Tap dance - rawar da ta ci Amurka
“Music na ƙafa” - a zahiri, zaku iya kwatanta rawar rawa. Don wannan rawar ba lallai ba ne don amfani da rakiyar maɗaura - rawar ciki ta buge ta musamman da takalmen ƙarfe a tafin kafa. Wannan shine babban amfani da nau'in: ana iya samun tsarin rawa musamman don makafi. Bayan haka, suna jin sa. Wanene ya fara doke rawar tuƙa, muna ba da shawarar koyo daga labarinmu.
Taɓa Tarihin Dance
A wata hanyar, ana kira wannan rawar a matsayin matakin Amurkan, saboda Amurka ce da ake ɗauka wurin haifuwar nau'ikan almara. Wannan jagorar ta zama babban abin burgewa na Broadway, sannan Hollywood. Yawaitar takalmi mai saurin bugawa da sheqa yana amfani da tunanin Amurkawa, duk da Babban bacin ran da ya mamaye kasar a karshen shekarun 1920 zuwa farkon 1930. Mutane sun ji daɗin zuwa wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa don su ji daɗin rawar kiɗan da suka fi so. Wanene “zai yi zargi” domin irin wannan saɓon?
Asalin wannan hanyar ana iya gano ta a cikin rawar gargajiya na indan asalin Amurkawa - Indiyawan. Yunkurin da suke yi yayin bukukuwan da gaske suna kama da wani abu kamar rawa. Amma "iyayen" na gaske na wannan yanayin har yanzu al'adun al'adun Negroes da Irish ne, waɗanda suka zaunar da ƙasashen Sabuwar Duniya a karni na 18. Negroes ya kawo kade-kade na Afirka ga Amurka, kuma Irish ya kawo gig. A yayin wasannin da aka shirya da baƙi, launin fata da sauran ra'ayoyi sun warwatse a cikin gwagwarmayar don rawar rawa mafi kyau na wasan katako. Gasar Peculiar ta kasance a cikin inuwar jama'a har zuwa 1830, wanda ake ganin shekarar haihuwar mataki.
A shekara ta 1830, sanannen ɗan mawaƙin Irish, wanda ya yi a ƙarƙashin pseudonym Papa Rice, ya nuna wa jama'a sabuwar rawa. Ya haɗu da jig tare da wasu abubuwa na rawar Afirka, musamman, ya ɗauki wasu motsi na kafafu, kafadu da makamai. An gai da Papa Rice tare da tsayawa takara - wannan shi ne yadda famfon ya bayyana, wanda ya ba Amurka murna.
Har zuwa 20s na karni na karshe, mataki na da alaƙa da haɗin tare da Broadway da masu fasaha waɗanda suka yi wawannan rawar. Ofaya daga cikin manyan istsan wasan da suka haskaka a filin wasan kwaikwayon shi ne ɗan Ba-Amurke na Amurka Bill Robinson. Dan rawa ya sami nasarar cimma abin mamaki a wancan lokacin - domin samun galaba akan farin taron. Haƙiƙa, bisa ga dokokin kabilancin launin fata na waɗancan lokacin, baƙar fata ya kamata su yi rawa kawai baƙar fata, da fari - don fata. Robinson ya canza waɗannan al'adun. Amma ba wai wannan kawai yana da ban mamaki ba don adadi a cikin ci gaban matakin. Harba, takalmi, maɗauri a kan matakala - duk wannan shi ne kasuwancin "hannunsa", wanda magoya bayan kida na zamani ke yi masa godiya.
Tare da haɓaka masana'antar fim, matakan rawa suna samun matsayi daban. Yanzu salon yana zama babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali ga masu shirya fina-finai na kade-kade. Sabbin gumaka na mataki sun bayyana. Frederic Austerlitz ko Fred Astaire sun zama babban tauraron mawaƙa na Hollywood, dukda cewa da farko sun yi shakku kan takarar sa: ɗan wasan fim, hakika bai san wasa ba, sai dai kawai yana rawa. Amma saurayin ya sami damar jawo hankalin mai shirya fim din David Selznik kuma ya nuna wa duniya kwarewarsa. Amfanin Aster shine cewa bai kawai aiwatar da matakin ba. Ya haɗu da shi cikin ladabi da rawar kide-kide na gargajiya, ƙirƙirar fitattun kayan ado na musamman.
Wanene a Hollywood wanda ya sami dabino a tsakanin baƙar fata? Sammy Davis Junior ne ya fara aikin nasa tun yana dan shekara 3. Ba'amurke ɗan Ba'amerike ya sami ƙaunar jama'a kuma ya ɗauke ta tare da manyan ayyukansa masu ban mamaki.
Ana daukar lokaci bayan yakin shine zinare a cikin cigaban matakin. Yakin yana baya - zaku iya shakatawa kuma ku more wasanni na masu wasan kide kide suna yin mataki. Sunayen Fred Astaire, Gene Kelly, Ginder Rogers ba su bar wasikun masu ba, kuma manyan masu fafutuka ba su daina yin rawar gani ba, suna mai da rawa ta zama zane-zane.
A farkon shekarun 50s, nau'ikan yana tafiya cikin tsaka-tsakin yanayi. Gwamnati ta gabatar da haraji akan manyan mawakan, waƙoƙin da ke tattare da yawancin matakan rawa. Musicals daina zama mai riba - masu kera suna neman sababbin dabaru don rubutun. Don haka, mataki yana kasancewa a gefe da masana’antar fim, wacce ta sami ci gabanta, ta yadda za a sami yanayin wasan ballet.
A ƙarshen 60s, Broadway ya kasance yana mulki ta hanyar manyan abubuwan da suka shafi raye-raye: daraktoci sun fara rayar da tsoffin kade-kade, gami da lambobin kiɗa. A lokaci guda, ana gabatar da shirye-shirye da yawa game da mataki a talabijin. Duk wannan yana haifar da farfadowa da salon, sabon motsi na shahararsa. A lokaci guda, matakin zai daina kasancewa ana kallon shi kawai kamar nishaɗi. Virtuoso tare da takalmi ya zama abun fasaha - masu sha'awar salo na fara buɗe makarantun rawar rawa, an shirya bukukuwa da gasa tsakanin gwanayen a duk faɗin ƙasar.
A halin yanzu, sha'awar salo bai ragu ba. Ee, matakin ya bar manyan allo. A ina "ya zauna"? A kananan cibiyoyi, inda 'yan rawa na zamani ke ci gaba da doke wata rawar gani a kokarin samun matsayin fitaccen mai wasan kwaikwayo.
Bayanan Ban sha'awa
- Takalma tare da sheqa ƙarfe sun bayyana ne kawai a zamanin jazz. Da farko, mataki yana rawa a cikin jerin katako da takalma tare da katako na katako.
- An fara daga 1989, kowace 25 ga Mayu, dukkan masu rawa suna bikin ranar mataki. Ba a zaɓi kwanan wata ba ne kwatsam. A yau ne aka haife malamin wasan rawa Bill Robinson. A Amurka, biki ya sami matsayin hukuma.
- A cikin 1935 Little Colonel, Bill Robinson ya yi sanannen "mataki na mataki" tare da tauraron fina-finai Shirley Temple, mafi kyawun Academyungiyar Award ta lashe. Wannan shi ne fim na farko da wakilan baƙi da fari suka yi rawa a hannu. A saboda wannan dalili, an dakatar da fim din yin zane a jihohin kudu.
- A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Fred Astaire ya yi wahayi ga sojojin Amurkan tare da nuna rawar gani. Ya tashi zuwa Landan ne domin daukaka tunanin mutanen sa kafin ya sauka a Normandy.
- A farkon karni na XIX, an dauki matakin a matsayin rawar baƙar fata ta jama'ar Amurka, saboda yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jazz. Ya kasance kamar an ƙirƙiri karin waƙoƙin jazz ne don rawar rawa, don haka an kira rawar cikin 1920s "jazz" kuma ba komai.
- A cikin 1920, matakin ya zama nishaɗi ga tsoffin masu ƙaunar giya mai ƙarfi. Haramcin a Amurka a waccan shekarar ya sanya cikakkiyar haramtawa game da samarwa da sayar da giya. Don kuma ba da sha'awa ga masu sauraro, masu wuraren shaye-shaye sun gayyaci baƙar fata.
- A shekara ta 2000, Littafin Guinness of Records ya bayyana a kan Mataki na Jerry Adams. Wannan dan wasan ya rufe nesa daga Washington zuwa New York cikin awanni 6. Menene abin mamaki anan? Gaskiyar cewa ya yi wannan, ya buge wani yanki na waƙa. Af, nisa tsakanin ƙarshen ƙarshen ya kasance kilomita 328.
- Akwai wani shigarwa a cikin littafin Rikodi, wannan lokacin da aka sadaukar don saurin sauri. 28 doke a minti daya - wannan shine sakamakon Michael Raine Flatley, mawaƙa na zuriyar Irish. An yi rikodin rikodin a 1989. Daidai bayan shekaru 9, dancer ya karya nasa, ya kafa sabon sandar 35 a ciki. Amma Michael Flatley ba kawai sananne ne ga wannan. Manyan wakokinsa na rawa, musamman “Ubangijin raye-raye” da kuma “Fati na Harsuna”, sun sami kaunar masoya masu raye-raye a duniya.
- A cewar masana, mafi kyawu kuma mafi sauri a duniya shine mace. An ba da wannan lakabi ga Elinor Powell, wanda aikinsa ya faru a cikin 30s da 40s.
- Matashin Irish yana da ban sha'awa tare da kuzarin sa da kishiyar sa. Wannan salon yana da rikitarwa sosai a zartarwa, tun da adadin bugun jini da kafa ɗaya ya bambanta daga 4 zuwa 6. A lokaci guda, jiki ya kasance mara motsi, ƙafafu kawai suna shiga cikin rawar. Suna yin shi ga tatsuniyoyi, kiɗan Celtic.
- Tashin rawar ya tsallake Rasha. Aikin mu ana kiransa jijiyoyi. Ba kamar rsan wasan baƙi baƙi, Rasha ta saki takalman ƙwallan faranti. Madadin haka, an yi amfani da takalma tare da gado biyu.
- Gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekarun bayan bayan nan ta kasance mummunan adawa ga matakin - ƙirar baƙin ƙarfe ta hana ci gaban nau'ikan al'adu. Duk da wannan, al'adun 'yan'uwa Gusakov sun inganta al'adun matakin Amurka.
- Kuna iya sha'awar al'amuran da aka yi tela ba kawai a cikin tsoffin mawaɗan na Amurka ba. Hakanan suna cikin fina-finai na Soviet. Don haka, Lyubov Orlova ta nuna kwarewarta wajen yin matakin a cikin fim din “Circus”.
- Akwai wata tatsuniya cewa an haifi wannan matakin a cikin jirgin ruwa dauke da bakin haure daga Turai. Yayin tafiya zuwa gaɓar teku mai nisa, wakilan ƙasashe daban-daban sun ci gaba da tafiya tare da doke wani haske game da katako a kan katako. Rsan wasan Turai ba su da ƙima ga matuƙan jirgin ruwa, waɗanda don mafi kyawun sautin sun fito ne tare da ƙusoshin Englishan Turanci da aka samu - pennies - zuwa rami.
Mafi kyawun waƙa a cikin rawar murya na mataki
Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, tarihin rawa rawa ba shi da alaƙa da ci gaban kiɗan kiɗan jazz. An yi amfani dashi a cikin musicals. Sabili da haka, an gabatar da mafi kyawun waƙoƙi a cikin tsoffin comedies m Hollywood.
«Chattanooga Chu Chu"Sautin a fim" Serenade na Sun Valley ". A cikin 1941, rakodi tare da wannan abun da ke ciki ya zama jagoran kundin Amurkawa. Kuma labarin waƙar ya fara a kan jirgin ƙasa wanda ya yi karo a kan hanyar Railway ta Kudu ta hanyar garin Chattanooga. Lyricist ta Mark Gordon, da kiɗa ta Harry Warren. A cikin kiɗan, waƙar Glenn Miller Jazz Orchestra ce ke yin ta.
«A cikin Ruwan sama". Wasan wasan da kansa an fito da shi a 1929, kuma ya yi suna a cikin 1952 bayan an saki mai ban dariya "Waƙa a cikin ruwan sama" a kan hotunan talabijin. Gene Kelly, wacce ta yi matakin zuwa waƙar da ba a haɗa ta ba, tana da dangantaka kai tsaye da shahararta. A wannan yanayin, ɗan wasan ya saita kundin tarihin waƙoƙin kansa. A farkon shekarun 2000, wakar ta dauki matsayi na 3 a cikin jerin wakokin da suka fi fice a ra'ayin masu sukar finafinan Amurka.
«Nahiyar"- babban waƙar fim ɗin" Farin Ciki Aure "na 1934. Shahararren duff ɗin Fred Aster da Ginger Rogers suna rawa a ƙarƙashin ta a cikin kiɗan. A zahiri shekara daya bayan haka, waƙar ta sami Oscar a cikin nadin "Mafi Kyawun Waka" kuma ya zama waƙar farko da ta yi nasara a cikin wannan rukunin. Kawai har zuwa 1935 wannan nadin bai wanzu ba.
Stepwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru sun lura cewa ga rawar rawa babu takunkumi dangane da rakiyar kiɗa. Wannan salon kyauta ne wanda za'a iya bugawa duka don wakoki na gargajiya da na zamani. Babu wata ma'ana da yawa za a shiga tsakanin masu rawa - daya, biyu ko duka gawawwakin rawa. A kowane hali, rawar famfo tana da ban sha'awa kuma mai ban sha'awa.
Shin kuna son shafin? Raba wa abokanka:
Labari
Danceara rawa ta fito ne daga cakuda al'adu daban-daban, da farko dai rawar Irish da al'adun gargajiyar Baƙon Amurka. Ya zama sananne musamman a cikin Amurka, inda aka tsara al'adun al'adu da yawa, kuma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - 20, an sami sabon rawa.
A cikin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940, matakin ya sami farin jini sosai sakamakon zane-zanen kiɗa na Hollywood. Fred Astaire, Paul Draper, Ray Bolger sun zazzage abubuwa na rawa da motsawa daga zamani, da kuma kara inganta yanayin rawar. A dabi'ance, salo don rawar jazz ta bayyane rawa, yana ba shi sabon hoto da kuma hadaddiyar rawar rhythmic da melodic.
A cikin shekarun 1970s, sha'awar hanyar ta sake farfadowa, saboda gaskiyar cewa an maido da tsoffin kida a cikin Amurka, makarantun rawa sun fara buɗewa. Ofaya daga cikin shahararrun makada a duniya waɗanda ke wasa iri-iri na Irish mataki (takalmin hard a Irish) shine isungiyar "Riverdance".
A ƙarshen karni na 20 da kuma farkon ƙarni na 21, cibiyar wannan rawar ta sake zama Amurka, inda Gregory Hines, Savion Glover, Jason Samuels-Smith da sauransu suke aiki.Ta nuna ƙwallo Tap Dogs ya sanar da kansa, wanda yayi ƙoƙarin amfani da matakin raye don isar da sautin masana'antar zamani birni.
A cikin USSR, rawa ba ta ji daɗin fitarwa na hukuma ba, amma rawar rawa tana nan a cikin fina-finai: Daren Carnival, Maraice a Gagra, Muna Daga Jazz. Duk da karancin shahararrun rawar rawa a USSR, 'Yan uwan Soviet na wasan rawa Gusakova sun ji daɗin shahara.
A cikin sararin samaniya bayan Soviet, mataki yana haɓaka aiki tare. Mashahurin masu fafutika na Moscow Vyacheslav Yankovsky, Konstantin Nevretdinov (mai gabatar da mataki a kan hannayen sa), Vladimir Kirsanov, Oleg Fedotkin, Peter Kovalev a Rostov-on-Don, Vladimir Shpudeyko a cikin Kiev, mazaunin Odessa Alexei Gilko, Sergey Ostapenko, Alexander Oldapenko, Alexander Olov, Mr.
A ina tsuntsaye masu rawa suke zama a cikin daji?
- A ina tsuntsayen masu rawa suke zaune? Matsa rawa a cikin daji ne fadi da yawa isa. Yana zaune a nahiyoyi daban-daban (galibi a arewacin sassan Eurasia, Arewacin Amurka, Greenland).
- Tambayar sau da yawa taso - Matsawa Tsinkayen tsuntsu ko a'a? Dangane da yanayin, waɗannan tsuntsaye na iya zama duka ƙaura biyu ne kuma zaunar da su.
- A kan ƙasa na Federationasar Rasha zaka iya ganin wadannan halittu a cikin tundra da tundra daji (Transbaikalia, Ussuri Territory), a cikin Crimea da Caucasus. A tsakiyar Rasha, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna tashi musamman a cikin hunturu.
- Taptails - tsuntsayen da ke son farin ruwaSaboda haka, suke yawo a cikin ciyawa, a gefen layin rairayin bakin teku da kan ciyayi mai daɗin ciyawa, ciyawar ciyawa.
- Matsa rawa ba kawai kallo ba halittu masu kwazo, amma, a zahiri, ma masanan kimiyya ba zasu iya yin hasashen hanyar jirgin da halayen su ba.
Abubuwan halayen halaye na rawa a yanayi
- Kamar yadda muka fada a sama, Dance Dance - garcia wuce gona da iri aiki da m. Tare suna gudu suna neman abinci, ba da kulawa da yawa ga duniyar waje da haɗarinta. Wani lokaci mai yawa mutane a cikin fakitin na iya kasancewa cikin dubunnan.
- Suna saurin fahimtar mutane da sauri kuma suna ƙoƙarin samun mafi girman fa'ida daga gare su ta hanyar kowane nau'in "kyawawan abubuwa".
- Samun samo itaciya ko daji tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa waɗanda suka dace da cin abinci (berries, tsaba, itacen oak ko cones), famfo -ads a hankali yana manne wa rassansa, samar da dunƙulewar polyphonic mai ban sha'awa. Zasu iya harba abinci ta rataye! Yawancin “abubuwan ciye-ciye” da ke jikin bishiyar, sauran tsuntsaye za su rataye shi.
- Matsawa tsuntsayen rawa kuma suna da kyakkyawar ci, wanda ke ba su damar samun abinci cikin daji cikin sauƙi. Daga ɓangaren tsire-tsire, sun fi son kowane nau'in amfanin gona na hatsi, Birch da alder catkins, 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba daga itaciya da ciyawa, suna son cin con conas con har ma da heather.
- Insectsan ƙananan kwari sune tushen furotin dabbobi don rawa, kuma sun fi son ciyar da aphids akan kananan yara.
- Kula da makomar zuriyarsu, rawar rawa ta koya yanada kyau a ɓoye shugabansu a cikin ƙananan bututun ciyawa na dazuzzuka da kananan bishiyoyi. Mafi yawan abin da suke so shirya a cikin Birch ko alder groves.
Mutane nawa ne suke rayuwa kuma yaya tsuntsayen famfon suke kiwo?
- Zai yi kamar Taka rawa suna aiki sosai a rayuwar yau da kullun don haka ba shi yiwuwa a ƙara motsi. Amma a lokacin kiwo, yawan su yana ƙaruwa sosai!
- Maza fara bita da ke kewaye da garken, suna ƙoƙarin jawo hankalin mata, ragunan rasberi a cikin filayensu suna zama da haske kuma suna ƙone kai tsaye a rana.
- Matar mata ta rawa kuma ku zama masu himma sosai da “magana”, zabar abokin tarayya don ma'aurata.
- A lokacin bazara, wata tapas na iya kawo zuriya sau ɗaya ko sau biyu, yin gida a cikin busasshen bushes ko kan ƙananan bishiyoyi a cikin kwano mai farin-walled da aka yi daga kayan da aka inganta - hay, ruwan ciyawa, ciyawar, ƙasa, fuka-fuki da ulu.
- A cikin nutsuwa Twisted gida jinkiri ta biyar zuwa bakwai hange kwai tare da koren launi bawo tare da ƙirar fahimta. Yin kiyayya yana kasancewa har sati biyu, lokacin da namiji ya sami abinci don kansa da na mahaifiyar gaba.
- Babiesyan jariran da aka ƙi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin mahaifarsu ta asali har tsawon sati biyu, a lokacin mahaifin da mahaifiyarsu ke ɗauke musu abinci.
- Kuma a sa'an nan suka fara yin gwajin jirgi na gwaji don binciken kwari da abincin shuka, suna ɓatarwa cikin garken matasa.
- Matsa rawar a raye cikin daji har zuwa shekaru 8, kuma a gida ma suna iya yin bikin tunawa da goma. Haka kuma, halayen halayen tsufa ba su da tasiri.
Tsohuwar rawar bugawa da tsayayyen shekaru ta sami damar tsira daga ranar haihuwarta 12th tsawon watanni biyu.