* Auna daga bakin kunamar zuwa dubura
** 2/3 na abubuwan ɓoye dole ne su kasance a cikin ƙasa, 1/3 akan ruwa, a adadin da ya isa ya nutsar da dabbobi baki ɗaya.
*** An auna shi daga doron ƙasa zuwa murfin shinge, yayin da tsawo na shinge yakamata ya dace da yadda yake a cikin ciki, gami da shelves, manyan rassa na wucin gadi da kuma hanyoyin hawa.
4.4.4 Ciyarwa
Yawancin 'yan amphibians sune kaddara da suka fi son ciyar da kananun ƙananan ɓoye (alal misali, larvae, kwari da tsutsotsi). Dabbobin da ke cikin bauta dole ne a ba su abinci tare da samfuran halitta na abincin da suke ci ko kuma abincin da yake kusa da su. Koda yake, ana iya samun nasarar kama amintattun ruwa na cikin ruwa ta hanyar ciyar da sassan kifin kifin ko kuma hancin daskararre da zuciya. Mitar ciyarwa ya kamata a ƙaddara ta dogara da yanayin muhalli, kamar zazzabi da ƙarfin haske. Ciyar da abinci na yau da kullun ga manya ba a so, amma an ba da shawarar ciyar da dabbobin har sai sun cika, sau 1-3 a mako.
4.4.5 ingancin ruwa
Don amphibians na cikin ruwa da kuma ruwa-ruwa, ya kamata a bincika ingancin ruwa kowace rana, gami da haɗakar ammoniya da pH.
4.4.6 Litter, nesting da kayan amfani - daidai da GOST 33215-2014, magana 6.8.
4.4.7 Kushin Kafa
Don kauce wa abin da ya faru na cututtuka, ya kamata a tsabtace ƙasar da wuraren ruwa na wuraren datti, ƙazanta da barbashi na abinci.
4.4.8 Hanyar Dabba
Fata na Amfibian yana da sauƙin lalacewa. Ya kamata a kula da kulawa ta musamman yayin ɗaukar amphibians a hannun su kuma yin wannan kadan.
4.4.9 Anesthesia da euthanasia
Ya kamata a aiwatar da hanyoyin da za a iya raunata su ta amfani da magungunan kashe zafi da kuma maganin kashe zafin jiki. Tun da fata na amphibians zuwa babban adadin yana ba da musayar iskar gas, dabbobi a ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci wanda yake rage numfashi ko katsewa, ya zama dole don daskarar fata, alal misali, ta amfani da rigar nama.
4.4.10 Kula da asusun - daidai da GOST 33215-2014, sashi na 6.12.
4.4.11 Ganowa
Hanyoyi da yawa sun dace don tantance amphibians, kamar dasawa transceivers - transponders, lakabi don fences na mutum, yin la'akari da launin fatar mutum ɗaya ko rarraba warts a jiki, da kuma amfani da ƙananan zaren launuka masu launi.
Bai kamata a yi amfani da alamar kemikal ba, saboda abubuwa zasu iya shiga cikin fatar, suna haifar da sakamako masu guba. Yanke yatsunsu an gane su a matsayin hanya mai raɗaɗi wanda bai kamata a yi amfani dashi ba.
4.4.12 Sufuri
Dole ne a samar da Amfibians tare da isasshen iska da danshi yayin sufuri. Idan ya cancanta, ya kamata a yi amfani da na'urori da suka dace don kula da zafin jiki da zafi da ake buƙata.
5 Nauyoyi-takamammen buƙatun don abun ciki mai rarrafe
5.1 Gabatarwa
Dangane da tsarin tsinkayen halittar jiki, aji mai rarrafe ya hada da manyan umarni masu zuwa - Rhynchocephalia (hatteria), Squamata (scaly - lizards, macizai), Chelonia (teku, ruwa mai kyau da kunkuru) da kuma Crocodilia (alligators, crocodiles, caimans da hawali). Sun bambanta sosai a rarraba yanki da bambancin nau'ikan halittu.
Ba kamar thean fata mai laushi da santsi na dusar ƙwararrun amphibians ba, ana iya kiyaye fata mai sihiri ta hanyar jujjuyawar macizai (macizai, masu amo), ƙwalƙwalwa (kunkuru), ko faranti na fata (karnuka, alligators, caimans). Fata mai laushi shine na'ura don kare dabbobi masu rarrafe daga asarar danshi wanda 'yan amphibians suke rasawa saboda girman fatar jikinsu.
Jadawalin 7 ya ba da jerin nau'o'i biyu na ɗimbin ɗumbin mazaunan dabbobi masu rarrafe da misalai na jinsin da ke rayuwa a cikinsu, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don gwaji da sauran dalilan kimiyya. Bugu da kari, an bayar da cikakken bayani game da bukatun yau da kullun don kiyayewa da kulawa da nau'in halittar da ke zaune a wadannan mahalli. Don takamammen matakai, yana iya zama dole a yi amfani da nau'in halittar da ke rayuwa a wasu yankuna, wato rabin ruwa, ruwa ko ciyayi masu rarrafe. Idan matsaloli na kiwo suka tashi ko kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin takamaiman bayani game da bukatun nau'in dabbobi, to sai ku nemi ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masanan da suka ƙware game da nau'in halittar da ake buƙata da kuma ma'aikatan kula da dabbobi don wadatar da cikakkun bukatun jinsuna.
Inda zai yiwu, dabbobi masu rarrafe da aka yi amfani da su don gwaji da sauran dalilai na kimiyya yakamata a samo su daga masu samarda sanannu.
Tebur 7 - Misalan jinsunan dabbobi masu rarrafe da ake amfani dasu a rayuwa iri biyu na muhalli
Rarraba yanki / biotope
Tempera-
Ganiya yawon shakatawa, ° С
Trachemys Scripta elegans
(ja-ja kunnen jahar)
Kwarin Kogin Mississippi / Duk da Ruwa tare da Dandalin Muddy
Thamnophis sirtalis (macijin macijin gama gari)
Arewacin Amurka / gandun daji na Wetwood
5.2 Ikon Habitat
5.2.1 Samun iska
Dole ne a maida iska mai sauƙin iska sosai. Don hana dabbobi tserewa, toshe hanyoyin samun iska dole ne a wadace su da garkuwar kariya.
5.2.2 Zazzabi
'Ya'yan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna cikin dabbobi masu alaƙar sanyi. Don kula da zafin jikinsu a yanayin, sun zabi microenadium inda zasu sami ko rasa zafi. Sabili da haka, shinge don kiyaye dabbobi masu rarrafe dole ne a sami yankuna masu yanayin zafi daban-daban (gradient zazzabi).
Abubuwan da ake buƙata na nau'ikan nau'ikan don yawan zafin jiki na iya bambanta sosai, a Bugu da kari, wakilan nau'ikan nau'in na iya buƙatar yanayi daban-daban dangane da yanayin. Wajibi ne don sarrafa zafin jiki na ruwa da iska a cikin wuraren da ake tsare da su. A yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe, zazzabi na yanayi yana tantance jima'i na zuriyar da bambancin gonads.
Sanya fitilar dake kwance a saman tebur mai hutawa zata iya basu damar kara zafin jikinsu. Tare da kashe wutar, zaka iya amfani da na'urar dumama. Terrariums na macizai ko masu lizards daga mazaunan wurare masu zafi dole ne a sanye su da farantin dumama guda ɗaya. Yakamata a yi amfani da kayan wuta mai dumu-dumu tare da rigakafin zafi don hana dumama dabbobi da ƙonewa.
5.2.3 Danshi
Don tsari da laima shi ma ya zama dole don tsara tsananin tsananin iska. Ana iya samun wadataccen yanayin zafi tsakanin kashi 70% zuwa 90% ta hanyar kwashe ruwa daga kwandon dake kusa da mai hita. Yana da amfani mutum ya ba dabbobi damar zaɓan bangarorin da ke da zafi daban-daban (gami da gumi).
5.2.4 Haske
Wajibi ne a kula da tsari don canza dare da rana wanda ya dace da wani nau'in dabba, matakin ci gabanta da lokacinta. A cikin dunkule, dabbobi masu rarrafe ya kamata su iya ɓoyewa cikin wurare masu duhu. Wutar fitila ko hasken rana kada ta kasance tushen zafi. Wajibi ne a samar da dabbobi da hasken ultraviolet don su bunkasa kwayar su ta Vitamin D.
5.2.5 Noise
Abubuwan halittu masu rarrafe suna da matukar damuwa game da sautin acoustic (tsawar iska) da amo (vibration of daskararru), suna damuwa da duk wata sabuwar rawar da ba'a zata ba, don haka yakamata a rage tasirin irin wannan karfafawar ta waje.
5.2.6 Tsarin ƙararrawa
Wajibi ne a yi amfani da tsarin ƙararrawa mai dacewa wanda ke ba da rahoton ɓarna a cikin watsa ruwa kuma a cikin ajalinsa tare da oxygen.
5.3 Lafiya
Dole ne a kula yayin kiyaye dabbobi na nau'ikan, wanda na iya bambanta saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya.
5.4.2 Ingancin Habitat
Ya kamata a tsara mazaunin dabbobi masu rarrafe saboda ya ƙunshi, alal misali, rassan halitta ko na wucin gadi, ganyayyaki, yanki na haushi da duwatsu. Irin wannan haɓaka yanayin yana da amfani ga dabbobi masu rarrafe daga bangarori daban-daban na ra'ayi: alal misali, waɗannan abubuwan suna ba dabbobi damar ɓoye a bayansu kuma suna amfani da su a matsayin alamun gani da sararin samaniya. Don ware yiwuwar tasirin dabbobi akan gilashi m, tsarin samar da shimfidar wuri ya kamata a shafawa bangon gilashi na gefuna.
5.4.3 Fencing: Girman bene da tsari
Zartar da shingaye da abubuwan da aka sanya su a ciki yakamata a sami shimfidar wuri mai santsi da gefuna zagaye don rage haɗarin cutar da dabbobi. Lokacin ƙirƙirar shinge don mafi yawan nau'in hankalin, ya kamata a yi amfani da kayan opaque.
5.4.3.1 Masu tsaron ruwa mai ratsa jiki
Ya kamata a adana ruwan dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin kwantena tare da tacewa da ruwa mai wadatar oxygen. Ya kamata ruwa ya canza kamar sau biyu a mako. Don rage ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, zazzabi ruwan ya wuce 25 ° C. Matsayin ruwa ya isa sosai don nutsad da dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Wajibi ne a samar wa dabbobin wani matattarar kwanciyar hankali a wata hanyar garkuwa wacce dabbobi masu rarrafe zasu iya kwantawa ko su boye a karkashin ta. Irin waɗannan dandamali ya kamata a yi su da kayan da suka dace, kamar su itace, wanda ke ba dabbobi damar manne wa maƙallan su, alal misali, fita daga cikin ruwa. Ya kamata a sauya filaye kamar yadda ake buƙata. Kayan aiki da aka yi da kayan epoxy ko kayan polyurethane basu cika ka'idojin da ke sama ba, bugu da ƙari, a yanayin zafi masu tsaho suna zama da sauri ba za'a iya amfani da su ba.
Tebur 8 - Tantatsin ruwa na ruwa (Trachemys spp.): Sizesarancin girman shinge
Deptharancin zurfin ruwa, cm
* Auna a cikin layi madaidaiciya daga gaba zuwa ƙarshen gefen harsashi.
5.4.3.2 Masu tsaron lafiyar ƙasa
Ya kamata a ajiye dabbobi masu rarrafe a ƙasa a cikin shinge waɗanda ke da sassan ƙasa da ruwa. Yankin ruwa na terrarium ya kamata ya bar dabbobi su dulmuya. Idan ba a yi amfani da tsarin samar da ruwa ba, zai dace a sauya ruwan aƙalla sau biyu a mako.
Wajibi ne terrarium ya kasance a bayyane, ya kasance an rufe bakunan da kuma ramuka amintattu. Yakamata ya kasance yana da shimfiɗa da ingantacciyar murfi ko kofofin da ke sanya katako, makulli ko makulli. Don sauƙaƙe tsaftacewa, yana da kyau (ban da fences don masu rarrafe masu guba) don gina farfajiya tare da ƙofofi da murfin - wannan yana ba ku damar buɗe gaba, gaba ko gefen terrarium. Don wasu nau'in, duk bangon terrarium, banda gaba (bangon gefe da murfin), dole ne ya kasance opaque. Za a iya samun bango na bango na gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi mai sa haushi sosai kuma mai sauƙin tsoro, ana iya sanye shi da kayan shafa mai cirewa na cirewa. Wajibi ne a kiyaye wasu matakan aminci lokacin kiyaye macizai masu guba.
Samun mafaka wanda zai ɓoye da abinci yana da mahimmanci ga duk masu rarrafe ƙasa. Mazaunin shinge na Clay mimic burrows duhu.
Tebur 9 - Macijin ƙasa (Thamnophis spp): Minaramar Yankun Yanayi
Heightarancin tsawo **, cm
* An auna daga daga bakin kunar zuwa wutsiya.
** An auna daga farfajiyar ƙasa zuwa murfin terrarium, yayin da tsawo daga cikin terrarium ya dace da tsarin sa na ciki, alal misali, kasancewar shelves da manyan rassa na wucin gadi.
5.4.4 Ciyarwa
Ya kamata a ba masu dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin abincin da za su ci, abinci, ko abincinsu na kusanci da abincinsu na zahiri. Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe 'yan ci-rani ne (dukkan macizai da macizai, mafi yawan lilaji da wasu kunkuru), amma akwai nau'ikan masu cin ganyayyaki da masu iko a tsakanin su. Wasu nau'ikan suna da zaɓi cikin abinci mai kyau. Masu rarrafe, ban da wasu macizai, ana iya horar da su don cin abinci. Sabili da haka, a matsayin mai mulkin, babu buƙatar ciyar da su tare da rayayyun hanyoyi. Lokacin da ciyar da dabbobi da suka mutu, ya zama dole don aiwatar da suutututtukan ta amfani da hanyoyin mutuntaka waɗanda basa bada izinin, ƙari ga haɗarin guba na dabbobi masu rarrafe. Tsarin ciyarwa yakamata ya yi daidai da nau'in ci gaban da ake ci, da kuma abubuwan da ake amfani da su.
5.4.5 Watara
Duk dabbobi masu rarrafe suna buƙatar samar da ruwan sha.
5.4.6 Litter, nesting da kayan amfani
Dangane da bukatun jinsunan a farfajiyar gado, ana iya amfani da gado daban-daban. Guji yin amfani da ɗan ƙaramin ɗanɗano ko wasu kayan da ke ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyi, saboda suna iya shiga bakin dabbobi kuma suna haifar da lahani ga gabobin ciki da toshewar hanji, musamman ma a cikin macizai.
5.4.7 Tsabtace shinge - daidai da GOST 33215-2014, sashi 6.9.
5.4.8 Hanyar Dabba
Yi hankali da ɗaukar abubuwa masu rarrafe a hannunsu, saboda suna da sauƙin cutar. Don haka, wasu masu lila zasu iya sauke wutsiyarsu (autotomy) idan aka dauki su ba dai dai ba, amma wakilan wasu nau'in zasu iya zama masu rauni cikin sauki.
5.4.9 Euthanasia - bisa ga GOST 33215-2014, magana ta 6.11.
Hanyar da aka yarda da ita na euthanasia shine yawan zubar da ciki wanda ya dace da wannan dalili.
5.4.10 Kula da asusun - daidai da GOST 33215-2014, sashi na 6.12.
5.4.11 Bayyanai
Idan tantance mutane ya zama dole, hanyoyin da yawa na yin alama sun dace: shigar da hanyoyin transceivers (transponders), kwalliyar tasirin akan fayilolin mutum, yin la’akari da tsarin fatar mutum (launin fata, lalacewar fata, da sauransu), alama tare da fensir, buƙatar sabuntawa bayan molting, yingora ƙananan alamun a cikin nau'in zaren launi a yatsunsu. Yanke yatsunsu hanya ce mai raɗaɗi kuma bai kamata a yi amfani dashi ba wa alama.
5.4.12 Kai
A yayin sufuri, dabbobi masu rarrafe dole ne a wadatar da isasshen iska da danshi. Idan ya cancanta, ya kamata a yi amfani da na'urori da suka dace don kula da zafin jiki da zafi da ake buƙata.
6 Abubuwa na musamman-na musamman na adana kifayen
6.1 Gabatarwa
Saurin hauhawar amfani da kifi azaman dabbobi masu gwaji, wadanda aka lura cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya kasance ne saboda wasu dalilai da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai babban ci gaba a cikin namo da kuma samar da kwayoyin halittun ruwa. Wannan ya haifar da adadi mai yawa da suka shafi nazarin manyan ka'idodin abinci, haɓaka cututtuka, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ilimin halittar jiki da sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da shi, kazalika da karatun asali a fagen ilimin halittar jini da na rigakafi, sakamakon abin da ya shafi madaidaitan ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Don dalilai na gwaji, ana amfani da nau'in kifaye masu yawa, waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da yanayin rayuwarsu da ɗabi'unsu. Sakamakon haka, wannan yana buƙatar yanayi daban-daban don adana kifin cikin bauta.
Fishe sune dabbobi masu jini-sanyi sabili da haka an daidaita shi sosai da takamaiman yanayin yanayin ruwa. Amsar da suke dasu kai tsaye zuwa ga damuwa yana haifar da canje-canje ga ilimin halittar jiki wanda zai iya kasancewa mai dorewa, kuma a fili yana iya shafar lafiyar kifayen nasu da kuma sakamakon gwaji.
Masu bincike da ma'aikatan kula da dabbobi ya kamata su fahimci kansu da fasalin nau'in nau'in kifin da aka shirya amfani da shi a gwaje-gwajen kafin a karɓi su, don samar da yanayin rayuwa da suka dace da kuma mahimman hanyoyin kula da su.
Takamaiman shawarwari don nau'ikan dabbobi kamar kifin bakan gizo (Oncorhynchus mykiss), salmon na Atlantic (Salmo salar), tilapia (cichpids), danio rerio (Danio rerio), bass na teku (Dicentrarchus labrax), Harin a Atlantic (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) Gadus morhua, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), Kifayen catfish na Afirka (Clarias gariepenus), ana samunsu a cikin takarda bango wanda ƙungiyar kwararru suka haɓaka. Recommendationsarin shawarwari kan buƙatun waɗannan da sauran nau'in kifaye yakamata a samu daga ƙwararrun masana da ma'aikatan kulawa don tabbatar da cewa an haɗasu sosai.
A cikin nazarin kiwo da kiwon kifi, lokacin da maƙasudin aikin ke buƙatar kiyaye kifin a ƙarƙashin yanayin kusanci waɗanda ke da dalilai na kasuwanci, irin waɗannan yanayi dole ne su cika aƙalla matakan da byungiyar Turai ta Kafa don Kariyar Dabbobin Dabbobi (ETS N 87).
6.2 Ikon Habitat
6.2.1 Ruwa na ruwa
Yana da mahimmanci cewa ruwa mai inganci koyaushe yana samuwa. Yawan kwararar ruwa a cikin tsarin tattarawa ko tsarin tacewa a cikin hanyoyin ruwa ya isa ya cire kwayoyin halitta da tarkace da kuma tabbatar da matsayin ingancin ingancin ruwa. Wajibi ne a sami tsarin sarrafa ruwa domin a samar wa kifin daidai gwargwado na ruwa mai inganci. Yawan yalwatuwar ruwan yakamata ya kyale kifayen yin iyo ba tare da shafar al'amuransu na al'ada. A cikin filayen da ke dauke da soya, a mafi yawancin lokuta ya fi kyau a samar da ruwa, a kai shi ga ruwa a kusurwa.
6.2.2. Ingancin ruwa
Ingancin ruwa shine mafi mahimmanci don kula da lafiyar kifayen, rage damuwa da haɗarin cutar. Ingancin ruwa dole ne ya biya buƙatun da ke tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullun da yanayin ilimin kifi. Eterayyade yarda da buƙatu yana da wahala saboda gaskiyar cewa ga yawancin dabbobi ba a bayyana yanayin mafi kyau ba. Bugu da kari, abubuwan da ake buƙata don nau'in jinsin mutum na iya bambanta dangane da matakin rayuwa, alal misali, larvae, soya ko tsofaffi, ko yanayin ilimin halayyar, misali, metamorphoses, spawning, abinci mai gina jiki, sakamakon kamuwa da abubuwan cututuka masu illa.
Kifi ya banbanta da iyawarsu na dacewa da canje-canje a ingancin ruwa. Ana buƙatar buƙatar haɓakawa, tsawon lokacin da zai dace da buƙatun nau'in nau'in kifaye. Yawancin nau'in kifayen ba za su iya rayuwa a ruwa a cikin ruwa tare da wadataccen abun ciki ba, saboda haka ya kamata a adana yawan abubuwan da aka dakatar da shi tsakanin kewayon yarda. Idan ya cancanta, ya kamata a tace ruwa da kyau don cire abubuwa masu cutarwa ga kifin kuma a kula da halayen kimiyyar sunadarai masu dacewa na ruwa.
6.2.2.1 Oxygen
Cakuda oxygen a cikin ruwa ya dace da bukatun jinsin da takamaiman yanayin tsarewa. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don haɗakar oxygen ya bambanta da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa, maida hankali kan carbon dioxide a ciki, yawan silanci, tsananin ciyarwa da sau nawa zaka ɗauki kifi. Idan ya cancanta, ƙarin ƙarin isasshen oxygen na ruwa ya kamata a aiwatar.
6.2.2.2 mahallin Nitrogen
Amoniya shine babban kayan da kifi ya fitarwa. Abubuwan haɗin ƙwayar ciki kamar ammoniya da phosphates an kafa su daga urea narkar da ruwa, da abinci da feces. Daga ammoniya, ana kara inganta nitredi da nitrates. Ammonia da nitrites suna da guba sosai ga kifin, kuma yakamata a hana tara abincinta ta hanyar haɓaka saurin ruwan yawo, adana ƙarancin kifin a cikin akwatin kifaye, rage zafin jiki na ruwa, ko ta hanyar samar da halittu.
Abun hankali ga ammoniya ya bambanta tsakanin kifayen halittu daban-daban, amma kifayen ruwan teku da waɗanda suka manyanta duk sun fi saurin kamuwa. Hanyar mai guba na ammoniya ba shi da ammoniya ionized, adadin wanda ya dogara ba kawai kan yawan haɗuwar ammoniya ba, har ma da pH, salinity da zafin jiki na ruwa.
6.2.2.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide wanda aka saki yayin numfashin kifi ya narke cikin ruwa don samar da acid na carbonic, wanda ke rage pH. Samun tarin carbon dioxide na iya zama matsala a cikin hanyoyin ruwa tare da babban kifin idan ana amfani da isashshen oxygen maimakon iska don kula da abubuwan oxygen a cikin ruwa. Kodayake yawan haɗarin carbon dioxide kyauta na iya zama mai ƙisa ga kifi, wannan da wuya ya zama matsala a ƙarƙashin yanayin tsarewar ta al'ada. Koyaya, ya kamata a kula don tabbatar da cewa dioxide dioxide mai ƙima bai shiga cikin shinge daga tsarin samar da ruwa ba, musamman lokacin amfani da ruwa daga rijiyoyin.
6.2.2.4 pH
Matsayi na pH da aka yarda da shi ya dogara da adadin alamomi na ingancin ruwa, alal misali, abun da ke tattare da carbon dioxide da alli a ciki. Duk gwargwadon iko, yakamata a kula da pH, tunda kowane canji na acidity yana shafar sauran alamun ingancin ruwa. Gabaɗaya, pH na sabo ruwa yana iya zama ƙasa da ruwan gishiri. Idan ya cancanta, yakamata a saka mai da kayan ruwa zuwa ruwan da aka kawo kifin.
6.2.2.5 Salinity
Yawan ruwan kifin da ke cikin kifin ya bambanta da ko ruwa ne ko ruwa mai asali ko kuma ya dace da wani irin salinity. Wasu nau'in na iya yin haƙuri da kewayon salinity. A cikin wasu, haƙuri da sallan ya dogara da yanayin tsarin rayuwar. Dole ne a yi canje-canje a cikin salinity a hankali.
6.2.3 Zazzabi
Wajibi ne don kula da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa a cikin mafi kyawun yanayi don takamammen nau'in kifaye, kuma kowane canje-canje ya kamata a yi a hankali. A yanayin zafi, ,arin haɓakar oxygen na ruwa na iya zama dole.
6.2.4 Haske
Yawancin kifaye suna buƙatar haske don abinci mai gina jiki da sauran ayyukan halayyar. Muddin zai yiwu, ya kamata a kiyaye kifayen a ƙarƙashin yanayin nau'ikan haskensu kullun, saboda zagayar rana / dare yana shafar ilimin halittar jiki da halayen kifi. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yawancin nau'in kifayen ba sa buƙatar a kiyaye su cikin yanayi mai haske, kodayake wasu nau'in nau'ikan wurare masu zafi suna haɗuwa da haske mai haske a cikin yanayin yanayi. Idan ya cancanta, daidai da bukatun wasu nau'in, yakamata a rage yawan hasken ko kuma a rufe aquariums, ko wuraren duhu da suka dace da kifin. Duk gwargwadon yiwuwa, ya kamata a guji canje-canje na kwatsam a matakan haske.
6.2.5 Noise
Kifi na iya zama mai matukar da hankali ko da mara sauti. Wajibi ne a kula da ƙaramar matakin amo a cikin ɗakunan gwaji. Duk lokacin da zai yiwu, kayan da ke haifar da sautuna ko rawar jiki, kamar janareta da tsarin tace ruwa, ya kamata a sa su a waje da wuraren riƙe kifayen. Kifayen da aka girma a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi kuma sun dace da wasu ƙwayoyin abubuwan da ke ciki a cikin su na iya zama damuwa yayin ƙaura zuwa wurin da ba a sani ba.
6.2.6 Tsarin ƙararrawa - bisa ga GOST 33215-2014, magana 4.6.
6.3.1 Bayani na gaba daya
Ya kamata a saka kulawa ta musamman ga halin tsabta na wuraren gwaji. Lafiyar kifin suna da alaƙa da yanayin rayuwarsu. Yawancin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da damuwa ana haifar da su ta hanyar yanayin ajizai, kuma duk wani yunƙuri don shawo kan abin da ya faru da cuta ya kamata ya fara da kawar da matsaloli a wannan yankin. Ana buƙatar magance matsalolin kiwon kifi a matakin yawan jama'a, ba na mutum ɗaya ba, saboda haka ya kamata a inganta duk matakan kula da shi gwargwado.
6.3.2 Tsarkakewa da shan iska
Tsarin wuraren kiyaye kifaye, gami da bututun da ke hade da su, yakamata a tsabtace kuma a goge su idan ya cancanta. A cikin tsarin rufewa, tsaftacewa da matakan tsabtacewa dole ne su dace da kiyaye mafi kyawun yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta. Kayan aiki, kamar cibiyoyin sadarwa, dole ne a tsaftace su bayan kowace amfani. Nelwararren takearancin yakamata yai taka tsan-tsan don hana yaduwar gurbatattun ruwayoyin ruwa.
6.3.3 keɓe masu ciwo
Sabon kifaye masu zuwa, da ciyawa da daji, ya kamata a keɓe su kuma a sanya su gwargwadon yiwuwar daga ikon da ake ciki. A lokacin keɓe kai, dole ne a sanya ido sosai kan lafiyar kifin, kuma idan matsaloli suka tashi, ya kamata a gudanar da magani ko kuma a lalata duk sabbin mutanen da suka isa. Ya kamata a sayo kifin da aka kama daga hannun masu samar da kayayyaki kuma kamar yadda zai yiwu, yakamata a sami ingantaccen halin kiwon lafiya.
6.4.1 Jeri
Yawancin abubuwan da ke ciki an tantance su ne ta hanyar yanayin halayen kifin, tare da la’akari da wajibcin ikonsu na jamb ko kuma yanayin yanayinsu. Ya kamata yawan kifayen ya ƙaddara musu bukatunsu na yau da kullun dangane da yanayin muhalli, kiwon lafiya da walwala. Kifi yakamata ya sami isasshen ruwa don yin iyo. Dole ne a dauki matakai don kauce wa ko rage girman zalunci, amma jindadin kifin ba shi da illa. Yawancin nau'in kifin da aka yarda dasu zai bambanta dangane da kwararawar ruwa da kwarara, ingancinsa, girman kifin da kansu, shekarunsu, matsayin lafiyar su da hanyoyin ciyarwa. A cikin manufa, don rage haɗarin rauni da kuma cin abincin mutum, ƙungiyoyi ya kamata kunshi kifin girman su.
6.4.2 wadatar Habitat
Don aiwatar da halayen halayen wasu nau'ikan kifin, alal misali, don haifuwa da bayyanuwar ilhami na rayuwa, haɓaka mahalli yayin kiyayewa na iya zama dole. Misalai don wadatar da muhalli don biyan irin waɗannan buƙatun na iya zama tanadin mafaka don shroud ko kayan kamar yashi ga wasu masu ruwa. Ya kamata a yi amfani da irin wannan haɓakar yanayin tare da taka tsantsan don kada ya cutar da ingancin ruwa, amma bai kamata a wuce gona da iri ba sannan kuma ya sanya matakan inganta kifi na kifi.
6.4.3.1 Kasuwancin Kifi
Ana iya kiyaye fishe a cikin tasoshin ruwa na ƙasa wanda ke cikin gini ko kan titi, ko kuma cikin rumfunan da ke cikin ruwa. Idan ya dace, damar amfani da wuraren da ke riƙe da kifin ya kamata a sarrafa shi kuma a tsara shi ta hanyar haifar da ƙaramar damuwa ga kifin da kuma kula da yanayin muhalli da ya dace.
6.4.3.2 Jirgin ruwa na ƙasa
Kayan kifin ruwan kifin yakamata su zama masu guba, mai dorewa kuma tare da daskararren yanayin ciki don hana kifayen lalacewa Girman akwatin kifaye ya zama babba don yawan kifayen da ke cikinsu, kuma tabbatar da yanayin gudu na ruwa. Siffar akwatin kifayen ya dace da buƙatun halaye da fifiko na takamaiman nau'in kifin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gwaje-gwajen, alal misali, ɗakunan kifaye masu zagaye suna fi son kifin kifin salmon. Ya kamata a tsara kifayen ruwa don hana kifaye tsalle. Lokacin da ya dace, aquariums yakamata ya kasance mai tsabtace kansa don sauƙaƙe cire sharar gida da abinci mai yawa.
6.4.3.3 Kariya a wuraren ajiya
Kifi, musamman ma na marine, za'a iya adana shi a cikin manyan bukka. Girman waɗannan fences, ciki har da zurfin keji, yakamata a bar kifayen suyi iyo da makarantu. Girman tantanin halitta na hanyar sadarwa mai rufewa yakamata ya samar da musayar ruwa mai kyau, alhali baya barin kifin ya fita. Ya kamata a tsara shinge ta hanyar da za a rage haɗarin barazanar masu farauta, kuma a yayin tatsuniyar babu wani lalata da zai iya haifar da kifin a cikin tarho.
6.4.4 Ciyarwa
Ana iya ciyar da kifi ko dai tare da abinci na wucin gadi ko tare da sabo ko mai daskarewa na abinci. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na wucin gadi sun fi dacewa idan sun cika bukatun kifayen, kuma idan irin wannan abincin ya yarda da su. Koyaya, wasu nau'in ko kifi a wasu matakai na tsarin rayuwa ba sa cin abincin mutum. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan abinci kuma suna da ƙarancin tasiri ga ingancin ruwa.
Yana da mahimmanci a kula da jadawalin ciyar da ya dace, yawan ciyarwa da yawan ciyar da kifayen, wanda ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, gami da yawan zafin ruwa, girmanta da balaga na kifin kansu. Tunda hauhawar zazzabi a cikin ruwa yana kara yawan kiban kifi, yawan ciyarwa yakamata a kara shi. Ba koyaushe ne ake buƙatar ciyar da kifayen yau da kullun ba. Don tabbatar da abinci mai dacewa, hanyar ciyarwa shima yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ya kamata a biya hankali ga yawan ciyarwa a kowace rana, shekarun kifin, yawan zafin ruwa da girman pellet na abincin da aka ƙaddara. Tsarin ciyarwa, mahimmancin ciyarwar, da hanyar ciyarwa yakamata ya tabbatar duk kifin ya sami isasshen abinci. Ya kamata a kula da lafiyar abincin larvae mai ƙoshin abinci, musamman idan aka sauya zuwa abincin da ake ci.
6.4.5 Tsaftace shinge
Dole ne a tsabtace dukkanin shinge daga kayan ɓarnar kifin da kuma sauran sharar wurin, saboda idan sun tara, ingancin ruwan kuma saboda haka lafiyar lafiyar kifin za ta yi rauni. Yakamata a kula da shinge akai-akai kuma a tsabtace shi don kar su cika maƙil da bawo da algae da musayar ruwa ba. Wajibi ne a cire haɗarin sake gurɓataccen ruwan sha da larura mai zuwa, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kifi. Idan masu gadi ba su tsabtace kansu, ya kamata a cire sharar ta siphon kamar yadda ya cancanta kuma, a matsayinka na doka, da wuri-wuri bayan ciyar. Ya kamata a tsaftace bangon da kasan shinge akai-akai don guje wa tarawar algae da sauran abubuwan haɓaka. Ya kamata a yi tsaftacewa a hankali don rage damuwa a cikin kifi.
6.4.6 Hanyar Dabba
Kifi na iya fuskantar matsananciyar damuwa lokacin da aka ɗince shi, don haka yakamata a rage ma'amala a duk lokacin da ya yiwu. Yakamata a kama kifi daga raga tare da raga kuma a sanya shi cikin ƙaramin akwati don maganin sa barci kafin a aiwatar da hanyoyin. Ya kamata a kiyaye kifi a ƙarƙashin maganin ƙaramin abu mafi ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma don murmurewa, ya kamata a sa su cikin ruwa mai tsabta, mai-oxygen. Ya kamata a kula da ingantaccen maida hankali sosai yayin aikin.
Lokacin kamun kifi, raga tare da firam ɗin da ya dace da girman raga ya kamata a yi amfani dasu. Ya kamata a guji yin amfani da raga da raga Kafin amfani da cibiyar sadarwa ya kamata a lalata kuma a wanke cikin ruwa mai tsabta.
Kifi da aka cire daga ruwan za'a iya taɓa shi da hannu ko rigar ko kuma safofin hannu a rigar kafin wannan, ana iya sanya su a saman rigar don hana lalacewar sikeli da asarar ƙoshin rufe shi. Ya kamata a mai da hankali sosai ga wannan sana'ar ta kamun kifin don kauracewa yiwuwar rashin ruwa, fitar ruwa da sauran haɗarin kiwon lafiya.
6.4.7 Euthanasia
Ya kamata mafi yawan kifayen ya zama yayye kamar haka:
yawan abin sha da maganin hana haihuwa ta amfani da hanyar data dace da shiri wanda ya dace da nau'in kifin. Idan euthanasia ta hanyar nutsewa a cikin maganin magance damuwa, to kifin yakamata a adana shi aƙalla mintina biyar bayan kwayar ta daina motsi da / ko kuma iskar dake motsa jiki ta lalace, ko
taro daga busa wa kai.
Don cikakkiyar amincewa ga farkon mutuwa, ya zama dole don lalata kwakwalwa ko kuma kashe kifin.
6.4.8 Lissafi
Wajibi ne a yi rikodin alamun ingancin ruwa.
6.4.9 Tabbatarwa
Ba koyaushe akwai buƙata ko yiwuwar saka alama ta kowane kifin da ke kunshe a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. Idan ya zama dole a sanya alamar kifin don ganewa, to mafi ƙarancin hanyar azaba shine allurar da aka lalata ta.Dole ne a kula da musamman don zaɓar ƙarin hanyoyin raɗaɗi, irin su yanke ƙarar ko sanya jijiyoyin (transponders). Za'a iya amfani da alamun fasaha kawai idan babu wasu hanyoyin da suka dace.
A matsayinka na doka, yakamata a gudanar da lakabin cutar a karkashin maganin hana motsa jiki don a sauƙaƙe tsarin lakabin kansa kuma a rage rauni, haɗarin cutar da damuwa kifi.
6.4.10 Jirgin Sama
Kafin safarar kifi ya kamata a hana abinci abinci na tsawon lokacin da zai isa ya tsarkake hanjin don rage matsayin gurɓatar ruwa da feces yayin sufuri. Kamawa, ɗaukar kaya, jigilar kaya da cirewa kifi ya kamata a gudanar dasu da taka tsantsan don hana cutar da kifin da damuwarsu. Canje-canje kwatsam a zazzabi, yunwar oxygen, kifi, da kowane lalacewar ingancin ruwa saboda gurɓatarta da kayayyakin sharar gida ya kamata a guji shi.
Re: Abun haɗin haɗin gwiwa na amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe
Sako en_ekorn Oktoba 27, 2017 10:59 p.m.
Barka da rana
Bawai kuna rawa daga nan kuma ba can. Taken shine ake kira "hadin gwiwa tsakanin abubuwan halittu masu rarrafe da 'yan dabbobi," kuma a rubutun ne ake bukatar cike gibin da kuma sha'awar masaniyar matsala. Wannan wata hanya ce ta ba daidai ba: ko dai muna tattaunawa dalla-dalla game da abin da ke tattare da amphibians da masu rarrafe, ko muna tunanin yadda za a cika wani (ba a ƙayyadadden ƙarar ba!) Jar, ko muna tunanin tare ko terr ta dace da masu matsala (su, a hanya, su ma sun bambanta, gami da girma).
Bari mu zurfafa binciken, amma a yanzu yana da “Ina son wani abu, ban san abin da ke” ba, kuma ba ya son ƙwarewa da ɗaukar nauyi
Abubuwa masu rarrafe
Kalmar "mai rarrafe" ta fito daga Latin "maimaitawa", wanda ke nufin "ja jiki", "rarrafe" a cikin fassara. Don haka yanayin motsin dabbobi mallakar wannan aji. Kodayake, mun lura, ba duk dabbobi masu rarrafe suke rarrafe ba: akwai waɗanda ke tafiya da kyau, tsalle, iyo, har ma kusan tashi, suna shirin kamar murabba'i.
Abubuwa masu rarrafe wadanda suke rayuwa a duniya ba wasu abubuwa bane (relics) na mawadata da kuma masu rarrabuwar kawuna a da, wanda ya kai kololuwa a zamanin Mesozoic (shekaru miliyan 230 BC - shekaru miliyan 67 kafin Hijira).
Yawancin halittu masu rarrafe sun wakilci da yawa siffofin da yawa. Wasu daga cikinsu sun rayu a cikin ƙasa, daga cikinsu akwai manyan ɗumbin abinci da yawa da manyan jiragen ruwa. Sauran, kamar ichthyosaurs, sun rayu a cikin yanayin ruwa. Wasu kuma sun tashi kamar tsuntsaye.
A Scotland, a cikin 1988, an samo raguna masu rarrafe, wanda a cewar masana, shekarun su miliyan 340 ne. Yayinda ya juya, shine mafi dadewa da aka san asalin halittu masu rarrafe har yanzu. Tsawon jikin waɗannan dabbobin kawai ... 20.3 cm.
Tsohon dabbobi masu rarrafe sun samo asali daga tsoffin 'yan amphibians. Wannan shine mataki na gaba don daidaita yanayin rayuwa zuwa doron kasa.
Kayan zamani masu rarrafe sun hada da:
Sem. Sikeli:
Lialis Barton
1. Yankakkun dabbobi manyan dabbobi ne masu dauke da kayan maye kamar jini. A cikin duka akwai nau'ikan 23, ciki har da ainihin karnuka, gavials, caimans da alligators.
2. Beak-kai. Wani nau'in hatteria na 1 ya wakilta - Sphenodon punctatus. A cikin bayyanar, hatteria yayi kama da babban (har zuwa 75 cm) tare da babban jiki, babban kai da yatsunsu biyar.
3. Scaly - mafi girma rukuni na dabbobi masu rarrafe, gami da jinsin 7600. Wannan subclass ya hada da:
a) Masu giya - gungun mafiya yawan dabbobi masu rarrafe. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: iguanas, masu lura da ruwa, geckos, agamas, skinks, Sikeli (Pygopodidae), har da chameleons - ƙungiyar dabbobi ta musamman wacce ke jagorantar, a matsayin mai mulkin, tsarin rayuwar itace.
b) Macizai marasa lafiyayyen halitta ne.
c) Amphisbenids (Amphisbaenidae) - waɗannan halittun suna da jikin tsutsotsi masu kama da wutsiya masu gajarta kama da ƙarshen kai. Ana daidaita su da salon rayuwa mai wahala kuma da wuya su bayyana a farfajiya, suna ciyar da yawancin rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko a cikin tururuwa da tururuwa, waɗanda suke ciyar da su. Mafi yawansu ba su da wata gabar jiki. Wakilan kwayoyin Bipes suna da kafafun gaba kawai. Zasu iya tafiya tare da hanyar ƙasa da wutsiyoyi a gaba, don haka a cikin Rasha ana kiransu masu walƙiya biyu. Sunan Girkanci "amphisbens" shima ya fassara a matsayin "juyawa a bangarorin biyu."
4. kunkuru - jikinsu yana kewaye da llsarwo daga sama, daga bangarorin kuma daga ƙasa. Paceaƙwalwar ajiyar ta ƙunshi katangar ƙyamar (tsiro) da abar ciki (plastron) wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar jijiya ko kuma maƙallan ƙashi. Kunkuru - kusan nau'in 300.
Abubuwan halittu masu rarrafe - tare da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa - an hade su zuwa rukuni mafi girma na gaba.
Habitat
Mafi yawan dabbobi masu rarrabe suna rayuwa mai daure kai, sun gwammace bude fili, hasken rana, wanda ya hada da rashin ruwa da ciyayi. Amma duk crocodiles da kunkuru da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin tabkuna, koguna ko fadama. Wasu kunkuru da wasu macizai koyaushe suna zaune a tekuna.
Yankuna yankuna ne gama gari a duk ƙasashe masu zafi, suna zaune a cikin koguna, tafkuna da manyan rafuffukan ruwa. Yawancin lokaci suna ciyar da yawancin rana a cikin ruwa. Sukan sauka zuwa gaɓar tekun a safiyar safe da kuma a ƙarshen yamma don su faɗi da rana. In mun gwada da cewa 'yan jinsunan sun yarda da ruwan gishiri. Yankakken maciji mai rikicewa (Crorosodylus porosus) yana iyo sosai a cikin kogin bude - har zuwa kilomita 600 daga bakin tekun mafi kusa.
Hatteriae (Sphenodon punctatus) ya rayu ne kawai a tsibirin dutse kusa da New Zealand, inda aka kirkiro musu ajiyar abubuwa na musamman.
Anderson arab kai
Giant Sea Krayt ko Flattail
Ana rarraba muryoyin kusan a ko'ina cikin duniya, ban da wuraren sanyi. Specieswararrun nau'ikan suna tashi a cikin tsaunuka zuwa iyakar dusar ƙanƙara, alal misali, zuwa tsawon 5500 m sama da matakin teku a cikin Himalayas. Yawancin maƙarƙashiya suna jagorantar salon rayuwa. Amma wasu hawa kan bushes ko bishiyoyi, alal misali, zagaye-kai (Phrynocephalus). Wasu kuma suna rayuwa har abada a cikin bishiyoyi kuma suna da ikon tsara jiragen. Geckos da agamas da ke rayuwa cikin duwatsun suna iya motsawa a sararin tsaye. Wasu masu baƙar fata suna zaune a cikin ƙasa, yawanci idanunsu basa nan, jikinsu yana da tsawo. Jaririn teku (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) suna zaune kusa da layin dogo. Ta yi iyo sosai kuma tana cin lokaci mai yawa a cikin ruwa, tana cin kayan ruwan teku.
Macizai sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, in banda yankunan polar, New Zealand da wasu tsibiran teku. Duk macizai suna iyo sosai, amma akwai wasu nau'in halittun da suke ciyarwa kusan ko duk lokacinsu a ruwa. Waɗannan macizai ne na teku (Hydrophidae). Wutsiyoyinsu ana matse su a kaikaice.
A wasu sauran macizai - a ƙarƙashin rinjayar juyawa zuwa rayuwa mai ɓoyewa - idanu sun ragu kuma sun ɓace a ƙarƙashin garkuwoyin, wutsiyoyin suna gajarta. Waɗannan waɗannan berayen kwayoyi ne (Typhlopidae) da kuma macizai masu da hankali (Leptotyphlopidae).
Ana samun turtles da ruwa mai ruwa a duk nahiyoyi (ban da Antarctica) da kuma tsibirai da dama. Gabanin kunkuru ya bambanta sosai - Hamada mai zafi, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, tafkuna, koguna da fadamun ruwa, iyakokin tekuna da kuma sararin teku. Tkunkun (Cheloniidae) suna rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya cikin ruwa kuma suna zuwa bakin teku kawai don kwan ƙwai.
Masu girma dabam
Manyan macizai na zamani sune nau'ikan Python (Python reticulatus) da anacondas (Eunectes murinus). Sun kai tsawon mita 10. Uniquewararrun sikari mafi girma kuma mafi girman dogaro na anaconda (Eunectes murinus - Eng: Gaint anakonda) daga Gabashin Kolombiya ya kai 11 cm 43. snakearamin maciji shine ƙwaƙwalwar makaho Brahmin (Typhlops braminus), wanda ke jagorantar mafi yawan yanayin rayuwa ta ƙasa, tsawon jikinta baya wuce 12 cm .
Daga cikin manyan kukan, mafi girma sune kukan Nile (Tsararren macijin Nikoticus) da kuma macijin da ake kira (Crocodylus porosus). Tsawonsu ya kai tsawon 7. Matsakaicin girman jikin ɗan ofaramin tsuntsu, mai laushi mai laushi (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) daga arewacin Kudancin Amurka, shine 1.5 m ga maza da 1.2 m ga mata.
Thin-bodied lizard na El Salvador
Daga cikin kunkuru na zamani, mafi girma shine kunkuru na fata (moan kunar bakin fata) (Dermochelys coriacea). Tsawonsa na iya wuce mil 2. A shekara ta 1988, an sami gawa mai kunkuru a bakin ruwa a Burtaniya, wadda ke da tsawon tsawon 2.91 kuma fadiwa 2.77. Mafi karami na kunkuru shine kunkuru na musk (Sternotherus odoratus), tsawon matafiya (upperangaren ɓangaren ɓoye) matsakaici ne na 7.6 cm.
Mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin masu laushi sune 'gecko-goge' da ke cikin Virgin (Sphaerodactylus parthenopion da Sphaerodactylus ariasiae), wanda aka samo a cikin 1965 da 2001, bi da bi. Tsawon jikinsu shine mm 16 kawai, ban da wutsiya. Babban lamuran lahani shine, ba tare da wata shakka ba, Komodo lizard (Varanus comodoensis), wanda tsayin jikinsa ya kai 3 har ma fiye da mita. Ita kuwa siririyar bakin El Salvador daga Papua New Guinea (Varanus salvadorii), wanda kuma ake kira cabaret, ya kai tsawon 4.75 m, amma a lokaci guda kusan kashi 70% na tsawon sa ya fadi a wutsiya.
Ofayan mafi girma da ke samar da ƙasa gaba ɗaya shine mai yiwuwa burbushin halittu ne, wanda aka samo asirinsa a bakin gabar Amazon a cikin dutse, wanda shekaru miliyan 8 ke nan. Dangane da ƙididdigar da aka yi akan tsawon kwanyarsa ta 1.5 m, a cikin abin da aka kiyaye haƙo 10 centimita, jimlar girman jikin wannan magabacin ya kai kimanin 12 m.
Mafi dadewa a cikin macijin farko shine babban mayyan Afirka (Giagantophis garstini). An samo ƙananan sassan wannan maciji a wurin da Masar ta zamani a Afirka. Wannan macijin ya rayu a duniya miliyan 55 kuma tsawon sa ya kasance 11.8 m.
An san yawancin burbushin kunkuru, wanda mafi girma shine myolania tare da tsawon jikinsa kusan 5 m.
Abubuwan fasali
Fatar dabbobi masu rarrafe an rufe su da sikeli mai ban tsoro ko garkuwa waɗanda ke kare jikin mutum daga bushewa da lalacewa, ban da kawai kunkuru mai ruwa, ƙasan ƙasusuwa wanda aka rufe fatarsa.
Ga wasu wakilan dabbobi masu rarrafe (alal misali, macizai da geckos) molting halayyar haɓaka ne na ƙahon ƙaho lokaci-lokaci.
Halittu masu rarrabe halaye ne da kasancewar kashin hakarkarinsa, amma adadinsu da sifar sa sun sha bamban da nau'ikan halittu. A mafi yawancin kunkuru, faranti harsashin kwano yana hade da hakarkarinsa da kashin baya. A cikin wasu ƙeƙusoshin, bebs-elongated goyan bayan membranes mai siffar fan, yana ba su izini su yi shiri cikin iska.
Ba kamar 'yan amphibians ba, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna jan haske kawai. Kwayoyin huhu suna riƙe da jakar da suke kama da jaka, amma tsarinsu na ciki yafi rikitarwa fiye da na 'yan amphibians. Ganuwar ciki na jakar huhu suna da tsarin wayar salula mai kama da saƙar zuma, wanda ke haɓaka yanayin numfashi.
Abubuwan rarrabe, sabanin 'yan amphibians, basa hura iska ta bakin, amma yawancinsu ana san su da numfashi da nau'in tsotsa. Suna shakar iska da shakar hancin tafin hancin ta hanyar fadada da takaita kirji. An aiwatar da aikin numfashi ta amfani da mayan ciki da ciki.
Amma a cikin kunkuru - saboda kasancewar harsashi - hakarkarin sun kasance marasa motsi, don haka suka haɓaka wata hanyar samun iska ta daban fiye da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe. Suna fitar da iska a cikin huhu ta hanyar hadiye shi ko ta hanyar motsawa ƙafafun gaba.
'Ya'yan halittu masu rarrafe suna kiwo akan ƙasa, da cigaban su, sabanin' yan amphibians, kai tsaye, i.e. ba tare da matakin larval ba. Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna sa manyan kwai, ƙoshin gwaiduwa tare da kwasfa da ƙaiƙayi na musamman (amniotic) waɗanda ke kare amfrayo daga asarar ruwa da lalacewar injin, tare da samar da abinci mai guba da iskar gas. A lokacin kyankyasar, ƙaramin ɗan kwalliya ya kai babban girma kuma ya riga ya zama ƙaramar ɗan ƙarami.
Kwai na amniotic da alakar haɓaka masu tasowa sune babban bambanci tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe da 'yan dabbobi. Eggawan wannan nau'in sanannu ne a gare mu: ya wuce daga dabbobi masu rarrafe zuwa tsuntsaye waɗanda suka fito daga gare su.
Abubuwan rarrafe, kamar 'yan amphibians, basa da zafin jiki a jiki. Sabili da haka, mahimmancin aikin su ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki na yanayi. Don haka, a cikin yanayin dumi da bushe, suna aiki sosai kuma galibi suna kama ido. Kuma a cikin yanayin sanyi da yanayin sanyi, akasin haka, sun zama marasa aiki, da wuya barin mafaka. A yanayin zafi kusa da sifili, sun fada cikin wawa. Wannan shine babban dalilin karamin adadin dabbobi masu rarrafe a yankin taiga. Anan akwai kusan nau'i biyar kawai.
Abubuwan da ke iya rarrabewa suna iya sarrafa zafin jiki kawai ta hanyar ɗaukar murfin zafi ko zafi. Misali, rashin tsari yana basu damar guje wa sanyi, da ayyukan dare - zafin rana.
Abubuwan rarrabe - ta hanyar ɗaukar qwai - sun kasu kashi biyu manyan rukuni: oviparous da ovoviviparous.
Na farko ƙirƙirar kwanciya na qwai.
Kuma a cikin mata na rukuni na biyu, qwai yana jinkirtawa a cikin tsarin haihuwa, inda dukkan matakan ci gaban tayi ke shuɗewa. A wannan yanayin, 'ya' ya 'ya' ya zube cikin kwancen nan da nan bayan ya kwanyen.
Gasunan masu ban mamaki
Yaya bambancin launuka da launuka na waɗannan dabbobi! Wasu daga cikinsu suna kama da dodanni, amma akwai wasu waɗanda kusan ba su da bambanci ... daga tsutsotsi na yau da kullun.
Lizards sune mafi yawa kuma masu yaduwar halittun dabbobi masu zamani. Suna nuna ɗimbin daidaitawa zuwa yanayin ƙasa, woody, cikin ƙasa, da wuraren rayuwa na ruwa.
Har ila yau, launuka masu haɗari suna da bambanci sosai kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna dacewa da yanayin da kyau. Tsarin esean ƙasa suna mamaye sautunan yashi mai sauƙi. Kuma waɗanda suke zaune a kan duffan kan dutse sau da yawa suna da launin baƙi. Luzards masu rai a kan dogayen bishiyoyi da rassan an cike su da launin shuɗi da launin ruwan kasa mai kama da haushi da gansakuka. Kuma yawancin nau'in bishiyun ana fentin launin furen ganye.
Agamas
A kudu maso gabashin Asiya, mage mai ban mamaki suna zaune - dragon mai tashi (Draco blanfordii).
Ko da zaune a zare, wannan lafazin yana ba da wata alama ce mai ban mamaki: tana da matsakaici-girma (har zuwa 40 cm), siriri, tare da dogayen kunkuntar, tare da jaka mai launuka mai haske a ƙarƙashin makogwaro kuma ɗayan fuka-fukai masu haske da fadi da kuma fashewa a wuyan wuyan. Amma sai ta tsoratar da wani abu ko kuma ta gaji da zama har yanzu - sai ta hau gindin, tana manne da haushi tare da dogayen yatsun kafaɗa a onan dogon yatsun. Ta gudu zuwa saman, ta tsaya - kuma ba zato ba tsammani. a hankali ya iyo a cikin iska, kamar baƙon farin ciki mai haske. Ta tashi kimanin mita 30, ta sauka a cikin akwati - sai kuma ta juya ta zama kamar mayya. Kuma za ta sake zama ko ta zagaya akwati, ta kama kwari. Kuma yana so - ya sake tashi. Don yin wannan, sai kawai ta bukaci tura tsofaffin kasusuwa ...
Zazzafan zazzaɓi ko zazzabi mai sulke, yana latsa haƙarƙarinsa - kuma tare da su, babban takalmin fata na fata a ɓangarorin jikinsa ya faɗi. Amma yana so ya tashi - ya raba hakarkarinsa, da ninka mai fata ya juya ya zama fuka-fuki sosai.
Liirƙararre ba wai kawai shirinta ba, mai tashi zuwa mita 30, amma tana, tana kama da mai tsalle tare da wutsiyarta, kuma tana iya sarrafa yanayin tashi.
Zwararrun mazan da ake kira Calotes suna zaune a Indiya, Afghanistan, Nepal, da Indonesia. Dukkansu manyan manya ne. Caaƙƙarfan kwalabe (Calotes kalori) ya kai cm 65. Amma, gaba ɗaya, ba zaku ga kowa da irin wannan girman ba - bayan komai, akwai masu shayarwa kuma sun fi girma. Amma ya san yadda ake canza launi kusan yafi shugaba.
Canjin launin launi yakan ƙunshi bayyanar launuka masu haske, ruwan lemo ko launin rawaya hade da launuka masu duhu waɗanda suke ɗaukar gaɓoɓin jikin mutum ko sassan jikinsa. Sakamakon haka, ɗayan jijiyoyi iri ɗaya a lokuta daban-daban na rana suna kallon ko dai baki ɗaya tare da launin baƙi a bayanta, ko kuma mai launin shuɗi tare da ja mai haske da gefe, sannan gaba ɗaya launin rawaya, ruwan kasa ko kore. Musamman canje-canje masu launi ana lura da su yayin lokacin kiwo na maza masu fafatawa, wanda koyaushe ya zama launin rawaya ko ja, kuma mai rasa haskakawa koyaushe yana zama ja gaba ɗaya, yayin da mai cin nasara ya kasance launin ruwan-kore ...
Daga cikin wakilai masu yawa na dangin agam, wanda aka fi sani shi ne agama (Trapelus sanguinolentus), wanda ke zaune a cikin ƙauyukan Tsakiyar Asiya da Kazakhstan.
Duk da zafin da ba za a iya jurewa ba da kuma rashin ruwa a cikin hamada, yanayin bazara na bushes ya cika yashi ba zai yiwu a yi tunanin waɗannan ba tare da waɗannan alamu masu ban mamaki. Matsayi mai saurin canza launi da rikitarwa a cikin yanayi na al'ada, zai iya yin farin ciki da canza launi kuma ya zama mai haske: maza sun zama shuɗi mai duhu, wutsiyoyinsu suna jujjuya shuɗi mai haske, kuma jikin mace ya zama ruwan shuɗi-shuɗi ko mai ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi tare da filayen ruwan lemo a bayansu. .
Lokacin da mutum ya kusanci, wannan agama baya gudu da sauri. Daga nesa daga nisan mita 10-15, ta fara "gaishe" matafiyin daga saman daji, tana ɗaga kai da saukar da kai, kamar dai suna sunkuyar da kai. Bayan barin mutumin ya kusanto, agama ba zato ba tsammani ya durƙusa kuma, yana ɗaga wutsiyarsa mai tsayi, yana gudu don mituna da yawa ba tare da ya waiwaya ba. Amma yana da kyau barin ƙyarar liƙa kaɗai, kamar yadda ta sake hawa cikin daji. A kan rassan, waɗannan ƙararrakin suna gudu daga zafi a cikin yashi mai zafi. Bugu da kari, maza na agama, suna mamaye manyan wuraren, suna nuna wa makwabta cewa an mamaye wurin. Bayan sun lura da abokin adawar, sai su ruga da baya su kori mai laifin. Namiji mai fushi a gaban idanunsa ya canza launi. Ciwo da kirji ya zama shuɗi, aibu shuɗi ya bayyana a bayan baya, wutsiyar kuma ta zama ruwan lemu.
Wani sabon abu kuma mai kyan gani shine agama na masu mulkin mallaka (Agama agama), gama gari ne a Yamma da Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka. Jikin da kafafun manya maza yawanci launin shuɗi ne mai launi, yawancinsu tare da farin layin yana gudana tare da bayan. Shugaban yana da ja, ja mai haske ko gaba ɗaya fari tare da ɗigon rawaya. Wutsiya ba ta da launin launi mai haske: shuɗi mai duhu a gindi da a ƙarshen kuma ja mai haske a tsakiya. Waɗannan halittun sun zaɓi mazaunin ɗan adam a matsayin gwaraza. Ana iya ganin su ko'ina a cikin yumɓun gida na yumbu, a kan rufin gidaje, kan fararen shinge da ke kewaye da gine-ginen.
Dogon-Daure kai-da-kai (Phrynocephalus mystaceus) ya shahara saboda barazanar da yake fuskanta. Tare da matsananciyar farin ciki, ta ɗauki matsayi mai ban tsoro. Da kafafun kafaffun kafaffun kafaɗun, bangon zai iya ɗaga gaban jikin ta kuma buɗe bakin ta har iyaka. A lokaci guda, mucous membrane na bakin da folds na fata tare da dentate fringes a sasann bakin, sake, cika da jini, jan launi. An sami cikakkiyar masaniyar wata babbar gilashin bakin da ke fuskantar makiya. A lokaci guda kuma, mahargiya takan yi jita-jita, tana kwance, ta juya da sauri ta juya wutsiyarta, wani lokacin kuma tayi tsalle ta nufi hadari.
Bai gamsu da wannan barazanar ba, Lizaman na iya cizo, amma wannan baya faruwa sau da yawa. Yawancin lokaci, ta fi son gudu (ta gudu a kan kafafu sama, kan rike jikinta a saman yashi) ko shiga cikin yashi. Tana cikin rawar jiki, ta kwanta, ta matsa kanta da ƙasan sai ta fara tura sandar daga ƙarƙashinta, kamar dai ita. Yayin da yake birgima a gefan jiki, busassun yashi ya bushe yana ƙara rufe kansa, wanda a zahiri yake nutsuwa a cikin yashi a gaban idanunmu, kuma kanshi yana narkewa.
Gwargwadon ruwa ba ya barin yashi nan da nan. Da farko ta ɗaga kai sama da kadan, ta yadda yawancin abubuwan jikinta ba su da alama sosai, amma yashi har yanzu yana rufe ta. Trick na iska mai bushewa, yana busa hatsi na yashi, sun fallasa ƙwanƙwaran hancin da ya yi tsayi da fuskantar sama. Ruwan idanunsu na buɗe idanunsu, suna baza ƙwayar yashi da yatsun su da yawa. Yanzu zazzabi na iya yin numfashi da gani, wanda yake ɓoye a cikin yashi. Ganin babu haɗari, sai ta ɗaga kai sama, ta shimfida shi, ta duba ko'ina, sannan ta bar yashi gaba ɗaya.
A wannan wurin da masu saurin magana ke zaune, ɗayan smallestan tsirarun masu zagaye da ke zaune suna zaune - yashi yashi (Phrynocephalus interscapularis). Ta shahara wajen ba da alamar wutsiyarta. Fentin a cikin launi da yashi, wannan lizard, har ma da kusa da shi, yana da wuya a rarrabe. Kuma, don ayyana ko bayar da rahoto game da kanta ga dangin ta, ta ɗaga wutsiyarta kuma ta nuna wa kowa "cikin ta". Kuma "gefen da ba daidai ba" ana fenti sosai - a fararen launuka da baƙi, kamar kan iyaka ko ginshiƙi ɗaya ginshiƙi. Irin wannan alamar ana iya ganin ta daga nesa.
Ofaya daga cikin mafi yawan agamas shine mai shayarwar liqi (Chlamydosaurus kingi), wanda ke zaune a Ostiraliya.
Yana da sunan ta ga wani babban fare, ko kuma alkyabbar a wuyan wuyanta, tana yaduwa a cikin makogwaro. Lokacin da ta zauna, ba ta da wata alama ta musamman. Amma a nan, wani abu ya kiyaye mashayin. Ta ɗaga kanta - kuma nan da nan a kusa da kai ta wani abin wuya motsi na ƙwanƙwasa tare da diamita na kimanin santimita 15. Kuma a tsakiyar abin wuya - fadi da yawa bakin bakin. Har ma karnuka suna jinkirta kama wannan dodo!
Hadarin ya shude, zazzabin ya samu kwanciyar hankali - kuma abin wuya ya ɓace. Yanzu a hankali ya faɗi a bayansa - kamar alkyabbar.
Koyaya, wannan ƙwallon liwadi ba kawai ya shahara ga wannan abin wuya ko alkyabbar ba. Tana tafiya da kyau, amma, ba kamar sauran masu lizards ba, ba ta gudu da ƙafafu huɗu, amma a kan kafafu biyu na hindatu, riƙe jikin ta kusan tsaye. A wannan yanayin, paws na gaban suna rataye da yardar kaina, kuma an ɗaga wutsiya kuma yana aiki a ma'auni. Da kyau, daidai - karamin kangaroo! Ba tare da jaka ba.
Wata mawakiyar ban mamaki tana zaune a Ostireliya (Amphibolurus barbatus), wacce aka yiwa lakabi da gemu saboda samun tsintsin tsintsiya madaurinki mai kama da gemu a makogwaronta da gefan kai.
Zwararrun bakin ruwa (Hydrosaurus amboinensis) suna zaune a tsibiran kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da jirgi - babba, har zuwa santimita 10, tsattsage na fata, wanda ke tallafawa dogayen matakai na caudal vertebrae. Wannan tsarin yana kama da jirgin ruwa mai filafilai. Jikinsa ya taɓo daga ɓangarorin yayi kama da ƙwanƙarin jirgin ruwa.
Hakanan yana da ban sha'awa mu ambaci Tenon (Uromastyx aegyptius) da ke zaune a cikin ƙauyukan Afirka. Suna da wutsiyoyi masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke rufe da manyan yatsu masu kaifi. A cikin haɗari, za a kare maƙiyoyi daidai da wutsiya. Ganin cewa wasunsu sun kai cm 75, yana da sauki mutum yayi tunanin karfin yajinsu.
Amma spikes na wutsiyoyi ba kome ba ne idan aka kwatanta da dunƙule na moloch (Moloch horridus), mazaunin jejin Ostiraliya.
Dukkanin jikin wannan dabbar an rufe shi da kaifi masu yawa, masu yawa dabam-dabam masu girman tsayi. Manyan spikes suna daɗaɗa wuya a wuyansa da a gefun kai, babban ƙaho ya tashi sama da kowane ido, shima an kambi shi da kaifi, mai murƙushe baya. Idan muka yi la'akari da cewa moloch yana da ƙaramin kai da babban jiki, ƙafafu masu iko da kuma wutsiya mai faɗi mai ban mamaki, to, zaku iya fahimtar mutanen da suka ba wannan laƙabi da sunan allahn da ke zub da jini wanda tsohuwar Helenawa ke tsoron ta.
Koyaya, muryar moloch wata halitta ce mara cutarwa wacce ke ciyar da kananan kwari. Kuma alamomin da suke rufe jikin masu liwadi sune hanya guda ta kare kai: wanda ya dame shi ya sunkuyar da kansa da karfi, yana fallasa zuwa ga hadari wani tsayayyen fashewar a saman kai tare da manyan dunkulen da aka sa a gaba.
Kamar kowane tsararren hamada, moloch na iya rayuwa ba tare da ruwa na dogon lokaci ba. Amma idan ya isa ga ruwa sai ya bugu ya bugu ta yadda a cikin mintuna biyar sai ya zama ya zama na uku cikin na uku. Kuma yana "sha" ... tare da fata wanda ke shan danshi kamar soso. (Yawancin 'yan amphibians marasa ƙarfi suna shan ruwa iri ɗaya.) Kuma ga wani abu, wanda yake matukar sha'awar: ruwa da ke shiga fata ba nan da nan ya shiga cikin jini ba sannan kuma ya shiga cikin jijiyoyin jiki duka. Amma yana jujjuya cewa a cikin fitsarin fitsarin mutuƙar fata akwai wadatattun capillaries, wanda ruwa yake motsawa zuwa kai yana shiga bakin. Yana da wani irin micro-mai ruwa-ruwa wanda ke cikin fata.
Iguanas
Wannan dangi yana da girma da yawa kuma ya bambanta. Akwai kusan ƙattai masu mita biyu, da kuma santimita goma. Wasu daga cikinsu suna "sanye da" tufafi masu ratsa jiki, wani lokacin kuma sikeli masu nauyi ne sosai, wani lokacin ma harda kwayar wuta. Kuma wasu ma suna da murfin shimfiɗa wanda ya shimfiɗa gabaɗaya baya da wutsiya.
Ana canza launin launi na banana Speciesananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suke ciyar da mafi yawan lokaci a tsakanin lokutan ganye ana yin fentin su a sautunan kore, kuma tsarinsu yana kama da kullun ganyayyaki masu ganyayyaki. Desert da iguanas da suke rayuwa a kan duwatsun suna kuma canza launin zuwa launi da kewayenta, wannan launi tana da tasiri mai banbanci koda cikin mutane iri ɗaya kuma ya dogara da launi na ƙasa wanda mahaɗan suke zaune. Yawancin jinsin suna da ikon canza launi da sauri dangane da yawan zafin jiki ko kyawun haske. Musamman mai karfi irin wannan haɓakar an haɓaka shi a wasu ɓoyayyun itacen itace na halittar Anolis, wanda a cikin wannan haɗin ya sami sunan shuwagabannin Amurka.
Yawancin motsi suna cikin manyan masu saurin amfani da wayar hannu. Odyabi'ar masu banƙyama - godiya ga dogayen kafafunsu tare da yatsun kafaɗa masu ƙarfi - da sauri suna gudana tare da kututture da rassan bishiyoyi kuma suna yin saurin sauri daga reshe zuwa reshe. Iguanas da aka samo a cikin Antilles suna da wutsiyoyi masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke taimaka musu su zauna akan rassan. Dukkanin nau'ikan ƙasa sunyi kyau masu gudu, kuma wasu sun sami damar gudanar da nisa mai nisa tare da saurin gaske akan ƙafafunsu na baya.
Tsarin fahimta mai haɗari cewa waɗannan dabbobi ba sa yin rashin lafiya!
Matsalar ta ta'allaka ne da cewa alamomin cutar na ci gaba da latti, cutar ba ta lura da har sai ta kasance da wahalar shawo kan ta, idan a ka’ida zata yiwu. Kuma muna tilasta mu bi da su "bayan", wanda ba koyaushe yana ƙare da nasara ba.
Me ake buƙatar yi don gano matsalar dabbar dabata a lokaci?
Makullin lafiyar don masu ba da jini (kamar sauran dabbobi) shine gwajin lafiya na yau da kullun. Kuna iya kuma harma buƙatar kawo dabba da kawai kuka sayi zuwa alƙawari, bincika ta don yiwuwar cututtuka da samun shawarwarin da suka dace game da abubuwan da ke ciki.
Wannan zai taimaka wajen kauce wa yanayin jujjuyawar, lokacin da dabi'un gidan dabbobi ke haifar da ƙararrawa: “me yasa ya gaji da bakin ciki, yana cin cricket ɗaya a mako. Mun shirya shi KYAUTATA! ”
Haka ne, yana faruwa, kuma, don haka yana da sauƙin kai tsaye zuwa likitan dabbobi kuma gano komai. Idan dabba "gona" ce - wannan ba koyaushe yana nufin "free daga parasites" (galibi ana ɗaukar mace mai ciki daga yanayi, masonry yana jira kuma yana kwantawa). Kuma ina tabbatar muku, lallai zasu sami kashi daya daga cikin kwayoyin cututtukan iyaye. Kuma duk abin da mafi kyawun yanayi na abubuwan ciki, a nan gaba za ku iya tsammanin “mamaki” a cikin hanyar m.
Yadda ake jigilar dabbobi masu rarrafe ko wasu masu sanyin sanyi?
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa zafin jiki jikin yana dogara ne da zafin jiki na kai tsaye. Irƙiri mafi ƙarancin microclimate don wani nau'in yayin sufuri. Take hakkin zai haifar da mummunan sakamako. Da zarar wata mace ta shigo da macijin masara, wanda zai iya tsira idan ba a sami digiri 35 a waje ba, amma maciji a cikin kayan filastik yana riƙe da hannunta!
A cikin lokacin sanyi, macizai da ƙaramin kunkuru, lizards sun fi sauƙi a cikin jakar auduga a kan haƙarƙarin rataye a wuyan wuyan. da kuma ɓoye a ƙarƙashin jaket: digiri 36.6 ya isa ba daskarewa.
Shin zai yiwu a kira likitan dabbobi-gida a gida?
Ganowar cutar a gida yana da iyaka, kuma yana da wahala a ƙayyade matakin ilimin likitan dabbobi. Kamar yadda yake a cikin lafiyar mutum, ƙwararren ƙwararren masani tare da ilimi mai zurfi, alal misali, likitan mahaifa ko ƙwararrakin fata, bazai dawo gida ba. Kulawa da dabbobi masu rarrafe da sauran masu sanyaya jiki suna takamaiman aiki.
A matsayinka na mai mulkin, wadanda ke zuwa gidan bayan da dabba kusan ba ta da wuya ta warke: suna yin allurar Gamavit, sun girka kuma suna maganin retinol acetate, suna amfani da allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba su dace da dabbobi masu rarrafe ba. Za ku iya ci gaba har abada.
Abin jin zafi ne kawai idan ka kalli dabbobi bayan “gidan likitan dabbobi” kuma ba za ka iya juyar da yawan ruwan Vitamin A ba, alal misali, wanda ke haifar da cututtukan hepatitis a cikin jiki bayan kusan wata daya kewaya.
Bugu da kari, galibi na bukatar microscopy, x-ray, duban dan tayi, endoscopy. Ko da ƙwararren masani ba koyaushe zai iya yin ƙwararren bincike game da bincike da tarihin likita ba. Kuma bayan kira zuwa gidan, ana buƙatar sake ziyartar asibitin dabbobi don ƙarin bayyanar cututtuka.
Abin da ya sa ya fi kyau a tuntuɓi asibitin dabbobi tare da likitan dabbobi, inda kusan za a iya yin komai nan da nan, bayan haka za ku zo don yin ganawa ta biyu don saka idanu tare da dabba mai farin ciki da lafiya!
Shin zai yuwu a dauko amarya?
Amphibians dabbobi ne masu saukin kai, kuma sau da yawa ba za ku iya ɗauke su ba. Suna da fata mai matukar hankali, wacce ake amfani da ita wajen sha ruwa da numfashi, kuma tatsuniya akan yatsun mutane zata hana hakan. Bugu da ƙari, cream, sabulu, lotions, wanda zai iya tayar da matsalolin kiwon lafiyar amphibian, yawancin lokaci suna kan hannu.
Ko da wasu nau'in ƙwayar cuta ta ciki sun lalace a cikin amintattun, sabon yana iya dawo da shi zuwa ga wurinta tare da taimakon ingantaccen ƙwayar sel.
Kuma hakika, ga yawancin jinsunan amphibians halin da ake ciki idan aka ɗauke su yana da damuwa. Suna gani a cikin rundunar ba aboki kwata-kwata, amma barazana.
Shin tsutsotsi na gari sun dace da masu amphibians da masu rarrafe don abinci mai gina jiki?
Ga yawancin nau'ikan amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsutsotsi gari sune abinci mai kyau. Amma ya kamata su daina yawancin abincin, polka su exoskeleton yi wuya a narke. Bugu da kari, tsutsotsi na gari suna da mai mai yawa, saboda haka zasu iya haifar da kiba.
A cikin akwatin kifaye, yana da kyawawa don samun murfin madaidaiciya mai dacewa, tun da sabbin abubuwa zasu iya barin tafkin gida.
Amphibians suna buƙatar abinci mai rai?
Yawancin 'yan amphibians suna buƙatar abinci na rayuwa, saboda a gare su don samun sassaucin abinci, dole ne su ga motsi. Amma wasu nau'in, kamar slingshots, suna cin nasarar abinci daga hancin, har ma da danshi. Wasu nau'in a gaba ɗaya suna iya shan ruwan tabar wiwi. Amma, duk da haka, yawancin amphibians suna cin abinci na musamman, kuma sun ƙi wani.
Axolotl za'a iya kiyaye shi tare da salamanders ko larvae, amma ba tare da kifi ba.
Shin hibernation ya zama dole ga halittu masu rarrafe da 'yan dabbobi?
Yawancin nau'ikan basu buƙatar buɓe ido yayin da aka tsare su a cikin bauta. Yankunan da ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi mai sanyi, amma mafi yawan lokuta ya isa kawai rage abincin, rage zafi da zazzabi. Hibernation yana da amfani lokacin ƙoƙarin asali na dabbobi masu rarrafe da 'yan iska, a cikin yanayin akwai shawarar.
A cikin fassarar zahiri daga yaren Aztec, axolotl (axolotl) - "karen ruwa (dodo)."
Ta yaya za a gano nau'in ƙwayar rana?
Abu ne mai sauki mu fahimci kasan kwaro, ya dogara da nau'in halittar. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, maza croak, mace ba sa sautuka. Mafi yawan lokuta, mata sun fi girma, suna da sifofi na jiki, kuma maza sun kasance angular da ƙananan girma.
Frogs, jagorancin salon rayuwar ruwa, sun daɗe suna ɗaukar matsayi mai ƙarfi a cikin aquariums na masoya.
A lokacin kiwo, mata da yawa da yawa na kwalin suna yin abin ɗora a yatsunsu da kuma cikin cinyoyinsu. Suna kama da fata mai laushi, na iya zama baƙi ko fari. Amma ba duka maza ba ne, kuma wani lokacin kwaɗin kwayoyi sun fi na mace girma, don haka akwai banbancen. Domin kada a kuskure, ya zama dole a san nau'in rana, to lallai zai iya yiwuwa a tantance jinsi.
Me zai yi idan dabbar ba ta cin abinci?
Wadannan dabbobin zasu iya ƙin abinci saboda dalilai daban-daban: abinci mara dacewa, yanayi mara kyau, yanayin rashin dacewa ko zazzabi, da kuma kiyaye tare da babban abokin tarayya.
A halin yanzu, aquariums dauke da nau'ikan frogs guda biyu: frog mai ƙwanƙwasa ƙwararriyar - xenopus, da dwarf rana - hymenohirus.
Wajibi ne a ware duk waɗannan abubuwan, sannan dabbar zata fara cin abinci kullum. Idan wannan sabon dabbobi ne, to, kada ku firgita, saboda zai iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa don daidaitawa. A wannan lokacin, ba za a iya ɗaukar daddare ko amphibian ba don cire ƙarin yanayi mai damuwa.
Me zai yi idan kwaɗi ko salamander ya kumbura?
Idan rogaya ta kumbura, mafi yawan lokuta jikinta cike yake da ruwa mai kauri ko kauri.Yawancin 'yan amphibians na iya haɗuwa da abin da keɓaɓɓen (tsakuwa, haushi, da sauransu), wanda shine dalilin da yasa suke fuskantar shinge. Clogging na ciki ko hanji na iya faruwa a cikin amphibians, waɗanda ke da chitin da yawa a cikin abincinsu. Wani lokacin sanadin toshewar zai iya fitowa, amma, a matsayinka na doka, ana buƙatar taimakon tiyata.
Idan amphibian ta kumbura saboda ruwa, wannan saboda yawan ingancin ruwa ne. Fata na Amfibian yana kula da ingancin ruwa, kuma ruwan famfo ya ƙunshi chloramines da chlorides, wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ga fata, har ma yana haifar da kodan da kodan. Sakamakon cutar koda ne an yiwa amphibians yawa saboda ba za a iya fitar da ruwa mai sa maye ba.
Bugu da kari, dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians na iya yin kumburi saboda kamuwa da cuta. A kowane hali, tuntuɓi likitan dabbobi.
Shin daidai ne cewa rana mai tsalle?
Mafi sau da yawa, lokacin da alama cewa dabbobi suna hayaniya, a zahiri tsutsotsi suna cire tsohuwar fata. Sabili da haka, irin wannan yanayin don frogs shine al'ada.
Hymenochiruses sun kasance masu nutsuwa, masu natsuwa, mai saurin magana kuma sunada ƙoshin lafiya.
Banan kwari da farin launi suna rauni a cikin farfajiyar ƙasa, shin cutarwa ne ga mazaunan? Irin waɗannan kwari su ne kusoshi. Ba su cutar da mazaunan farfajiyar gidan ba. Ilan Nailtails suna ciyar da abinci akan abinci da kuma lalata. Amma kasancewar su yana nuna cewa a cikin terrarium wajibi ne don canza substrate. Mafi sau da yawa, saurin bazara yana ciwo da ƙarancin abinci mai lalata da zazzaɓi.
Yadda za a rabu da kwari da kwari Drosophila a cikin ƙasa?
Drosophila galibi yana farawa a cikin baranda tare da nau'ikan wurare masu zafi na amphibians, inda akwai ganyayyaki da yawa da ake juya su ko kuma ciyawar mai ciyawa. Don cire Drosophila, kawai kuna buƙatar canza substrate ko aƙalla cire tsire-tsire masu juyawa. Idan kwari sun sake fitowa, ana bada shawara don canza nau'in substrate.
Dangane da magana ta dace da ƙaunar ɗayan ƙauna, kwayoyi masu ban sha'awa suna kama da "nazarin babancin scuba."
Abin da bitamin ke ba dabbobi masu rarrafe da 'ya'yan dabbobi?
Lokacin kiyaye dabbobi masu rarrafe da amintattun dabbobi, yana da mahimmanci cewa abincin ya cika da bitamin da ma'adanai, tunda kwari ba zai samar da abinci mai kyau ba.
Ainihin, an sake waɗannan abubuwan ƙari a cikin foda foda. Yayyafa abincin tare da wannan foda kafin a ba wa dabbar. Yawan masu ƙari sun dogara da nau'in da shekarun dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Spur frogs suna aiki, ƙarfi da gaba ɗaya mara kunya.
Abubuwan bitamin da kuma abubuwan ma'adinai dole ne su kasance masu inganci. Sanyau ingantattu sune Rep-cal Herptivite, Cal-cal alli tare da D3 da Miner-duka. Kada ku zaɓi abubuwa masu ƙari tare da rashi na phosphorus zuwa alli a sama da 1 zuwa 2. Idan crickets shine babban abincin, to sai kuyi amfani da ƙari ba tare da phosphorus ba.
Menene abinci shaƙewa?
Wannan yana nufin cewa kwari suna ciyar da abinci masu inganci kafin a basu ga dabbobi masu rarrafe ko 'yan iska. Wato, bitamin da ke shiga kwari sannan ya shiga cikin halittun dabbobi da ke ciyar da su.
Sabili da haka, kafin ba dabbobi crickets, ana ciyar da hatsi, apples, karas, kabeji, letas, turnips da makamantansu.
Idan kwaɗi mai kifayen fararen fata ne ko masu ruwan hoda, masu idanu masu ja, to ko da kuwa girman suna da ƙwazo.
Mene ne abin da ake amfani da fiɗa na kwakwa?
Kayan shafawa mai kwalliya shine ingantaccen siyayyun halittun hausawa da masu rarrafe. Wannan samfurin yana da cikakken kariya idan aka haɗiye shi. Fiber na kwakwa yana riƙe danshi mai kyau kuma dabbobi ne kawai za su iya tona shi. Ana siyar da fiber na kwakwa a cikin kayan kwalliya a shagunan dabbobi daban-daban. Ana sanya romon ɗin a cikin guga na ruwa mai ɗumi, kuma yana kumbura.
Girman hymenochirus na manya, a matsayin mai mulkin, bai wuce 4 cm ba, yayin da tsintsiyar spur ya girma zuwa 10-12 cm.
Me yasa tsintsayen bishiyoyi suke canza launi?
Yawancin kwayoyi na itace suna canza launi su cakuda da yanayin su. Idan ka sanya wuta mai haske a kan abu mai duhu, to, jikinta yayi duhu. Amma kuma frogs na iya canza launuka saboda damuwa. A cikin frogs mara kyau, canza launi ya dawwama na dogon lokaci. Idan matakin haske, zafi da yawan zafin jiki ba su da kyau, frog yana cikin yanayin damuwa, sabili da haka, launinta ya canza.
Yadda za a kula da dabbobi masu rarrafe ko 'yan iska?
Sau da yawa mutane kan sami toads, kunkuru da kuma ƙoƙarin kai su gida. Amma an ba da shawarar a bar dabbobin daji cikin yanayi, saboda sun saba da rayuwa a cikin bauta. Kuna iya kawo dabbobi masu rarrafe ko amphibians daga titin kawai lokacin da terrarium ya shirya kuma kuna da ƙwarewar kiyaye waɗannan dabbobin.
Idan kuwa kun fara saɓar daji ko ta amarya, to kuna buƙatar ƙayyade nau'in ta. Ga kowane nau'in toads, frogs, kunkuru, wasu yanayi wajibi ne: zafi na musamman, zazzabi, abinci. Kuna iya ƙayyade nau'in dabbar ta amfani da google.com. Hakanan zaka iya nemo shafuka tare da nasihun abun ciki a can. Amma kuna buƙatar kwatanta tukwici.
Shafar frogs, yanzu ana sayar da shi a kusan kowane kantin sayar da dabbobi, yana sa mutane suyi sha'awar siyan su.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.