa na baya yana da tsawo kuma ya dace da shi don tsalle don motsi mai sauri a kan nesa mai nisa, kuma goshinsa gajere ne, don haka dabbobi ba sa iya tafiya kwata-kwata. Yayin tsalle, suna daidaita wutsiyarsu. Matsayi a tsaye yana ba jerboa wata fa'ida, tunda jikin dabba ya fi cire shi daga yashi mai zafi fiye da lokacin motsawa akan kafafu huɗu.
Wani tsibiri na Masar ya tashi neman abinci da dare. A cikin dare, wannan ɗan dabba zai iya rufewa har zuwa kilomita 10, yana tattara tsaba, 'ya'yan itatuwa da asalinsu, ba tare da ɓata kwari da sauran ƙananan dabbobi ba. A cikin kankanin lokaci na ruwa sama a cikin hamada, “rayuwa” ke farawa, abinci ya zama mai yawa sannan jerboa ta tara mai, ta yadda daga baya za a iya cinye ta cikin yunwar.
Desert Hedgehog - Girma da kunama
Hakanan ana samun Harshen Habasha (hamada) (Paraechinus aethiopicus) a cikin busasshiyar hamada, amma ta fi son wadi - busassun koguna tare da ciyayi. Shi ne mafi ƙanƙanci fiye da danginsa na Turai, kuma a kan kambi na kansa akwai halayyar da ba ta da kyau.
Yakan tafi neman farauta karkashin duhun duhu. Tare da jaws dinsa mai karfi, ya kama ragamar rayuwa yana zaune a cikin kasa. Fuska, gizo-gizo, millipedes sun zama ganima don shinge. Amma mafi yawan duka yana son kunama. Kafin cin wannan ganyen arachnid, sai ya fasa cizo da sauri.
A yankin Larabawa da bushewar bel na Asiya, shingen Brandt ko shinge na ido mai duhu (Paraechinus hypomelas) yana zaune. Shi ɗan ƙarami ne kamar shingen jeji. Kusan baƙin allurai baki sun rataye da bakin duhu mai duhu. Kamar takwaransa na Afirka, shingen Brandt yana aiki da dare. An kuɓutar da shi daga rana da maƙiyan a cikin duwatsu.
Dukkan nau'ikan biyu sun fada cikin rashin sa'a, da ƙaranci a cikin matsananciyar yunwa, tanadin ƙarfi.
Maned rago - wanda ba shi da ma'anar mazaunin tsaunuka
Raguna na maned (Ammotragus lervia) wakilin dan bovine ne. Ya ci sunan sa da cewa ya na da dogon hancin a wuyan sa da kirji, wani dogon gashi ya rataye a kafafun sa na gaban sa. Tsawon dabbobi a ƙasan mayukan zai iya kaiwa mita 1, kuma nauyinsa yakai kilogram 140. Duk dabbobin da suka manyanta suna da kaho mai ƙarfi, kuma cikin maza tsawonsu zai iya zama 70 cm.
Matsakaicin mazaunin raguna na maned yanki ne da ke lalacewa, tare da tsawan tsaunukan da aka juya zuwa duwatsun dutse. A nan, dabbobi masu godiya ga maɓuɓɓugan motsa jiki da tsoka na iya motsawa cikin sauri da sauri.
Raguna na raguna suna ciyar da ganyayyaki, ganye, ganyayyaki, buƙatar ruwa ya wadatu musamman saboda abinci.
A baya, waɗannan dabbobin sun bazu, amma yanzu ana iya samun su ne kawai a wasu yankuna mara izini.
Canji Mendes - nomad na tekun yashi
Antelope Mendes (ko Addax) (Addax nasomaculatus) ɗan dabba ne na Afirka a cikin gidan barnacle. Sifar halayyar dabbar tana da kakkausar ƙaho mai tsawo.
Waɗannan masu binciken marasa gajiyawa ne. Kungiyoyin dabbobi na balaguro masu nisa don nemo wuraren kiwo a cikin yashi da bakin dutse.
Addax yana cin ganyayyaki da ganyen bishiyoyi da shishika. Don fitar da ruwa mai yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu, dabbobi suna cin ciyawar dare da maraice idan raɓa ta faɗi. A cikin tsananin zafin rana a Metees, zafin jiki ya tashi da yawa. Don haka yana guje wa zafi mai zafi da asarar danshi, tunda lokacin da gumi, zai rasa ruwa mai yawa. Tana kare kanta daga zafin, dabbar tare da gurgunan gabanta ta tono tabarbarewa a cikin kasa kuma ta buya a cikin lokacin zafin rana.
Tururuwa mai kutsewa
Hankalin Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) shine kawai jinsin da ke rayuwa a cikin filayen bushe na Namibia da Kalahari. Wannan tururuwar ta sami sunan ta don iya tsalle daga wuri zuwa tsayi. Sauyawa, kamar ƙwallo na roba, antelope yana sauka a cikin iska, yana aiki lokaci ɗaya tare da duk wata gabar jiki, yana kama baya, wuyansa da kan layi a cikin layi ɗaya. Tana iya tsalle zuwa tsayin mita 3 da tsawan tsayin mita 15!
Zebras na dutse
Zebras na tsaunin dutse (Equus zebra) sune mafi ƙanƙan a tsakanin zebul. Wadannan wakilai masu rarrabe na dangin doki, cikin sauki ana iya sanin su ta hanyar mummunan raunin da ya faru akan fagen launin shuɗi, farashi a kan tsaunin tuddai. Hanyoyinsu suna girma da sauri, suna biyan nauyin lalacewa idan suna motsawa kan duwatsu.
Don hana hatsari daga maɗaukaki a kan tsauni, suna tsayar da mafaka.
Aardvark
Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) yayi kama da alade, amma ba dangi bane. Aardvark shine asalin rayuwar ƙarshe na tsohuwar ungula.
Yayin rana, da wuya ba a iya ganin dabbar, saboda a wannan lokacin tana ɓoyewa daga zafin da yake cikin tsari. Yana aiki da dare, kuma da hasken rana da wuya ya gani. Aardvark yakan ciyar da kwari akan kwari.
Masu farautar hamada
Tare da dabbobi masu rarrafe da kuma kwari, an sami mafarauta a cikin hamada. Da farko dai, waɗannan zaki ne, damisa da damisa.
Inda babu manyan masu farauta, ƙwallon fararen fata (Canis mesomelas) ke mulkar sa.
A cikin ɓarnar jeji na Namibia, zaku iya samun ƙarin dawakai da aka bushe (Otocyon megalotis). Kunnuwa na wannan nau'in sunada karancin kunnuwan Fenech a girman su, amma sauraron karar da ta fi girma ba ta da matsala, har ma ta kama motsin larvae da kwari a karkashin kasa.
Steppe lynx ko caracal (Felis caracal) wata kyakkyawar maharma ce ta ruwan teku. Ya kasance hakan yana kasancewa ne ga ƙananan dabbobi kawai, amma ya juya ya nuna cewa wannan cat ɗin tana da girman 50 cm kuma tana kaiwa mutane girma, wanda nauyinta ya ninka sau biyu. Daga matsayin da yake zaune, dabbar zata iya tsalle da yawa a tsayi kuma ta kama tsuntsu.
Wani mafarauci da ke rayuwa cikin matsanancin yanayi, wataye ce. Abu ne mai sauki a gane shi da dogon tsinkayensa, jujjuyawa da dogon wuya. Tsarin jikin dabba yana nuna dacewarsa don amfani da duk abinda manyan magabatansu ke barin sa bayan samun nasarar farauta. Koyaya, shayi suna farautar kansu da kyau.
Fenech
Fenech (Vulpes zerda) shine ƙaramin memba na gidan canine. Babban abin mamakin shi ne manyan kunnuwa, tsawon sa na iya kaiwa cm cm 15. Yana zaune a cikin yashi mai lashi na Arewacin Afirka da yankin Larabawa, wanda galibi ake samu a cikin Sahara.
Dawakai suna jiran ganima - kwari, dabbobi da kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da dare. Hakanan yana cin ƙwai da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Fox na jeji ya gamsar da buƙatar ruwa tare da abinci. Ara koyo game da Fenech daga wannan labarin.
Jemagu
Speciesaya daga cikin jinsunan jemagu da aka daidaita don zama a cikin jejin Namib. Wannan shine babban daren daren, na abubuwan halittar da dare yayi, ko jemagu masu tsawo (Myotis seabrai). Dabbobin suna samun mafaka cikin tuddai da aka samu tsakanin manyan ramuka. Rayuwar waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna cikin haɗari koyaushe saboda iska mai ɗauke da bakin teku.
Tsuntsaye
A cikin jeji, akwai irin waɗannan tsuntsayen kamar gaggafa, muhalli, mayukan Rum, ostriches na Afirka, gandun daji, katako, daskararren gwal na itace da sauran su.
Idan aka kwatanta da yawancin mazaunan hamada, tsuntsaye suna da fa'idodi masu yawa. Ba kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa tare da kullun zafin jiki, yanayin jikin tsuntsaye ya fi haka yawa, saboda haka, suna sauyawa zafi sosai. Amma mafi mahimmanci, za su iya tashi, wanda ya sa ya yiwu, a cikin matsanancin zafi, don tashi sama zuwa tsaka mai iska.
Tsuntsayen da ke cikin ganuwa a cikin wani yanki na hawan sama sama da hamada, inda yake da sanyi sosai fiye da kusa da saman duniya. Amma mafi yawan lokuta a cikin zafin rana tsaka tsuntsaye suna zama marasa motsi a karkashin bushes ko a cikin rassan bishiyoyi. Suna canja wurin ayyukansu zuwa saurin safiya.
Macizai sun ci nasara kusan dukkan wuraren rayuwa a duniya har ma da yankuna mafiya m. Irin waɗannan macizai kamar ƙazamin tsoro, macijin Afirka, mai rikicewar rikice-rikice, da rattlesnakes sun dace da rayuwa a cikin yashi mai zafi. A kan yashi mai zafi, suna motsawa kamar haka. Lokacin da ya karkata zuwa gefe, macijin ya taɓa ƙasa mai zafi tare da matsakaicin maki biyu ko uku na jikinta. Don yin wannan, sai ta ɗaga kai ta keɓe jikin daga ƙasa, ta juye ta gaba dayanta, kuma bayan hakan ta taɓa ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, kai da jiki ana karkatar da kai daga yanayin motsawa. A cikin motsi guda ɗaya tana yin sabon zagaye. Tana da "matakai" gaba.
Moorish toad: 'yan amphibians suna rayuwa a cikin hamada
A cikin jeji, 'yan amphibians ne kawai zasu iya rayuwa, saboda suna buƙatar sabo ruwa don jefa caviar. Moorish toad (Bufo mauritanicus) ne kawai ya mamaye jikkunan ruwa da tsarin ruwa na ruwan dajin Yammacin Sahara. Don jefa caviar, tana gamsuwa da wadataccen ruwan ciki wanda ruwa ya kwashe tsawon makonni. Da daddare, Moorish ya kan yi kama da crustaceans, kwari da ƙasa, da kuma millipedes.
Miyar yashi mai daci - kunama
Yawancin nau'ikan kunama suna rayuwa a cikin hamada, ɗayansu shine Saharan lokacin farin ciki mai kunama (Androctonus australis). Wannan nau'in yana da launi daga haske zuwa rawaya mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa, saboda shine kusan ba za'a iya bambance shi akan ƙasa mai yashi ba. Tare da goshinsa, sai ya haƙa ramuka a cikin ƙasa, wani lokacin yakan ɓoye a ƙarƙashin febbles. Don rage yawan asarar ruwa, kunama ta rage numfashi. Da dare ne kawai maharbin ke barin mafakarsa ya shiga farauta. Duk nau'in kwari sun zama ganima.
Matsakaicin
Hatta mollusks na ruwa masu ruwa suna iya daidaitawa da rayuwa a cikin yashi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, alal misali, jejin jeji (Helix desertorum), wasu wakilan dangin Sphincterochiladae. An tilasta su don kare lafiyar jikinsu mai mahimmanci daga bushewa. Don haka, gastropods na ƙasa (Sphincterochilidae) koyaushe suna da launi mai haske sosai da harsashi mai kauri, wanda ke nuna kusan kashi 95% na hasken rana da kuma kare gabobin ciki daga asarar danshi. Amma tun da bushewa mai ƙarfi wannan bai isa ba, katantanwa suna rufe gidan su tare da murfin lemun tsami kuma suna iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru uku a cikin wannan halin.
Artemia crustacean - mazaunin hamada na ruwa
A waɗancan wuraren da ruwa ya kai saman duniya, salmon Artemia (Artemia salina) ta zauna. Wannan gill-crustacean na iya wanzu har ma a cikin brine na Chotta (tafkin bushewa mai bushewa), kuma a cikin irin waɗannan launuka suna iya canza launin ruwan inuwa. Adult crustaceans 1 cm tsayi, sun kasance m, ja.
Eseankarar Locabi'a - Bala'i na gida
Wasu lokuta a cikin hamada a lokacin damina wani bala'i na ainihi - mamayewa fara. Ustswan fari na cikin gari (Schistocerca gregaria), a cikin neman abinci na yau da kullun, tara a cikin manyan garken da za a iya jigilar su a kan nesa mai nisa tare da taimakon iska mai ƙarfi, ta haifar da babbar illa ga yankuna da wannan masifar ta shafa.
Don haɓaka ƙwai fararen gari, ana buƙatar danshi, wanda a wuraren rarraba shi ya bayyana ne kawai bayan ruwan sama mai saukin gaske amma ruwan sama mai yawa. A lokacin yawaitar tsirrai, saboda yawan abinci, wadannan kwari suke haifarwa. A lokutan da suka fi dacewa da fari, tana yin ƙwai sama da dubu 20 a kowace mudu 1 na ƙasa.
Sahara Lizards
Wani misali na kwararrun hamada Sahara shine ƙwarin ƙaya (Uromastyx) daga dangin agam. Wannan dabba tana da alama mara kunya. Yana da jiki mara nauyi da kuma karamin kai wanda yake kama da kunkuru. Musamman mai buge shi ne gajeren wutsiya, an rufe shi da sikeli mai sauƙi, wanda yake aiki don tsaro. Idan kuma akwai haɗari, to, kukan da ke cikin wutsiyar suna ɓoye kawunansu a cikin mafaka, kuma tare da wutsiya mai tsini suna yaƙi da abokan gaba.
Spiky wutsiyoyi ana kiyaye su sosai daga saurin juzu'i a yanayin zafin yanayin hamada. Don yin wannan, suna canza launi. Da sanyin safiya, lokacin da sabo ya kasance har ya kasance bayan daren sanyi, masu ruwayoyi sukan yi duhu kuma rana takan sanya jikin da ya sanya sanyi cikin dare.
Thistles sune dabbobi masu rarrafe, yara matasa ne kawai wasu lokuta sukan bambanta abincin tare da kwari.
Magunguna skink (Scincus scincus) - ɗayan shahararrun wakilan skinks ne, asalin haɗin hamada ne.
Wannan karamcin, mai kama da ƙaramin ƙara, yana yin motsi a cikin ƙasa da kuma cikin yashi. Gajeru amma kafafu masu ƙarfi suna tallafawa wutsiya, ƙafafun da kaifi gefan ciki an yanke ta cikin yashi. Lokacin da ƙugurin ya motsa, da alama kamar yana iyo a cikin yashi.
Skink ba shi da ma'anar abinci, amma, kamar sauran dabbobin jeji. Yakan daskarar da komai akan abin da zai iya sarrafawa: beetles, lardin su, fari, milipedes, da sauransu. Idan zai yiwu, yakan ci furanni, ganye, kwalliya da tsaba da nishaɗi.
Hakanan Skink ya koya don adana makamashi da ruwa. Wannan ita ce hanya daya tilo da za mu tsira cikin matsanancin bushe da ƙaramin yanayi. A matsayin tushen danshi, yana amfani da ruwan da ke cikin ganima, kuma yana tara kitse a cikin tushen wutsiya. Idan yashi yayi zafi sosai yayin rana kuma yayi sanyi sosai da dare, skink din tayi burus zuwa zurfin 20 cm a cikin yashi mai kwance, inda zazzabi yafi kwanciyar hankali.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Meerkats kamar yadda jinsin ya kasance dangin mongoose, tsari shine kaddara, ƙananan yanki shine cat. Meerkats ba su da kama sosai da kuliyoyi, yanayin jikinsu ya sha bamban sosai, halayensu da rayuwar su gaba ɗaya daban ne. Dukda cewa da yawa daga cikin masanan sunyi iƙirarin cewa farkon itacen ya bayyana a tsakiyar zamanin Eocene kimanin shekaru miliyan miliyan 42, “har yanzu magabacin magabaci” na wannan rukunin halittu a cikin ilimin binciken halittu har yanzu ba'a gano shi ba. Amma a gefe guda, an gano wani nau'in meerkats, wanda saboda shine akwai ra'ayin cewa waɗannan dabbobin sun samo asali ne daga ɓoyayyen biri da ke zaune a Kudancin Afirka.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Dabbobin Meerkat
Meerkat - karamin dabba, giram 700-1000 kawai ta nauyi. Da kadan kadan da cat. Jikin yana da tsawo, kimanin santimita 30-35 tare da kai. Wani santimita 20-25 kuma zai dauke shi da wutsiyar dabbar. Suna da bakin ciki, kamar bera, saita zuwa bakin. Meerkats suna amfani da wutsiyoyinsu azaman ma'auni. Misali, yayin da dabbobi suke kan kafafunsu na baya, ko kuma lokacinda suka fasa kai maciji hari. A lokacin gwagwarmaya tare da maciji, dabbar za ta iya amfani da wutsiya a matsayin caza da kuma makamar karya.
Abu ne mai sauqi ka auna tsawon jikin meerkat yayin da yake kallon wani abu, tsaye a kafafun sa. Meerkats suna ɗaukar wannan matsayi sau da yawa. Kusan duk lokacin da suke son hango nesa. Suna amfani da haɓaka mai tsayi domin kusurwar ra'ayi ta ba da kallo har zuwa dama. Don haka yanayi ya daidaita wadannan dabbobin don ganin mai kare yana nesa da wurin da suke.
Matan suna da nono shida a cikin ciki. Tana iya ciyar da cuban ta a kowane matsayi, har a tsaye a kan ƙafafunsa na baya. Mata sun fi maza girma kuma ana ɗaukar su manyan. Meerkat paws sune ƙarancin gajarta, na bakin ciki, mai ƙima da kuzari sosai. Yatsun dogaye suna da dogon yatsu. Tare da taimakon su, meerkats sun sami damar tono ƙasa da sauri, tono ramuka, motsawa da sauri.
A mucks ne karami, in mun gwada da fadi a cikin yankin na kunnuwa da kuma kunkuntar ga hanci. Kunnuwa suna kan bangarorin, maimakon ƙasa, ƙarami zagaye. Hanci shine feline ko canine, baƙar fata. Meerkats suna da hakora 36 a cikin bakinsu, 3 daga cikinsu akwai incis daga dama da hagu, saman da kasa, guda canine, 3 manyan karafa da manyan motsi guda biyu. Dabba na da ikon sare murfin kwari na kwari da nama.
Duk jikin dabbar ya lullube da ulu, daga bayansa ya fi kauri da duhu, daga gefen ƙasan ciki ba shi da lokaci, ya fi guntu da wuta. Launi ya bambanta daga haske mai launin ja har ma tabarau mai rawaya zuwa sautunan launin ruwan duhu. Dukkanin meerkats suna da raunin baƙar fata a kan sutura. An kafa su ta hanyar gashin baki-tip na gashin da ke kusa. Fuska da ciki na dabba yawanci haske ne, kunnuwan kuma bakake ne. Gefen wutsiya kuma ana fentin baki. Jawo yana ƙara ƙarawa ga dabba mai fata. Ba tare da shi ba, da meerkats dã ya zama kamar na bakin ciki da ƙanana.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A ciki, meerkat ba shi da mayafin wuya. A can, dabbar tana da labulen laushi kawai.
Ina meerkat take zama?
Hoto: Live Meerkat
Meerkats sun zama na kowa a Kudancin Afirka.
Ana iya samun su a ƙasashe kamar:
Wadannan dabbobin an daidaita da su ga yanayin zafi mai bushe, wanda zai iya jure wa da hadari. Sabili da haka, suna zaune a cikin hamada da rabin hamada. Misali, ana samun meerkats a adadi mai yawa a yankuna na hamada na Namib da hamada Kalahari.
Dukda cewa ana iya kiransu Hardy, amma meerkats basu da cikakkiyar shiri don maganin sanyi, kuma da kyar zasu iya jure yanayin zafi. Wannan ya cancanci tunawa da magoya baya don samun dabbar dabba a gida. A Rasha, yana da daraja a hankali lura da yanayin zafin jiki na gida da kawar da tarkace don lafiyar dabbobi.
Meerkats son bushe, fiye ko lessasa da ƙasa kasa, saboda su iya tono tsari. Yawancin lokaci yana da ƙofar da yawa da kuma barin kuma yana ba dabba damar ɓoyewa daga abokan gaba a cikin ƙofa ɗaya, kuma yayin da maƙiyin ke zubar da wannan wuri, meerkat ya gudu ta wani mafita. Hakanan, dabbobi na iya amfani da wasu ramuka na mutane, wasu dabbobi suka haƙa suka watsar da su. Ko kawai a ɓoye a cikin ɗakunan ƙasa na asali.
Idan yanki yana mamaye tushen dutse, tuddai, barzahu, to meerkats suna murna da amfani da kogo da bakin ƙofa don maƙasudi iri ɗaya.
Meerkat yake ci?
Meerkats shine yafi ciyar da kwari. Ana kiransu kwari. Yawancin lokaci, basuyi nisa da matsugunin su ba, amma suna haƙa tare a cikin ƙasa, a cikin tushen, suna juya dutse kuma don haka suke neman abinci don kansu. Amma ba su da zaɓin na musamman na abin da ake ci, saboda haka suna da yawansu.
Meerkats samun abubuwan gina jiki daga:
- kwari
- gizo-gizo
- millipedes
- kunama
- macijin
- gwanaye
- qwai kunkuru da ƙananan tsuntsaye,
- ciyayi.
Daya daga cikin ayyukan da aka fi so daga dabbobi shi ne farautar kunama da ke zama a adadi mai yawa a cikin hamada. Abin mamaki, guba da macizai da kunama shine kusan ba haɗari ga dabba ba, tunda meerkat yana da rigakafi ga waɗannan guba. Kodayake akwai lokuta na karuwa da kuma lokuta da yawa da suka faru sanadiyyar mutuwar dabbobi da maciji ko kunama suka daka. Meerkats suna da dexterous. Nan da nan suka kawar da dal daga kunama, sannan a ci lafiya.
Suna koyar da 'ya'yansu irin waɗannan fasahohin, kuma yayin da cuban sandunan basu iya farautar kansu ba, ƙananan garken sun ba su cikakken abinci kuma ana horar da su don cin abincin nasu da farauta. Hakanan zasu iya farautar ƙananan ƙwayoyi kuma ku ci su. Saboda wannan fasalin, meerkats sun sami mashahuri kamar dabbobi.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Dabbobin Meerkat
Meerkats ana ɗaukar manyan masu ilimi. Don sadarwa da juna, suna iya amfani da kalmomi sama da ashirin, kowane ɗayan yana da kalmomi da yawa. Abin ban sha'awa, don yin gargaɗi game da haɗari a cikin yarensu akwai kalmomi waɗanda ke nuna nisan nesa ga mai ƙaddara cikin sharuddan "nesa" da "kusa". Sun kuma gaya wa junan inda hadarin ya zo daga - ƙasa ko ta iska.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: da farko, dabbar tana nuna alama ga dangi game da yadda haɗarin yake, kuma kawai a lokacin - daga ina ya fito. Kari akan haka, masana kimiyyar sun gano cewa 'yan zubin ma sun fahimci ma'anar wadannan kalmomin a cikin tsari.
A yaren meerkats akwai kuma kalmomin da ke nuna cewa ficewa daga mafaka kyauta ne, ko kuma, ta wata hanya, cewa ba za ku iya barin ba, saboda akwai haɗari. Meerkats suna barci da dare. Rayuwarsu ta musamman ce da rana. Da safe, kai tsaye bayan farkawa, wani ɓangare na fakitin yana ci gaba da tsaro, sauran mutane suna farauta. Canjin mai gadi yakan faru ne bayan 'yan awanni. A cikin yanayi mai zafi, ana tilasta dabbobi su yi ramuka.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a lokacin tono, kunnuwansu kamar suna rufe don kada ƙasa da yashi su shiga cikinsu.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa daren jeji yayi sanyi, kuma meerkat fur sau da yawa baya bayar da isasshen abin sha mai kyau, dabbobin suna daskarewa, saboda haka a cikin fakitin sukan kwanciya da juna sosai. Wannan yana taimaka musu ba daskarewa. Da safe, duk garken yana son tashi cikin rana. Hakanan, bayan fitowar rana, dabbobin suna yawan yin tsabtace gida, suna zubar da ƙasa da yawa kuma suna faɗaɗa ramuka.
A cikin daji, a cikin meerkats, tsammanin rayuwar da ba ta wuce shekaru shida ko bakwai. Yawanci, tsawon rayuwa yana tsakanin shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar. Hakanan, meerkats suna da maƙiyan halitta da yawa, sau da yawa suna mutuwa, amma mutuwar mutane ta cika yawaita, saboda haka yawan mutanen ba sa raguwa. Don haka, mutuwar dabbobi tayi yawa, ya kai kashi 80% cikin samari da kashi 30% na manya. A cikin bauta, sun sami damar rayuwa har zuwa shekara goma sha biyu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Meerkat Gopher
Meerkats dabbobi ne masu kyautatawa. Suna yin komai a kungiyance. Suna zaune cikin manya-manyan garken, kusan 40-50 mutane.Wata ƙungiya daga meerkats na iya mamaye yanki na kusan murabba'in kilomita biyu, zauna da farauta akan ta. Akwai lokuta da yawa na ƙaura na meerkat. Dole ne su yi yawon neman abinci.
A saman garken kuwa namiji ne da na mace, mace kuma ke da rinjaye, meerkats suna da daraja. Mace da ke tsaye a saman kunshin tana da 'yancin haihuwa. Idan wani nau'in mutum daban, to ana iya fitar dashi har ma a tsage shi. Hakanan za'a iya kashe ƙananan yara.
Meerkats ne salon. Matan sun sami damar haihuwar zuriya sau uku a shekara. Cutar ciki na daukar kwanaki 70 ne kacal, kuma lactation na kimanin sati bakwai. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi ɗaya na iya zama daga ƙwatan biyu zuwa biyar. Duka garken yakan lura da zuriyarsu. Wakilan lanabilanci suna kawo abinci, cizo daga yara kwiyakwata, har sai sun sami hanyoyin yi da kansu, kuma suna kare su ta kowace hanya. Ya kai ga cewa idan wani babban dansandan ya kai hari ga garken, kuma kowa ba shi da lokacin da zai ɓoye shi, to, sai mazan da suka manyanta suka rufe kansu da 'yan mata, kuma ta hakan ne za su ceci matasa a bakin ransu.
Iyaye suna da kyau sosai a cikin garken, wanda ke nuna bambanci sosai tsakanin dabbobi, wanda zuriya basa koyon ci gaban tarbiyya, amma a tsarin lura da halayen iyayensu. An yi imani da cewa dalilin wannan fasalin a cikin mummunan yanayin hamada na mazauninsu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tame meerkats, ba kamar meerkats na daji ba, iyaye ne marasa kyau. Suna iya barin theira cubanyansu. Dalilin shi ne cewa dabbobi suna ba da iliminsu ga sabon tsara ta hanyar horo, kuma yana taka rawa sosai a cikin meerkats fiye da ilhami.
Abokan gaban magabatan meerkats
Hoto: Meerkat Cubs
Sizearancin girman dabbobi yana sa su zama waɗanda ke cikin masu hasashen da yawa. A kan jakoki na ƙasa a kan tsuntsaye. Daga sama suna fuskantar barazanar gaggafa da mikiya da sauran tsuntsayen ganima, musamman gaggafa, wadanda suke cin karensu ba kan kananan bawo ba har ma a kan manya manya. Wani lokacin manyan macizai na iya shiga ciki don burushi. Misali, muryar sarki tana iya jin daɗin ba kawai makaho mai kurciya ba, har ma da kusan manyan mutane - waɗanda suke tare dasu zasu iya jurewa.
Bugu da kari, meerkats dole ne suyi fada ba kawai tare da masu farautar ba, har ma da danginsu. A zahiri, su kansu maƙiyi ne na halitta. An yi imani cewa garken meerkats da sauri suna cin abincin da ke akwai a cikin gundumar kuma suna lalata yankin mazaunin su. Kuma saboda wannan, dangi suna tilastawa kullun yin yawo daga wani wuri zuwa wani.
Wannan yana haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe na kabilanci a kan ƙasa da kuma saman sansanin abinci. Yaƙe-yaƙe na dabbobi suna da ƙarfi sosai, kowane yanki na biyar da ke faɗa yana mutu a cikinsu. A lokaci guda, mace tana kiyaye mahimmin abin da yake so musamman idan an samu wata mace ta mutu, abokan gaba sukan kashe duk zubinsu ba tare da banbanci ba.
Meerkats sun shiga cikin yaƙin kawai tare da wakilan irin nasu. Daga mafarautan suna ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa a mafaka ko gudu. Lokacin da maharbi ya bayyana a fagen hangen nesan sa, dabbar za ta ba da labarin wannan ga dangi da murya domin duk garken ya kasance cikin masaniya kuma zai iya samun mafaka.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Iyalin Meerkat
Duk da yawan mace-macersa, meerkats sune jinsin dake da ɗan ƙaramar haɗarin halaka. A yau, a zahiri ba su cikin haɗari, kuma yawan jinsunan suna da kwanciyar hankali. Amma a lokaci guda, tare da haɓaka aikin gona a hankali a wasu ƙasashe na Afirka ta Kudu, mazaunin dabbobi yana raguwa, yanayin mazauninsu na da damuwa.
Wataƙila ƙarin shigar ɗan adam zai iya tsananta halin. Amma yayin da meerkats ya kasance na jinsin wadatacce kuma ba a cikin su a cikin ɗaya daga cikin Litattafai na Red ba. Babu matakan da ayyuka da aka ɗauka don kare da kare waɗannan dabbobin.
Matsakaicin yawan dabbobi zai iya kaiwa mutum 12 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. Mafi kyawun ra'ayi daga matsayin masana kimiya ana daukar su yawan mutane 7.3 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. Tare da wannan darajar, yawan meerkat ya fi tsayayya wa cataclysms da canjin yanayi.
Dabbobi suna da sauƙin hora, saboda haka galibi suna zama kayayyaki a ƙasashen Afirka da yawa. Cire wadannan dabbobin daga cikin daji kusan babu wani tasiri ga yawan jama'arsu saboda girman su. Sanannen abu ne cewa Meerkat ba tsoron mutane. Ana amfani da su sosai don yawon bude ido har suka bari har a bugi kansu. Suna kusantar da mutum ba tare da tsoro ba, kuma suna ɗokin karɓar “kyaututtuka” masu dadi daga wurin yawon bude ido.