Bayyanar mutum da hali. Maharbin yana da matsakaitan matsakaici (sanannu ya fi girma girma), yayin da mafi girman abubuwan falsafanan ke da ƙarfin iko, mai fuka-fuki da dogaye mai tsawo, tare da “wando” masu kyau. Tsawon jikinsa shine 48-63 cm, yawan maza shine 0.8-1.3 kg, mace shine 1.4-2.1 kg, fuka-fukan shine 110-160 cm. Yana yin rauni sosai, galibi lokacin farauta yana amfani da tsari da tashi jirgin, yawanci yana buɗewa zaune a kan manyan wuraren a cikin tundra.

Bayanin. Thearfafawar ƙwayar tsuntsayen manya sun bambanta da launin toka, tare da yanayin duhu mai saurin jujjuyawa da ƙwararrun kibiyoyi a saman, tare da raɗayoyi mai ratsa jiki ko filayen da ke da siffa a kan tarnaƙi kuma tare da digo-ƙanƙan ƙanƙan wuta a kan haske daga ƙasa, zuwa kusan fararen fararen fata, tare da ƙarancin kibiya-mai siffa da kuma Motsi na juji a baya da fikafikan. Abubuwan duhu, launin toka mai haske, da farin farin launi ana rarrabe su. Bakan gizo duhu ne, ringin orbital, kakin zuma da kuma wasu sassan kafafu wadanda ba a san su ba sun rawaya.

Matashi mutum yana da yanayin launin duhu gaba ɗaya mai launin shuɗi, a ƙasa yana da farin ciki, duhu, mafi yawan lokuta mai duhu, duhu "gashin-baki" akan kunci shine mafi kyawun ci gaba. A cikin farin murfin, musabbabin kananan tsuntsayen ya bambanta da yawan tsintsa kawai a cikin tsayi, kuma ba mai juyawa ba, gumi ko fasalin da ke kama da jikinsa da fuka-fuki. Theunƙwalwar orbital, waxen, sassan da ba a bayyana ba daga ƙafafu suna da launin toka-toka. A cikin tsuntsu mai tashi, fuka-fuki suna da fadi sosai, wutsiya tana da elong, tare da kullin raɗaɗɗa a cikin tsuntsayen fararen fata, ana iya bayyana su da rauni. Ta launi, girma da sikelin, tsuntsu zaune ko tashi tare da jirgin sama mai tashi ana iya rikita shi tare da goshawk.

Gyrfalcon ya bambanta da shi ta hanyar ƙarin fuka-fukai masu nuna alama, rashi fatar fatar ido, launi ido (kullun duhu), mara saurin motsi da kullun gefen jikin mutum. Ya bambanta daga peregrine falcon a cikin kowane tsararraki ta hanyar girmanta mafi girma, rashi launuka masu duhu da "gashin-baki" a karkashin ido, sun banbanta da kumatun haske, fuka-fukan da ba su da alama ga biri, tare da jela mai daɗewa. Jirgin sama mai tashiwa tare da saurin juyawa, ba a tsawaita. Ya banbanta da saker ta rashin launin ruwan hoda da waƙoƙin ocher, amma ana iya bambance shi da yawa, ƙaramin tsuntsu ya dogara da babban girma da ƙari.

Kuri'a. Hoarse mara nauyi "kek-kek-kek. "Yawancin lokaci yana bugawa tare da damuwa a gida. Gaba daya shiru.

Matsayi na Rarraba. Gidajen birni wuri ne, suna zaune a tundra, gandun daji-tundra, gandun daji na arewacin, dutsen teku na arewacin Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka; a cikin hunturu, yawancin tsuntsaye (galibin matasa) suna yin ƙaura zuwa kudu - daga gandun daji-tundra zuwa gandun daji, wasu suna kasancewa a wuraren da ake farawar. Yana da wuya, an haɗa shi a cikin littafin Red na Rasha, a cikin ɓangaren Turai babu fiye da nau'i-nau'i 50 da suka rayu. Tsuntsayen fararen fata suna da matuƙar wuya a wannan yankin namu. Yawan yana ci gaba da faduwa, akasari sakamakon kamawa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba akan ƙaura da tarin icksanjin kaji don falconry (gyrfalcon sanannen tsuntsu ne masu farauta).

Rayuwa. Abincin ya samo asali ne daga farin gado da tundra; ya kan sanya akan sauran tsuntsayen, lemmings, hares. Tana kama ganima a cikin iska da ƙasa. Iya ciyar da ɗaukar kaya, ya shiga tarkuna. Ana kiyaye filayen yanki na nau'i-nau'i na dindindin shekaru. Yana da farawa da wuri, har yanzu a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, a cikin maɓuɓɓuka na kankara, tsaunin bakin teku, ya mamaye filayen masu farauta da hankaka akan bishiyoyi ko hasumiya geodetic (wani lokacin ana sabunta su).

A cikin ɓoye akwai ƙwai 2-4 (har zuwa 7), ba yawanci ba ocher, amma fari tare da m aibobi. Mace tana sanya tsawon kwanaki 28-30, namiji yakan kwashe kayanta, wani lokacin kuma zai maye gurbinsa na wani dan gajeren lokaci. Farkon kayan saukar ruwan kajin suna fari, na biyu fari-fari. A gida, tururi yana da m, yakan kori abokan gaba. An kare filayen Gyrfalcon daga masu cin naman ƙasa da geese da sauran tsuntsaye cikin nasara.

Migaura daga bayan-gida na iya wucewa kudu da arewa zuwa wuraren da ake zaune, shugabanci na motsi ya dogara da kasancewar wuraren taro na fari. Lokacin hijirar kaka-hunturu yana manne don buɗewa da motsin kayan gargajiya na mosaic. Ana samun kayan karshe na yara da shekaru 3-4.

Alamar filin

Mafi girma daga cikin falcons. Yawan nauyin namiji ya fi kilo 1, kuma mace ta kai kilo 2. Launi na Siberian gyrfalcon haske (mai haske fiye da na gyrfalcon Lapland), amma mai canzawa: daga launin toka-toka zuwa kusan fari a saman, gefen ventral yana da kyau tare da yanayin duhu. Yankin duhu a bakin da aka yanke (“gashin-baki”) kusan ba a gani bane. A kan baki, kamar kowane falno, hakoran halayyar. Aljihu suna rawaya. Jirgin yana sauri. Gyrfalcon yayi kama da falcon pertrine, amma ya fi girma kuma yana da kamar wutsiya mai tsayi. Muryar kuma tana kama da muryar peregrine falcon, amma mai saurin magana da ƙarami: hoarse “kyak-kyak-kyak” ko kuma “kek-kek-kek”. A cikin bazara yana iya yin shuru da ƙima. Subsungiyoyin dutsen kudu maso kudu - Altai gyrfalcon, waɗanda masana da yawa suna la'akari da ƙaddamarwar ko murfin Saker Falcon - an bambanta shi da launi mai duhu mai launi iri ɗaya.

A kan tashi, dogon fikafikan iska yana bugewa, jirgin ya tashi da sauri, bayan da yadudduka da yawa tsuntsu yayi saurin zuwa gaba, baya haushi. Zaunar da gyrfalcon madaidaiciya A nesa nesa, saman kamar duhu ne, kasan yana da kyau (dattijo), duhu ne sama da ƙasa (saurayi). Muryar “kyak-kyak-kyak” ko “keeek-keeek-kseek” tayi kama da kukan kururuwar, amma tana da matukar sauki da kuma rauni. A cikin lokacin mating, gyrfalc ya fito da wani babban abin da zai iya tsayawa.

Yaɗa

Yankin Arctic da yankin subarctic na Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka, ana samun keɓance daban a cikin Altai, Sayan, tsakiyar (tabbas gabashin) Tien Shan. Matsakaicin wuraren arewa suna cikin Greenland a 82 ° 15 's. w. kuma 83 ° 45 ', mafi yawan kudanci, banda ƙananan ƙasashen tuddai-Asiya - tsakiyar Scandinavia, tsibirin Kwamandan (tsibirin Bering, kimanin 55 ° N). A lokacin sanyi, har zuwa kusan 60 ° C. w. duk a ciki. Amurka, Asiya, Turai, mutane kuma zuwa kudu.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Abubuwan ciyar da gyrfalcon sune tsuntsaye masu matsakaici, dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin adadi kaɗan. Bukatar yau da kullun na gyrfalcon don abinci shine kimanin g 200. Gwanin gyrfalcon ya ci ganima a wani wuri a cikin yankin da ake yin girkin ko hunturu. Anan ga ragowar abinci, da tarkace ƙasusuwa, gashinsa da ulu. Yayin da kajin ke karami, namiji zai kama su, kuma mace ta kwace shi tana zubar da hawayenta. Wannan ana yin shi a bayan gida, don haka babu gashin fuka-fukai a cikin gida.
Gyrfalcon yana kaiwa ganima farauta, yana tashi sama daga sama kuma, yana buɗe fikafikan, yana kama haƙoransa. Yana kama tsuntsayen da yawa ke tashi. Yana kashe abin da naman ya kama, sai ya karya wuyanta ko kuma ciza kanta. A waje daya lokacin kiwo, gyrfalcons guda biyu, kamar sauran falcons, suna farauta daban, amma a fili suna ci gaba a cikin farauta ɗaya. .

Kiwo

Gyrfalcons sun girma daga shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa. Ma'aurata suna dauriya.
Yawancin lokaci basa yin gina gida; yawanci suna amfani da gida kamar hankaka ko buzzards. Gidaje suna zaune a kan kan dutse, a cikin kabilu, ko a maɓuɓɓugan ciki, galibi akan kangir ɗin da aka rufe da kogon gado, amma a wasu lokutan akan gangara. A gida ne m, tare da karamin rufin moss, gashinsa, ciyawa bushe. Girman da aka saba da shi shine kusan m 1 a diamita da 0.5 m ba ga tsayi. Gwiwar mace, a matsayinta na mulkin, suna mamaye gida ɗaya ɗaya don shekaru da yawa har ma da shekarun da suka gabata (na Arewacin Turai, akwai lokuta lokacin da falcons ta kasance a cikin gida ɗaya daga karni na 17 zuwa yau).
Yawan ƙwai yawanci 3-4.
Daga ƙarshen watan Yuli kuma a watan Agusta matasa sun yi ƙaura daga wuraren rayuwar jama'a. Broods sun tsaya tare a watan Agusta da Satumba.

Iyakan abubuwan

Gyrfalcons suna halaka daga farauta, a cikin Arewa kuma a cikin tarko, musamman ma a cikin arctic fishery: a cikin tarkunan Taimyr don karnukan arctic a bayyane, a sararin samaniya da abubuwan kiba. Idan basu basu kariya ta gungumen azaba, the gyrfalcons migrating to the tundra in the fall, amfani dasu don kai hari, fadawa tarko ya mutu. Kawai a cikin makircin farauta biyu a cikin yammacin Taimyr tare da cikakken yanki na kusan 2,000 km² a watan Nuwamba-Disamba 1980-1981. 12 falcons sun mutu a cikin tarkunan arctic.

Farauta Gyrfalcon

A Tsakanin Tsakiya, ana daukar Krechets a matsayin tsuntsayen farauta a kan falke (duba Falcons) kuma daga Denmarkasar Denmark jirgin ruwa na musamman wanda gwamnati ta tura shine Iceland kowace shekara don K.

Gwarjinin kwalliya suna aiki kamar tsuntsayen farauta, sun kasu cikin farin K. (Falco candicans, groenlandicus) - mafi kyau kuma mafi mahimmanci, Icelandic K. (F. Islandicus), Yaren mutanen Norway ko talakawa (“launin toka”) K. (F. hyrfalco) da ja K. (F. sacer) - yanzu ana yaba sosai a cikin Bukhara, Khiva, stegses Kyrgyz, Algeria, Persia da Indiya, kuma a cikin lokutan baya ma a Faransa, Ingila da kuma farautar Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, wanda aka haƙa su a cikin Arkhangelsk Bay. kuma a cikin Siberiya. Kwayoyin halittar suna daga cikin tsuntsaye masu farauta masu tashi (haut-vol), kuma ana jefar da su don farauta - suna "doke" shi daga sama, wani lokacin sukan kama shi da kofofinsa kuma su kwashe shi ko kawai su kashe shi da karfin tasiri [Ba a ayyana asalin ranar 1212 ba] .

Ara aku

Bayanin Bird

Gyrfalcon babban falcon ne wanda ke da fuka-fukai na 120 zuwa 135 cm, tsayin jikin tsuntsu yakai santimita 55 zuwa 60. Maza sunkai kimanin kilo 1, yayin da mace ta wuce su girman kuma ta kai kilo 1.5-2 a nauyi. Jikin tsuntsu yana da girma, fuka-fukan suna da kaifi, dogaye, kuma wutsiya kuma tsayi ne.

Thearfafawar kwalliyar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta arewa tana da haske, a bango daga launin toka-toka zuwa fari fari, ciki ya yi fari da yanayin duhu. Wani yanki mai duhu a cikin sifar "gashin-baki" yana kusa da bakin. Akwai alamun halayyar falcons a kan baki. Kafafu suna rawaya. Tedungiyoyin kudu suna fentin cikin duhu, sautunan launin ruwan kasa.

Gyrfalcon yana tashi da sauri, baya haushi a cikin iska, kuma bayan fewan fuka-fukan fuka-fukan yana buɗewa da sauri. Zaune a gyrfalcon dama.

Fasali mai gina jiki gyrfalcon

Ainihin, kwalliyar dabbobi tana ciyar da tsuntsayen matsakaici, galibi suna haɗa da dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin abincinsu. Kowace rana, maharbi wanda yake da gashin tsuntsu yana cin abinci kusan 200 g na abinci mai rai. Yana plucks kuma yana cin wanda aka azabtar, gyrfalcon koyaushe koyaushe a wasu wurare kusa da gida ko lokacin hunturu. Anan zaka iya samun ragowar abincinsa, ƙasusuwa, gashinsa, ulu. Amma a cikin farjin gyrfalcon kodayaushe yana da tsabta - ganima da namiji ya kawo wa kajin, mace yana zubar da hawayenta da kan ta a waje.

Gyrfalcon farauta kamar duk falcons yayi. Tsuntsu ya tashi zuwa abin da ya farauto, ya ninka fikafikan sa kuma ya kama wanda aka azabtar da paws din. Kashe tsuntsayen da aka kama tare da gemunsa, ya karya wuyansa ko ya sare kansa. Gyrfalcon yafi farautar tsuntsayen da ke tashi.

A waje na lokacin farauta, likitan mata suna farauta guda a lokaci guda, kamar dai dukkanin masu lalata, amma ci gaba da kasancewa kusa da abokin aikin su.

Nau'in nau'ikan gyrfalcon

Kwayar halittar jiki ta sanya jinsuna daya a dangin falcon, wanda ya hada da wasu kudade masu yawa dangane da yanayin launin shudi da mazaunin su.

• fararen kwalliya (Falco candicans, groenlandicus), waɗanda suke dauke da mafi kyawu kuma mafi mahimmanci,
• Icelandic gyrfalcons (Falco tsibiri),
• Yaren mutanen Norway ko masu launin toka na yau da kullun (Falco hyrfalco),
• jan ciki (Falco sacer).

Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da tsuntsu

• A cikin Kievan Rus da jihar Moscow, gyrfalcons sun kasance ɗayan kayayyaki masu tsada. Farar fata a zamanin wancan mallakar sarakuna ne ko kuma sultans ne kawai. A cikin falconry, an sanya kimar gyrfalcons fiye da sauran nau'in tsuntsayen. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da su don kama cranes da herons, kodayake a cikin daji, kwalliya ba ta farautar su. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, al'adar farauta tare da likitan mata ta ci gaba, alal misali, gwamnatin Danish ta tura jirgin ruwa na musamman zuwa Iceland kowace shekara don farautar likitan mata.
• A Rasha a yau, kama masu sihiri, waɗanda daga nan aka tura su ƙasashen waje, inda za a iya sayar da tsuntsu ɗaya akan $ 30,000 ko fiye, yana ci gaba da zama sananne.
• A yau, likitan mata suna mutuwa sau da yawa daga masu fashin da ke farautar su, kuma a arewa, tsuntsaye sukan fada tarko waɗanda aka buɗe wa ayarin Arctic.
• Gyrfalcon yana fuka fuka-fukansa a hankali kuma yana da karancin tsufa fiye da, alal misali, falcon pertine falcon, amma yayin jirgin har tsuntsu yana da matukar sauri.
• Sokolniki koyaushe yana jin daɗin kyawawan kyawawan kayan kwalliya na dusar ƙanƙara da ke zaune a gefen Greenland. Da zarar Duke na Burgundy, don fansar ɗansa daga bauta ta Baturke, ya ba shi fararen 12 na farin likitan mata.