Cikakken bincike na kayanka zai taimaka kare kanka da waɗanda kake ƙauna daga abubuwan cutarwa.
Kafin fara ginin gida, kula da zabar filin ƙasan tsaftace ƙasa.
Rarraba nazarin muhalli zai gano yiwuwar gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Lissafin abubuwan da ke haifar da jiki yana bayyana haɗarin haɗari da tushen gurɓataccen iska.
Kuna son yin odar ƙimar tasiri game da muhalli? Tuntuɓi ƙwararru waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa mai zurfi, ɗakunan binciken kansu da kuma tsarin aikin aikin da aka tabbatar.
A yau, a duk faɗin duniya, ana kulawa da hankali sosai ga yanayin da ƙa'idodin muhalli. Duk wani aiki na ɗan adam yakamata ya sami ɗan tasiri ga yanayin, kuma yanzu babu shakka. Don ƙayyade matakin tasiri, akwai sake duba muhalli - jerin matakan da aka tsara don tabbatar da amincin wuraren aiki da ayyukan samarwa.
Manufar, manufofin da nau'ikan kimantawa game da tasirin muhalli
Doka ta Tarayya “Kan Ilimin Mahalli” ya bayyana wannan manufar kamar haka:Kimanta muhalli - tabbatar da daidaiton takardu da (ko) takaddun tabbatar da kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan da aka tsara dangane da aiwatar da abin da ya shafi kimar muhalli, ga bukatun muhalli da aka gindaya ta hanyar ka'idojin fasaha da dokoki a fagen kare muhalli, domin hana mummunan tasirin irin wadannan ayyukan a kan muhalli. "
A cikin ƙasarmu, jiha, jama'a, sashen, kimiyya da kasuwanci kimanta muhalli ana aiwatar da su.
Tsarin aiwatar da shi ya zama wajibi ga dukkan ayyukan ginin. Ana aiwatar da shi ne ta hanyar ƙwararren kwamiti, wanda ƙungiyar zartarwa ta tarayya ke aiwatar da shi a cikin kimantawar ƙimar muhalli (Rosprirodnadzor) ta hanyar da doka ta tsara.
Nazarin jama'a yana haɗawa da duk masu sha'awar aiwatar da yanke shawara a cikin muhalli. Ana yin wannan ne bisa himmar 'yan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, har ma da na ƙananan hukumomi. An gudanar da jarrabawar ne dangane da abubuwan kimantawa game da tasirin muhalli na jihar, ban da wadanda bayanan su suka kunshi jihar, kasuwanci da sauran sirrin da doka ta bashi kariya.
Binciken sashin muhalli sau da yawa yana da fifiko kan fasaha, yana tabbatar da amincin muhalli na aikin wanda kowace hukuma ke sha'awar. Daga cikin sauran kayan, ƙaddamar da ƙwarewar sashen an ƙaddamar da shi ga nazarin muhalli na jihar.
Ana yin nazari kan muhalli na kimiyya don tabbatar da wasu bayanan kimiyya. Ba shi da tanade-tanade da doka ta tsara.
Expertwarewar muhalli na kasuwanci, kamar kimiyya, doka ba ta kayyade shi ba kuma ana aiwatar da shi da son rai ne domin gano yadda amintar wannan ko waccan abun ke da aminci ga mutane da yanayin. Expertwarewar Kasuwanci babban sabis ne da ake buƙata wanda kamfanoni na musamman ke bayarwa. Zamuyi cikakken bincike game da wannan nau'in binciken.
Abubuwan da abokan ciniki na ƙimar muhalli na son rai
Wanene, a yaushe kuma me yasa zai buƙaci bita game da yanayin kasuwanci? A aikace, yawancin abokan ciniki masu mallakar dukiya ne waɗanda suke so su tabbata cewa babu lafiya a zaune da aiki a ginin. Wannan ba son sani ba ne - lokuta idan aka samo magungunan masu haɗari, ƙwayoyin cuta, haɓakar asalin jujjuyawar da wutar lantarki a cikin gidaje, ofisoshin, gidaje masu zaman kansu ko ɗakunan rani ba sabon abu bane.
Waɗanne abubuwa ne za'a iya bincika don tsabta da aminci?
- gidaje
- gidaje gidaje
- ƙasa,
- ofisoshin ofis,
- samar da wurare da layi,
- motoci.
Akwai yanayi da yawa waɗanda kimantawa game da kimar muhalli ake so. Misali, kafin siya ko siyar da ƙasa ko ƙasa. Gaskiya ne gaskiya ga waɗanda suka sayi ƙasa na zama. Don haka, akwai lokuta lokacin da, saboda amfani da ƙarancin gini da kayan karewa, matakin gubobi a cikin sabbin gine-gine ya wuce na yau da kullun, gidaje a cikin sakandare yana kamuwa da kamannin fata, kuma filaye na ƙasa suna da karuwar yanayin radadi. Masu mallakan ƙasa, musamman mahalli, suna ba da izini don bincika idan akwai ƙanshin da ba shi da kyau a cikin ɗaki ko gida, tare da wuce gona da iri game da halayen rashin lafiyan, da kuma kafin shirya ɗakin don bayyanar yara.
Gudanar da nazarin muhalli ana kuma ba da shawarar ga masu haɓakawa kafin gina gidaje (gwajin filaye), masu masana'antar magunguna da masana kiwon lafiya, kamfanoni suna shirin tsara rairayin bakin teku, cibiyar kiwon lafiya, wuraren shakatawa ko cibiyar kiwon lafiya, masu gandun daji, masu mallakar filayen ruwa wanda filayen ruwa da wuraren kiwo suke , masu gine-ginen da aka yi niyya don ƙungiyar cibiyoyin yara.
Manuniya Masu Nazarin
Expertwarewar kimiyyar halittu tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya haɗa da ƙididdigar dakin gwaje-gwaje da ma'aunai ta amfani da kayan kwalliya masu tsayi. Masana daban-daban suna shiga ciki - masana kimiyyar halitta da masana kimiyyar kere-kere, masana kimiyyar lissafi da kuma masana kimiyyar kere-kere. Dukansu suna sarrafawa (tsabtataccen ruwa da ƙasa, kasancewar gubobi) da kuma marasa kulawa (lalacewa ƙasa, gurbatawar iska) abubuwan suna tabbatarwa.
Dukkanin alamomin da aka bincika za a iya raba su zuwa rukuni uku.
- A zahiri. Matsayi na radiation, amo, rawar jiki, hasken lantarki, matakin haske da fasali na microclimate an bayyana.
- Chemical. Amfani da gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwaje, masana sun ƙayyade kasancewar gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta (alal misali, kasancewar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙarfe mai nauyi, phenol, formaldehyde, ammonia). Hakanan ana gwada ruwa, wanda za'a iya gurbata shi da samfuran mai, suna da matakan gishiri, baƙin ƙarfe, klorine da manganese.
- Microbiological. Masana ilimin halittar dan adam suna binciken gaban kwayoyin cuta a cikin iska da ruwa, sikirin da sauran abubuwan gurbata rayuwa.
Ilimin halin rayuwa na gidan
Binciken gida na yau da kullun ya haɗa da ma'aunin filayen lantarki na matsakaitan masana'antu, hanyoyin da zasu iya zama kayan aikin gida, wayoyin da ba su dace ba, abubuwan canzawa kusa da sauran abubuwa, gas-sunadarai da nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta na iska, ma'aunai na hayaniya da kuma yanayin baya.
Kimanta muhalli a gida
A matsayinka na mai mulki, nazarin halittu na gida ya hada da yin nazari iri daya da kuma aunawa a matsayin binciken gida, da kuma bincike na ruwa don alamu da kwayoyin cuta da kuma ERA na radon, iskar gas mai kara kuzari wanda ke tara abubuwa a cikin ginin bene kuma ya shiga cikin rashi a cikin dunkulen duniya.
Binciken Mahalli na Ofishin
Lokacin da ake bincika ofis, ana auna zafin lantarki mai ƙarancin wutar lantarki sau da yawa, tushen abubuwan sune kwamfyuta, wutan lantarki, sabbin kayan aiki da kayan ofis, ana gudanar da bincike-da-gas na iska don yawancin gurɓatattun gurɓatattun abubuwa da ke zuwa daga iska a titi, ana fitar da bututun iska sakamakon kayan ofis ɗin, ana auna matakan ma'auni. radiation da kuma nazarin halittu na iska.
Ikon sarrafawa
Gudanar da masana'antu shine saka idanu akan aiwatar da ƙungiyoyi na doka yayin aiwatar da ayyukan kasuwanci na dokokin tsabta da ƙa'idodin tsabta. An aiwatar da wannan hanyar ne daidai da ka'idodin tsabta na SP 1.1.1058-01 "Tsarin tsari da kuma kula da masana'antu game da bin ka'idodin tsabta da kuma aiwatar da matakan tsabta da rigakafin cutar (rigakafin)". Baya ga gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma ma'aunin kayan aiki, ya hada da sarrafawa:
- kasancewar takaddun shaida
- sanitary da kuma annobar cututtuka
- bayanan sirri na ma'aikata,
- amincin gaskata mutum da kuma yanayin sabbin nau'ikan samfurori da fasahar kere kere,
- Rahoton da doka ta kafa kan al'amuran da suka shafi aiwatar da sarrafa sarrafa kayan,
- sanar da jama'a da hukumomin gari game da yanayin gaggawa.
Yawancin kamfanoni masu ƙwarewa game da ƙimar shafar muhalli suna ba abokan aikinsu ma'aunin sabis don yanayi daban-daban da abubuwa, amma koyaushe kuna iya ba da umarnin ƙarin nazarin idan kuna so. Koyaya, ya kamata a fahimta cewa wannan zai ƙara yawan farashi da lokacin binciken.
Wace cibiyar ƙwarewar muhalli zan iya tuntuɓar ta?
Idan kuna son samun ingantaccen kimanta yanayin muhalli, tuntuɓi waɗancan ƙwararrun da suke da ƙwarewa mai zurfi, dakunan gwaje-gwajen kansu da ingantaccen tsarin aiki. Muna ba da shawara cewa ka kula da rukunin kamfanoni na EcoStandard - ɗayan ƙungiyoyi mafi aminci kuma sanannu a cikin kasuwar kimar muhalli.
A cikin 1997, ta fara ƙirƙirar kasuwar kimantawa game da tasirin muhalli a Rasha, kuma godiya gareshi, fiye da gidaje 11,000, gidaje da ofisoshin sun zama masu dacewa da kwanciyar hankali. A cikin 2019, nazarin iska da ruwa, ma'aunai na matakin wutar lantarki, radadi, amo da kuma haskakawa, ƙididdigar sigogi na microclimate a cikin gidaje da gidaje sun zama sabon salo da ma'anar mataki na gaba bayan ingantaccen abinci da wasanni.
Eungiyar EcoStandard tana da cibiyar ɗakunan bincike na kanta da kuma ma'aikata na manyan masana kimiyyar sunadarai, masana kimiyyar ilimin halittar jiki da injiniyan muhalli, gami da masu ziyarta. Thearfin yin kowane aiki ba tare da haɗuwa da yan kwangilar ba mu damar ba da tabbacin inganci mai inganci bawai ƙima-karɓa ba. Don haka, nazarin iska a cikin gida yana biyan kuɗi daga 6,500 rubles, ruwa - daga 4 500 rubles, cikakken bincike na gida - daga 14 500 rubles. Kwararrun kamfanin ba wai kawai yin bincike da aika rahoton fasaha ba ne, har ma suna bayyana sakamakon, suna kwatanta su da matsayin jihohi kuma suna ba da shawarwari masu amfani kan yadda za a inganta yanayin muhalli a cikin dakin.
Ana aiwatar da kimanta yanayin muhalli na kasuwanci sau da yawa da yardar kaina, amma a wasu lokuta binciken wuraren ba da izini doka ne. Don haka, ana aiwatar da ƙimantawa ta musamman game da yanayin aiki (SAME) a duk kasuwancin kowane nau'in mallakar. Dokar Kwadago ta Tarayyar Rasha ta tanadi takaddun shaida na ayyuka akalla sau daya a cikin shekaru biyar. Vioetare wannan dokar zai haifar da hukunci.
Manufar kimantawa game da tasirin muhalli
An ba da manufar kimantawar ƙimar muhalli a cikin Art. 1 na Dokar Tarayya "Kan isewarewar Mahalli" na 11.23.1995 N 174-ФЗ.
Nazarin muhalli - tabbatar da daidaiton takardu da (ko) takaddara wanda ke tabbatar da kasuwancin da sauran ayyukan da aka tsara dangane da aiwatar da abin da ya shafi muhalli, buƙatun muhalli da aka kafa ta dokokin fasaha da kuma dokoki a fagen kare muhalli.
Dalilin jarrabawar an fasara shi ne a cikin wannan ka'ida kuma don hana mummunan tasirin ayyukan da ke sama ne akan muhalli.
Binciken muhalli, azaman nau'in ikon ƙasa, yana ba ku damar kafa waɗannan abubuwan:
- Shin akwai sabani tsakanin aikin da aka gabatar da dokar ta muhalli ta yanzu,
- Shin aikin yana aiwatar da duk sharuɗan kiyaye dokokin doka a fagen kare muhalli kuma yana da amintaccen lafiya,
- Shin tasirin aikin da aka gabatar shine a kimanta shi akan yanayi da yawan jama'a,
- Shin ya halatta a aiwatar da ayyukan da suke yin binciken,
- ta yaya ake shirya cikakken matakan kariya na cutar da muhalli.
Don haka, babban mahimmancin binciken shine amsa tambaya: shin zai yiwu a aiwatar da aikin la’akari da amincin da yarda da dokokin muhalli.
Nau'in tantance tasirin muhalli
An bambanta nau'ikan nau'ikan kimantawar muhalli:
Ma'aikatar za ta iya sake nazarin sashen muhalli na sashen, idan a nan gaba ya zama wajibi a gabatar da takardu don jarrabawar matakin jihar.
Kimiyya - wacce masana kimiyya suka nada, cibiyoyin bayanan kimiya ko jami'o'i kuma suna da bayani game da yanayin.
Kasuwanci - ana gudanar da shi ne a matakin qungiyan ko wata kungiya don samun yanke hukuncin farko game da amincin ayyukan da aka gabatar.
Ciplesa'idojin kimantawar kyautata yanayin muhalli
Don samun cikakke cikakke, ingantacce kuma cikakke cikakke, mahalarta cikin ƙimar muhalli yayin binciken yakamata ya bi da waɗannan ƙa'idodin:
- 1. Ka'idar zaton yiwuwar hatsarin da ke tattare da cutar dabi'ar halittar da aka gabatar yana nufin dole ne masana su ci gaba daga gaskiyar cewa wannan aiki yana iya cutar da muhalli. Dangane da wannan, masana dole ne su gano duk nau'in illolin cutar cutarwa kuma su tsayar da shi. Dangane da bayanan da aka samo, yakamata su gabatar da matakan kare muhalli daga bayyanar cutarwa, tare da bayar da shawarar hanyoyin amfani da albarkatun kasa.
- 2. Ka'idojin tantance tasiri kan muhalli kafin fara ayyukan aiwatar da wani abu idan, bisa la’akari da Sashe na 11 da na 12 na Dokar Tarayya “Kan Gwanayen Ilimin Muhalli”, wannan abun ya shafi kimanta yanayin muhalli na jihohi. Principlea'idar jarrabawar farko na yanke shawara game da aiwatar da aikinta yana nufin cewa abokin ciniki ba shi da ikon yanke shawara game da aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara kuma ya shiga cikin irin waɗannan ayyukan kafin gudanar da binciken. Bodiesungiyar ta musamman da aka ba da izini dangane da abubuwan da aka lissafa cikin dokar ya zama tilas a tsara da kuma aiwatar da kimanta muhalli. Rashin abokin ciniki ya gudanar da bincike na irin wannan abun haramun ne.
- 3. Ka'idar cikakken kimantawa game da tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da ake sa ido da kuma sakamakon yana nuna wajibcin kwararru da yin zurfin nazarin nau'ikan da girman tasirin muhalli. Kodayake mizanin ya shafi sake duba yanayin muhalli na jihohi da na jama'a, amma, da farko, ana buƙatar wannan buƙatun ga jikin da kwamitocin na farko.
- 4. Ka'idar aminci da cikar bayanan da aka baiwa kwararru ana magana da shi ga abokin ciniki kuma ya wajabta masa sallama ga bayanan jarrabawar da ba a gurbata ba kuma ba tare da wata shakka ba, wannan ya cika sharudda na dokar, la’akari da dukkan fasali na ginin, a cikin adadin da ya isa ya cika bukatun dokar game da kare muhalli Laraba. Ana yin cikakken bayanin game da abu, wanda zai iya kuma yakamata ya mallaki abokin ciniki yana aiwatar da aiwatar da wannan aikin, la'akari da bin ka'idodin dokokin muhalli. Hakanan, lokacin ƙaddamar da buƙata don cikakkun bayanai, wajibi ne don yin la’akari da dokar yanzu (Dokar Federationungiyar Rasha ta Yuli 21, 1993 N 5485-1 "A Sirri na Jihar", Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 29, 2004 N 98-ФЗ "A kan Sirrin Kasuwanci"). Ana buƙatar masanin gwani game da sake nazarin muhalli na jihar don tabbatar da amincin bayanan da aka gabatar ga nazarin muhalli na jihar.Abin dogaro da kuma cikakkiyar bayanin shine mafi mahimmancin wannan hanyar, saboda haka, idan ba a mutunta wannan ka'idodin ba, ba a gudanar da jarrabawar ba.
- 5. Ka'idar 'yancin kwararru a cikin aiwatar da ikonsu ya kafa haramcin tsangwama a cikin aikin kwararru, wanda yake aiwatarwa bisa ga ka'idoji na ka'idoji game da kimantawar muhalli, sharuddan zartar da kimantawar muhalli ko nuni ga hukumar kwararru, jagorar kungiyar. Karshen masaniyar masanin ba kowa zai iya tantance shi ba ko kuma a sanya masa wani abu; ya kyauta a kimantarsa.
- 6. Ka'idar ingancin kimiyya da tasirin kimar tasirin tasirin muhalli. Ka'idar ingancin kimiyya yana nufin cewa ƙarshen ƙwararrun masana da aka ƙaddara a ƙarshe dole ne su kasance masu dalilai na kimiyya, wato, bin dokoki a fagen kare muhalli, suna ɗauke da bayanan kansu, nassoshi kan matsayi da ayyukan masana kimiyya. Thea'idar ma'amala na ƙarshen gwajin yana nuna kimantawa ta bangaranci da ƙin yarda da abin da aka ƙaddamar da jarrabawa.
- 7. Ka'idojin halatta - ka'idodin ka'idodin kimantawar muhalli. Tunda yake daidai da dacewa da wannan ƙa'idar wacce ke ba da ikon tabbatar da ƙarshen wannan binciken. Abokin ciniki, yayin da yake tsarawa da kuma tsara ayyukan da za a yi nan gaba, ya zama tilas ya bi dukkan bukatun dokokin yanzu a fagen kare muhalli da kula da yanayi. A nan gaba, masana da ke gudanar da jarrabawar, bisa la’akari da ayyukan da aka tsara na dokokin, suna yin shawara mai kyau a kan aiwatar da aikin. A yayin da aka gano abubuwan da suka saɓa wa bukatun muhalli, ya kamata a nuna su a ƙarshen magana, tare da yin bayani dalla-dalla ainihin abin da banbancin ya ke. Stateungiyar ƙasa da ke yanke shawara a kan takamaiman abu na nazari ya zama tilas su dogara da ra'ayin masana. A cikin irin wannan halin, ƙungiyar da ke ba da izini ba ta da izinin bayar da izinin aiwatar da ginin, tunda ba ta da tushen doka kuma ana iya ƙalubalantar ta a kotu. Kyakkyawan yanke shawara a cikin irin wannan yanayin yana nuna cewa ba a aiwatar da haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na citizensan ƙasa na Russianasar Rasha ga yanayin da ya dace ta hanyar hana mummunan tasirin tattalin arziki da sauran ayyukan akan yanayin.
- 8. Ka'idar jama'a, shiga kungiyoyin jama'a (kungiyoyi), la'akari da ra'ayoyin jama'a yayin gudanar da bita kan muhalli. Ka'idojin jama'a sun tabbatar da wajibcin abubuwan da suka shafi kimar muhalli don bin ka'idodin doka game da sanar da masu ruwa da tsaki game da hanyar, halartar kungiyoyi na jama'a (kungiyoyi), da kuma ra'ayoyin jama'a. Rashin bin wannan ka'ida babban laifi ne, kuma, a dalilin haka, tushen garkuwa da masu cin amanar ne. Asalin glasnost an bayyana shi cikin sanar da 'yan ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, hukumomin gwamnati da sauran jama'a game da tsarin sake duba muhalli. Ya kamata bayanin ya kasance don biyan bukatun al'umma - kare hakki a wani yanayi mai amfani, yanke hukunci kan jarrabawa, sakamakon bayar da rahoto.
- 9. Ka'idar daukar nauyin tsarin jarabawa da ingancinsa an yiwa dukkan mahalarta karatu. Ya bada tabbacin cewa mahalarta yayin nazarin muhalli na jihohi za a yi musu hisabi a karkashin dokokin Tarayyar Rasha idan sun kasa bin ka'idodi da hanyoyin gudanar da bita.
Wadannan ka'idodin kimantawar tasirin tasirin muhalli suna tabbatar da cewa an samar da kwararrun bayanai don gano duk wasu nau'o'in cutarwa masu cutarwa na ayyukan da aka gabatar, ko kuma, a takaice, za a tabbatar da alamun amincin irin wadannan ayyukan don yanayin. Saboda haka, kiyaye ka'idodi da duk mahalarta cikin ƙimar muhalli na asali.
Bayanin jihohi da masu zaman kansu bita
Binciken muhalli wani yanki ne na matakan da aka tsara don gano daidaituwar kowane abu ko nau'in aiki tare da abubuwan da aka amince da su da kuma yiwuwar ci gaba da aiwatar da abin ko kuma aiwatar da ayyukan ba tare da wani mummunan sakamako ga yanayin ba.
Muhimmi: Tsarin kimantawa game da shafar muhalli ana yinsa ne ta hanyar tanadin dokar tarayya a cikin tsarin dokoki Lambar 65-ated 04.15.1998 da No. 174-ated wanda aka kafa 11.23.1995.
Babban burin kimantawa game da shafar muhalli shine tabbatar da amincin muhalli na yawan jama'a da kuma kiyaye yiwuwar dabi'a.
Dangane da dokar yanzu, hukumar tsara gudanarwa ta tarayya da hukumomin jihohi ne suka shirya shi kuma suka tsara shi. Ana iya aiwatar da irin wannan binciken duka a matakin tarayya da na yankuna.
Ana gudanar da jarrabawar jama'a ne a yunƙurin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da kuma kowane ɗan ƙasa. Bugu da kari, masu qaddamar da irin wannan binciken na iya zama:
- bodiesungiyoyin kananan hukumomi na ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi,
- ƙungiyoyin jama'a na tsunduma cikin kare muhalli,
- ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke da hannu a kimantawar muhalli.
Muhimmi: Mai farawa (abokin ciniki) yana biyan sabis na sake duba yanayin muhalli. Ana kashe kudaden karatun da yawa kamar yadda ake buƙata, idan ya cancanta.
Ana aiwatar da nazarin muhalli na abubuwan ƙira idan akwai:
Assessmentididdigar ƙimar muhalli na wajibi ne ga irin waɗannan wuraren:
- ayyukan da takardu a fagen kare muhalli, wanda hukuma ta yarda da shi,
- ayyukan shirye-shirye na tarayya waɗanda ke samarwa don ginin ko aiki kayan aiki waɗanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli ta wurin matsayin su a cikin yankunan kare muhalli,
- ayyukan da suka shafi yarjejeniyoyin raba kayan masarufi,
- ayyukan da takardu na fasaha dangane da amfani da sabbin fasahohi waɗanda ke da haɗari ga muhalli,
- takardu kan canjin yanayin jihar da ke ajiyar cikin wuraren shakatawa na kasa,
- takardu masu alaƙa da jarrabawa ga abubuwan da aka ƙayyade a Dokokin A'a. 187 - ФЗ, 155 - ФЗ, 191 - ФЗ,
- abubuwan da ke sama wadanda suka gabata jarrabawar kuma suka sami ra'ayi mai kyau, dangane da kammalawa ko karewar ra'ayi.
Hanyoyi
Akwai da yawa hanyoyin hanyoyin tasiri na muhalli, kodayake, masana sun zaɓi hanyar bincike mai dacewa don kowane yanayi daban, yin la'akari da fasali da kuma abubuwan abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa. Yayinda a wasu halaye guda hanya ɗaya ya isa, wani lokacin dole a yi amfani da dama.
Ya kamata a lura cewa yayin kimantawar muhalli, masana suna aiwatar da ayyuka zuwa:
- sunadarai da nazarin halittu na iska a cikin gida,
- auna matakin wutar lantarki,
- auna matsakaita zafi da zafi,
- ƙuduri na yarda da zagayawa ta iska da iska tare da ingantattun ka'idoji,
- gano hanyoyin samar da iska,
- gudanar da wasu halaye na musamman a buƙatun gwajin abokin ciniki.
Hanyoyin da aka fi amfani dasu don warware matsalolin muhalli sune:
- Tambaya - binciken masana a rubuce,
- tambayoyi ne na baka a cikin hanyar tattaunawa,
- Hanyar Delphi - tsarin tambayoyin zagaye da yawa tare da sarrafawa da canja wurin sakamakon kowane zagaye zuwa ga kwararru masu aiki da rashin fahimtar juna,
- kwakwalwa - tattaunawa a kungiyar domin samun sabbin hanyoyin warware matsalar,
- tattaunawa tattaunawa ce ta gama tattaunawa game da matsalar a la'akari.
Yaushe ne ake yin bita kan muhalli na jama'a?
Ana buƙatar buƙatar kimanta tasirin muhalli lokacin da ya zama dole don gano abubuwan da ba su dace ba da ke shafar mahallin.
Don haɗari musamman mai haɗari, daga yanayin muhalli, masana'antar masana'antu, sake duba muhalli wajibi ne.
Wanda yake farawa (abokin ciniki) na kimantawar muhalli na iya zama mutum daya da kuma bangaren shari'a da ke da alhakin aiwatar da binciken da aka shirya.
Matsayin abokin ciniki na iya zama bangarorin gwamnati da na mutane masu zaman kansu. Dangane da haka, a farkon lamari, jarrabawar zata zama jiha, kuma a karo na biyu - jama'a.
Dokar Tarayya 174-ФЗ akan Expertwarewar Lafiya Jiki: sabon bita kamar yadda aka gyara
Sabon juyi na Dokar Tarayya mai lamba 174-ФЗ “Game da Gwajin Mahalli” a cikin sabuwar sigar za'a iya samunsa ta bangaren bayanan bayanan doka a tashar ta “Consultant Plus” a http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_8515/ ko akan shafin yanar gizo na tsarin. Garant a http://base.garant.ru/10108595/.
Duk nau'in kimanta yanayin muhalli da aka gudanar a kasarmu ana iya raba su cikin rukuni guda biyar:
- jihar - kirkirar da yarda da takardu na kowane abu ko nau'in aiki tare da buƙatun da aka amince da su a matakin majalisu da kuma tsara batutuwan amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da kariya ta muhalli,
- na jama'a - wanda aka tsara tare da aiwatar da niyyar kuma karkashin kulawar kungiyoyin jama'a / kungiyoyi wadanda aka kirkira da niyyar kare muhalli, yanke shawara yawanci yanayi ne na bada shawara,
- sashen - ana aiwatarwa bisa ga umarnin sashen da abin ya shafa, kuma yanke hukuncin yana da karfin shari'a ne kawai a cikin tsarin (muddin dai hukuncin bai saba wa cikar tsarin binciken jihar ba),
- kimiyya - wanda aka shirya a yunƙurin kowane masanin kimiyya ko ƙungiyoyin cibiyoyin ilimi ko cibiyoyin kimiyya don samun bayanan da ake buƙata don ƙarin binciken kimiyya,
- kasuwanci - ana gudanar da shi ne don amfanin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci waɗanda ke buƙatar samun ingantaccen bayani game da filin aiki ko wurin amfani.
Dangane da nau'in binciken, ana iya rarrabe kwarewar muhalli kamar haka:
- nazarin amo da amo baya,
- jarrabawar hasken lantarki,
- kimantawar muhalli
- gwajin girgiza,
- gwajin haske.
Umarni akan gudanarwa
Algorithm na kimantawar muhalli, a matsayin mai mulkin, shine kamar haka:
- zaɓi na kamfanin gwani,
- samar da zama dole takardun,
- cikar kwangila da biyan bashin kwararru na gwaji,
- jiran bincike
- jiran sakamakon jarrabawa,
- samun takardar shaidar daidaituwa da rahoto kan aikin da aka yi.
A lokaci guda, a fuskar masana, gudanar da bita kan yanayin muhalli ya dan bambanta kuma ya kunshi:
- samar da kayan
- rajista, tabbatar da cikakkiyar cikawa da wadatar kayan da aka bayar,
- kirkirar hukumar gwaji ta jiha,
- shirye-shiryen kungiya, matsayin kowane mutum da kuma takaitawa game da jarrabawar jihar,
- sanya hannu da kuma yarda da cikar ƙarshe.
Cibiyoyin isewarewar Mahalli: inda za a ba da sabis
Kuna iya ba da izinin kimantawar muhalli a cikin ƙungiyoyi kamar:
- ANO "Cibiyar ƙwarewar Mahalli":
- gidan yanar gizo: http://ekoex.ru,
- Adireshin: birni Moscow, Jam'iyyar Lane, Ginin 1, Ginin 57, Ginin 3,
- waya: +7 (495) 662-48-49.
- Asusun kwararrun na kasar Rasha TEHECO:
- gidan yanar gizo: https://expert-center.ru,
- Adireshin: birni Moscow, titin Prechistenka, 10, gini 3,
- waya: +7 (495) 637-77-47.
- Sashen Kwarewar da kimantawa na Kamfanin “NGI Group”:
- gidan yanar gizo: http://ngiexpert.ru,
- adireshin: birni Moscow, titin Trofimova, gida 24, gini 1,
- waya: +7 (495) 407-71-74.
Kammalawa
Zaku iya sanin kanku da misalin ƙarshen bita na muhalli na ƙasa akan https://yadi.sk/i/B2NBYvnv3M2RA8.
Don saukar da samfurin ƙimar jarrabawar jama'a, dole ne kuje zuwa adireshin https://yadi.sk/i/D2xnUCAW3M2RBr.
Don haka, kimantawar tasirin tasirin muhalli shine mafi mahimmancin binciken bincike da ake nufi don gano daidaiton wurare ko ayyukan tare da buƙatun da aka yarda, da kuma yiwuwar ci gaba da amfani da ginin ko yin ayyukan haifar da lahani ga mahallin. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa musamman haɗari daga yanayin masana'antu ke duba wuraren masana'antu, irin wannan binciken ya zama dole.
Tare da canje-canje da ƙari daga:
15 ga Afrilu, 1998, Agusta 22, Disamba 21, 29, 2004, 31 ga Disamba, 2005, 4 ga Disamba, 18, 2006, 16 ga Yuni, 26 ga Yuli, 23, 24, Nuwamba 8, Disamba 30, 2008 Afrilu 9, Mayu 8, Disamba 17, 2009, Yuli 1, 18, Yuli 19, 2011, 25 ga Yuni, 28, 2012, Mayu 7, Yuni 7, 28 ga Disamba, 2013, 28 ga Yuni, 21, 29 ga Disamba, 31, 2014, 12 ga Fabrairu, 29 ga Yuni, 13 ga Disamba, 29, 2015, 5 ga Disamba, 28, 2017, 3 ga Agusta, 25, 2018, Mayu 1, 2 ga Disamba, 16 ga Disamba, 27 ga Disamba 27 Shekarar 2019
Umaungiyar Duma ta ɗauke shi a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1995
Majalisar Tarayya ta amince da shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1995
Canza Bayani:
Dokar Tarayya ta watan Disamba 30, 2008 N 309-ФЗ ya sake gyara zama wannan dokar Tarayya
Wannan Dokar ta Tarayya ta mallaki dangantaka a fagen nazarin kimar muhalli, da nufin fahimtar da kundin tsarin mulki na 'yan kasa na Tarayyar Rasha zuwa yanayin da ya dace ta hanyar hana mummunan tasirin tattalin arziki da sauran ayyukan a kan muhalli.
Shugaban Tarayyar Rasha
Nuwamba 23, 1995
Dokar tarayya ta tsara alaƙar a fagen nazarin kimar muhalli, i.e. tabbatar da yarda da tsarin tattalin arzikin da aka tsara da sauran ayyukan tare da bukatun muhalli da kuma tantance yuwuwar aiwatar da abu na bita a muhalli don hana cutarwa mai illa ga yanayin, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da sauran sakamako.
An rarrabe nau'ikan kimantawa na muhalli guda biyu: jihar da jama'a. Ana gudanar da jarrabawar jihohi ne akan abubuwan tarayya da na yanki.
Doka ta tanadi tsarin gudanar da bita kan muhalli na jihohi, gami da tsarin kirkiro kwamiti na musamman don jarrabawar.
An kiyaye ofancin rightsancin ofancin ƙasa da na ƙungiyoyi na jama'a (ƙungiyoyi) a fagen nazarin ƙimar muhalli. Ana yin bita da kula da muhalli na jama'a tare da aiwatar da manufar 'yan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, kazalika da yunƙurin ƙananan hukumomi kafin sake nazarin muhalli na jihar ko kuma a lokaci guda.
An ƙayyade haƙƙoƙi da wajibai na abokan ciniki na takaddun da ke ƙarƙashin sake duba muhalli, an tsara abubuwan da suka shafi ba da rancen kuɗi. An kafa nau'ikan keta dokokin da suka shafi kimantawar muhalli da alhaki a kansu.
Dokar tarayya ta fara aiki tun daga ranar da aka fitar da hukumarta.
Dokar Tarayya ta Nuwamba 23, 1995 N 174-ФЗ "Game da Ilimin Muhalli"
Wannan Dokar ta Tarayya za ta yi aiki a ranar da aka fitar da hukumarta.
An buga rubutun Dokar Tarayya a cikin tarin isungiyar Dokokin Rasha na Nuwamba 27, 1995 N 48 Art. 4556, a cikin "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" wanda aka sanya ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1995 N 232
Wannan takaddun an gyara shi ta hanyar waɗannan takardu:
Dokar Tarayya na 27 ga Disamba, 2019 N 453-ФЗ
Canjin ya yi aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020.
Dokar Tarayya na 27 ga Disamba, 2019 N 450-ФЗ
Canje-canje suna aiki ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020.
Dokar Tarayya na 16 ga Disamba, 2019 N 440-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2020.
Duba bita na gaba na wannan takaddar.
An gabatar da rubutun wannan takaddar kamar yadda aka yi gyaranta a lokacin sakin nau'ikan ku na tsarin GARANT
Dokar Tarayya na Agusta 2, 2019 N 294-ФЗ
Canje-canje yana aiki a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2019.
Dokar Tarayya ta Mayu 1, 2019 N 100-ФЗ
Canje-canje suna aiki ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2019.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 25, 2018 N 496-ФЗ
Canjin ya fara aiki ne a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2018.
Dokar Tarayya na Agusta 3, 2018 N 321-ФЗ
Canje-canje yana aiki ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 2018.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 28, 2017 N 422-ФЗ
Canje-canje za su yi aiki a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2017.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 5, 2017 N 393-ФЗ
Canje-canje suna aiki ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 29, 2015 N 408-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 13, 2015 N 221-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya ta Yuni 29, 2015 N 203-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya ta Fabrairu 12, 2015 N 12-ФЗ
Canje-canje ana aiwatar da shi kwanaki goma bayan ranar da aka fitar da ainihin dokar Dokar Tarayyar da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 31, 2014 N 519-ФЗ
Sauye-sauyen ana aiwatar da su kwanaki casa'in bayan da aka fitar da ainihin aikin dokar da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 29, 2014 N 458-ФЗ
Canjin ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2015.
Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 21, 2014 N 261-ФЗ
Canjin ya yi aiki a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2015.
Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 21, 2014 N 219-ФЗ (kamar yadda dokar Tarayya ta yi wa 28 Disamba, 2017 N 422-ФЗ da Dokar Tarayya na 25 ga Disamba, 2018 N 496-ФЗ)
Wannan gyare-gyare ya yi aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2015, in ban da tanade-tanade na wasu sharuɗɗa don shiga aikin an kafa su da doka ta 12 na dokar Tarayyar da aka ambata.
Dokar Tarayya ta Yuni 28, 2014 N 181-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki kwanaki 10 bayan ranar da aka fitar da ainihin dokar Dokar Tarayyar da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 28, 2013 N 406-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya ta Yuni 7, 2013 N 108-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya ta Mayu 7, 2013 N 104-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya ta Yuli 28, 2012 N 133-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya ta 25 ga Yuni, 2012 N 93-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya ta Yuli 19, 2011 N 248-ФЗ
Wannan gyare-gyare ya shiga aiki kwanaki tara bayan ranar da aka fitar da ainihin dokar nan da aka gabatar.
Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 19, 2011 N 246-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki kwanaki 10 bayan ranar da aka fitar da ainihin dokar Dokar Tarayyar da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 18, 2011 N 243-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 1, 2011 N 169-ФЗ
Canjin ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2011.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 17, 2009 N 314-ФЗ
An dakatar da dokar ta 2, 3, da 4 na Mataki na 28 na wannan Dokar ta tarayya daga 1 ga Janairu, 2010 zuwa Janairu 1, 2011.
Dokar Tarayya ta Mayu 8, 2009 N 93-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Afrilu 9, 2009 N 58-ФЗ
An dakatar da dokar ta 2, 3 da 4 na Mataki na 28 na wannan Dokar ta Tarayya daga ranar da aka gabatar da dokar wacce aka gabatar tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2010.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 30, 2008 N 309-ФЗ
Canje-canje ana aiwatar da shi kwanaki goma bayan ranar da aka fitar da ainihin dokar Dokar Tarayyar da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Nuwamba 8, 2008 N 202-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki kwanaki 10 bayan ranar da aka fitar da ainihin dokar Dokar Tarayyar da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 24, 2008 N 162-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na Yuli 23, 2008 N 160-ФЗ
Canjin ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2009.
Dokar Tarayya ta Yuni 26, 2008 N 96-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki kwanaki 10 bayan ranar da aka fitar da ainihin dokar Dokar Tarayyar da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya ta Mayu 16, 2008 N 75-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki kwanaki 10 bayan ranar da aka fitar da ainihin dokar Dokar Tarayyar da aka ambata
Dokar Tarayya na 18 ga Disamba, 2006 N 232-FZ
Canje-canje yana aiki ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2007.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 4, 2006 N 201-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki tun daga ranar da Dokar daji ta Tarayyar Rasha ta shiga aiki.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 31, 2005 N 199-ФЗ
Canje-canje yana aiki ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2007.
Dokar Tarayya na Disamba 21, 2004 N 172-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2005.
Dokar Tarayya ta watan Agusta 22, 2004 N 122-ФЗ (kamar yadda dokar Tarayya ta sake a watan Disamba 29, 2004 N 199-ФЗ)
Canjin ya yi aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2005.
Dokar Tarayya ta Afrilu 15, 1998 N 65-ФЗ
Canje-canje ya fara aiki a ranar da aka fito da ainihin aikin Dokar Tarayya da aka ambata